Physical and emotional consequences of excess weight as experienced by individuals with spinal cord injuries

References

• Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 360. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Adult Obesity Facts, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Content source: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2021 Sept 30 [cited 2022 Mar 4].
   Google Scholar
• Disability and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Content source: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2019 Sept 6 [cited 2022 Mar 4].
   Google Scholar
• National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2021. [cited 2022 Apr 4]. https://www.nscisc.uab.edu/Public/FactsandFigures-2021.pdfNSCISC 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Wen H, DeVivo MJ, Heinemann AW, Krause JS, Robinson-Whelen S, Chen Y. Mortality beyond the first year after spinal cord injury: does body mass index matter? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022;103(4):711–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatchett PE, Mulroy SJ, Eberly VJ, Haubert LL, Requejo PS. Body mass index changes over 3 years and effect of obesity on community mobility for persons with chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2016;39(4):421–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libin A, Tinsley EA, Nash MS, Mendez AJ, Burns P, Elrod M, et al. Cardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: results of exploratory factor analysis. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2013;19(3):183–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nash MS, Groah SL, Gater DR, Dyson-Hudson TA, Lieberman JA, Myers J, et al. Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2019;42(5):643–77. doi:10.1080/10790268.2018.1511401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitzig SL, Eng JJ, Miller WC, Sakakibara BM. An evidence-based review of aging of the body systems following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2011;49(6):684–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, DiPiro N, Krause JS. Association of secondary health conditions with future chronic health conditions among persons with traumatic spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2020;26(4):283–9. doi:10.46292/sci20-00020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVela SL, Evans CT, Prohaska TR, Miskevics S, Ganesh SP, Weaver FM. Males aging with a spinal cord injury: prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012;93(1):90–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPiro ND, Murday D, Corley EH, Krause JS. Prevalence of chronic health conditions and hospital utilization in adults with spinal cord injury: an analysis of self-report and South Carolina administrative billing data [published correction appears in Spinal Cord. 2020 Apr;58(4):515]. Spinal Cord 2019;57(1):33–40. doi:10.1038/s41393-018-0185-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsner JJ, Gefen A. Is obesity a risk factor for deep tissue injury in patients with spinal cord injury? J Biomech 2008;41(16):3322–31. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.09.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix ER, Gater DR Jr. Interrelationship of neurogenic obesity and chronic neuropathic pain in persons with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021;27(1):75–83. doi:10.46292/sci20-00062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichmann TO, Jensen MH, Kasch H, Rasmussen MM. Early clinical predictors of functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury: a population-based study of 143 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021;163(8):2289–96. doi:10.1007/s00701-020-04701-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao YH, Chen Y, Deutsch A, Wen H, Tseng TS. Rehabilitation length of stay, body mass index, and functional improvement among adults with traumatic spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print, 2021 Nov 17]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021: S0003-9993(21)01560-4). doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.09.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi H, Parastouei K, Rostami H, Fadel A. The association between dietary inflammatory index and psychological profile among men with spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print, 2021 Apr 27]. J Spinal Cord Med 2021: 1–6. doi:10.1080/10790268.2021.1905977.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim DI, Lee J, Park H, Jeon JY. The relationship between physical activity levels and mental health in individuals with spinal cord injury in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(12):4423. Published 2020 Jun 19. doi:10.3390/ijerph17124423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blauwet C, Sudhakar S, Doherty AL, Garshick E, Zafonte R, Morse LR. Participation in organized sports is positively associated with employment in adults with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2013;92(5):393–401. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182876a5f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVela SL, Jones K, Heinemann AW, Bartle B, Ehrlich-Jones LS. Motivators, goal setting, and helpful feedback for weight management among individuals with spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol 2021;66(3):257–64. doi:10.1037/rep0000385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem R, Bamer AM, Alschuler KN, Johnson KL, Amtmann D. Obesity and symptoms and quality of life indicators of individuals with disabilities. Disabil Health J 2014;7(1):124–30. doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones LM, Legge M, Goulding A. Healthy body mass index values often underestimate body fat in men with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003 Jul;84(7):1068–71. PMID: 12881836. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00045-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughton GE, Buchholz AC, Martin Ginis KA, Goy RE. Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2009 Oct;47(10):757–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spungen AM, Adkins RH, Stewart CA, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Waters RL, Bauman WA. Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003;95(6):2398–407. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00729.2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locatelli SM, Gerber BS, Goldstein B, Weaver FM, LaVela SL. Health care provider practices, barriers, and facilitators for weight management for individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2014;20(4):329–37. doi:10.1310/sci2004-329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Froehlich-Grobe K, Betts AC, Driver SJ, Carlton DN, Lopez AM, Lee J, Kramer MK. Group lifestyle balance adapted for individuals with impaired mobility: outcomes for 6-month RCT and combined groups at 12 months. Am J Prev Med 2020;59(6):805–17. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richley Geigle P, Ogonowska-Slodownik A, Smith JE, James K, Scott WH. Metabolic and cardiopulmonary impact of aquatic exercise and nutritional guidance for four individuals with chronic motor incomplete spinal cord injury: a case series [published online ahead of print, 2022 Feb 23]. Physiother Theory Pract 2022: 1–10. doi:10.1080/09593985.2022.2042632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash MS, Farkas GJ, Tiozzo E, Gater DR. Exercise to mitigate cardiometabolic disorders after spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022;62:4–11. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2021.10.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer P, Beck EJ, Walton KL. A systematic review of the effect of dietary interventions on cardiovascular disease risk in adults with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2021;44(2):184–203. doi:10.1080/10790268.2019.1592926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. How to use the ICF: a practical manual for using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Geneva: WHO; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Adm Policy Ment Health 2015;42(5):533–44. doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler P, Adler P. Expert voices. In: Baker SE, Edwards R, (eds.) How many qualitative interviews is enough? National Centre for Research Methods Review Discussion Paper; 2012. p. 8–11. Retrieved from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273.
