221
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Models of care for musculoskeletal shoulder pain in spinal cord injury: A scoping review

ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon

References

  • Hitzig SL, Campbell KA, McGillivray CF, Boschen KA, Craven BC. Understanding age effects associated with changes in secondary health conditions in a Canadian spinal cord injury cohort. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(4):330–335.
  • Piatt JA, Nagata S, Zahl M, Li J, Rosenbluth JP. Problematic secondary health conditions among adults with spinal cord injury and its impact on social participation and daily life. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(6):693–698.
  • Richardson A, Samaranayaka A, Sullivan M, Derrett S. Secondary health conditions and disability among people with spinal cord injury: a prospective cohort study. J Spinal Cord Med. 2021;44(1):19–28.
  • Westgren N, Levi R. Quality of life and traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(11):1433–1439.
  • Adriaansen JJ, Ruijs LE, van Koppenhagen CF, van Asbeck FW, Snoek GJ, van Kuppevelt D, Visser-Meily J, Post M. Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(10):853–860.
  • Barbetta DC, Lopes ACG, Chagas FNMR, Soares PT, Casaro FM, Poletto MF, de Carvalho Paiva Ribeiro YH, Ogashawara TO. Predictors of musculoskeletal pain in the upper extremities of individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(2):145–149.
  • Dalyan M, Cardenas DD, Gerard B. Upper extremity pain after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1999;37(3):191–195.
  • McCasland LD, Budiman-Mak E, Weaver FM, Adams E, Miskevics S. Shoulder pain in the traumatically injured spinal cord patient: evaluation of risk factors and function. J Clin Rheumatol. 2006;12(4):179–186.
  • Eriks-Hoogland IE, Hoekstra T, de Groot S, Stucki G, Post MW, van der Woude LH. Trajectories of musculoskeletal shoulder pain after spinal cord injury: identification and predictors. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(3):288–298.
  • Finley M, Euiler E, Baehr L, Gracely E, Brownsberger M, Schmidt-Read M, Frye SK, Kallins M, Summers A, York H, et al. Relationship of psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal pain among individuals with newly acquired spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2021;7(1):61.
  • Sie IH, Waters RL, Adkins RH, Gellman H. Upper extremity pain in the postrehabilitation spinal cord injured patient. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(1):44–48.
  • Guy S, Mehta S, Leff L, Teasell R, Loh E. Anticonvulsant medication use for the management of pain following spinal cord injury: systematic review and effectiveness analysis. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(2):89–96.
  • Silvestri J. Effects of chronic shoulder pain on quality of life and occupational engagement in the population with chronic spinal cord injury: preparing for the best outcomes with occupational therapy. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(1):82–90.
  • Silvestri JL, Lawson S, Sadowsky C. Chronic shoulder pain in manual wheelchair (MWC) users with spinal cord injury (SCI): the lived experience. Open J Occup Ther. 2022;10(1):1–12.
  • Gutierrez DD, Thompson L, Kemp B