   Google Scholar
• Warren CAB. Qualitative interviewing. In: JF Gubrium, JA Holstein, (eds.) Handbook of interview research: context and method. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2002. p. 83–103.
   Google Scholar
• Kallio H, Pietilä AM, Johnson M, Kangasniemi M. Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. J Adv Nurs 2016;72(12):2954–65. doi:10.1111/jan.13031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006;3:77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell JW. Philosophical assumptions and interpretive frameworks. In: JW Creswell, CN Poth, (eds.) Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2018. p. 15–34.
   Google Scholar
• Miles M, Huberman M, Saldana J. Qualitative data analysis: a methods sourcebook. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks (CA): SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Frost N, Holt A, Shinebourne P, Esin C, Nolas SM, Mehdizadeh L, Brooks-Gordon B. Collective findings, individual interpretations: an illustration of a pluralistic approach to qualitative data analysis qualitative research in psychology. Qual Rese Psych 2011;8(1):93–113.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley EH, Curry LA, Devers KJ. Qualitative data analysis for health services research: developing taxonomy, themes, and theory. Health Serv Res 2007;42(4):1758–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando H, Cousins C, Young C. Achieving saturation in thematic analysis: development and refinement of a codebook. Comprehensive Psychology 2014;3. doi:10.2466/03.CP.3.4.
   Google Scholar
• Nowell LS, Norris JM, White DE, Moules NJ. Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. Int J Qual Methods 2017;16:1–13. doi:10.1177/1609406917733847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurasaki KS. Intercoder reliability for validating conclusions drawn from open-ended interview data. Field Methods 2000;12(3):179–94. doi:10.1177/1525822X0001200301.
   Google Scholar
• Dorton MC, Lucci V-EM, de Groot S, Loughin TM, Cragg JJ, Kramer JK, et al. Evaluation of cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2021;59(7):716–29. doi:10.1038/s41393-020-00566-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon PS, Farkas GJ, Gater DR Jr. Neurogenic obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in chronic spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021;27(1):36–56. doi:10.46292/sci20-00063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash MS, Gater DR Jr. Cardiometabolic disease and dysfunction following spinal cord injury: origins and guideline-based countermeasures. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2020;31(3):415–36. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solinsky R, Betancourt L, Schmidt-Read M, Kupfer M, Owens M, Schwab JM, et al. Acute spinal cord injury is associated with prevalent cardiometabolic risk factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021: S0003-9993(21)00398-1. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.04.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin JW, Kim T, Lee BS, Kim O. Factors affecting metabolic syndrome in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Ann Rehabil Med 2022;46(1):24–32. doi:10.5535/arm.21144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kryger MA, Chehata VJ. Relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and neurogenic obesity in adults with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021;27(1):84–91. doi:10.46292/sci20-00044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan DW, Nash MS, Gater DR Jr, Valderrábano RJ. Neurogenic obesity and skeletal pathology in spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021;27(1):57–67. doi:10.46292/sci20-00035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vives Alvarado JR, Felix ER, Gater DR Jr. Upper extremity overuse injuries and obesity after spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021;27(1):68–74. doi:10.46292/sci20-00061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten EWM, Kieftenbelt A, Hillebregt CF, de Groot S, Ketelaar M, Visser-Meily JMA, Post MWM. Provided support, caregiver burden and well-being in partners of persons with spinal cord injury 5 years after discharge from first inpatient rehabilitation. Spinal Cord 2018;56(5):436–46. doi:10.1038/s41393-017-0047-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenson KW, Deutsch A, Heinemann AW, Chen D. Obesity and inpatient rehabilitation outcomes for patients with a traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011;92(3):384–90. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan KA, Paton S, Patten A, Tucker S, Walker K. Community-based exercise goals of persons with spinal cord injury: interpreted using the International Classification of Functioning, disability, and health [published online ahead of print, 2021 Oct 26]. J Spinal Cord Med 2021: 1–10. doi:10.1080/10790268.2021.1970896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maribo T, Jensen CM, Madsen LS, Handberg C. Experiences with and perspectives on goal setting in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Spinal Cord 2020 Sep;58(9):949–58. doi:10.1038/s41393-020-0485-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valek RM, Greenwald BJ, Lewis CC. Psychological factors associated with weight loss maintenance: theory-driven practice for nurse practitioners. Nurs Sci Q 2015;28(2):129–35. doi:10.1177/0894318415571598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruszka W, Owczarek AJ, Glinianowicz M, Bąk-Sosnowska M, Chudek J, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M. Is there a difference in body size dissatisfaction between the patients with obesity seeking and not seeking treatment for obesity? BMC Public Health 2021;21(1):1754. Published 2021 Sep 26. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11771-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger NA, Kersting A, Riedel-Heller SG, Luck-Sikorski C. Body dissatisfaction in individuals with obesity compared to normal-weight individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Facts 2016;9(6):424–41. doi:10.1159/000454837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucchianeri MM, Arikian AJ, Hannan PJ, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D. Body dissatisfaction from adolescence to young adulthood: findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Body Image 2013;10(1):1–7. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund K, Johansson F, Lindroth R, Bergman L, Sundberg T, Skillgate E. Body image and compulsive exercise: are there associations with depression among university students? [published online ahead of print, 2022 Feb 18]. Eat Weight Disord 2022. doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01374-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinberg LJ, Thompson JK, Matzon J. Body image dissatisfaction as a motivator for healthy lifestyle change: Is some distress beneficial? In: Striegel-Moore RH, Smolak L, (eds.) Eating disorders: innovative directions in research and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2001. p. 215–32.
   Google Scholar
• Calugi S, Dalle Grave R, Compare A, Dall’Aglio E, Petroni ML, Marchesini G, QUOVADIS Study Group. Weight loss and clinical characteristics of young adults patients seeking treatment at medical centers: data from the QUOVADIS study. Eat Weight Disord 2012;17:e314–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aikat R, Singh V. Identification of mood and body mass index as modifiable factors for health improvement in spinal cord injury. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2021;4(1):100174. Published 2021 Dec 9. doi:10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graupensperger S, Sweet SN, Evans MB. Multimorbidity of overweight and obesity alongside anxiety and depressive disorders in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2021;44(6):992–1000. doi:10.1080/10790268.2018.1507801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallis M. Quality of life and psychological well-being in obesity management: improving the odds of success by managing distress. Int J Clin Pract 2016;70(3):196–205. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Rudolph A, Cegarra B, Opisso E, Tormos JM, Saurí J. Relationships between functionality, depression, and anxiety with community integration and quality of life in chronic traumatic spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021;100(9):840–50. doi:10.1097/PHM.0000000000001773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan DW, Maher JL, Jacobs KA, Nash MS, Gater DR Jr. Exercise interventions targeting obesity in persons with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021;27(1):109–120. doi:10.46292/sci20-00058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkas GJ, Gorgey AS, Dolbow DR, Berg AS, Gater DR Jr. Energy expenditure, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition following arm cycling or functional electrical stimulation exercises in spinal cord injury: a 16-week randomized controlled trial. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021;27(1):121–34. doi:10.46292/sci20-00065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton JM, King JA, Hoekstra SP, Valentino SE, Phillips SM, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Protocols aiming to increase muscle mass in persons with motor complete spinal cord injury: a systematic review [published online ahead of print, 2022 Apr 24]. Disabil Rehabil 2022: 1–11. doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2063420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shojaei MH, Alavinia SM, Craven BC. Management of obesity after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med 2017;40(6):783–94. doi:10.1080/10790268.2017.1370207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier CA, Omidvar M, Miyatani M, Giangregorio L, Craven BC. Participation in moderate-to-vigorous leisure time physical activity is related to decreased visceral adipose tissue in adults with spinal cord injury. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018;43(2):139–44. doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulipati VP, Pannain S. Pharmacotherapy of obesity in complex diseases. Clin Obes 2022;12(1):e12497. doi:10.1111/cob.12497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad NN, Robinson S, Kennedy-Martin T, Poon JL, Kan H. Clinical outcomes associated with anti-obesity medications in real-world practice: a systematic literature review. Obes Rev 2021;22(11):e13326. doi:10.1111/obr.13326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini CA, Burkhart L, Jones K, LaVela SL. Health provider identified barriers and facilitators to weight management for individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2021;59(10):1061–71. doi:10.1038/s41393-021-00614-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar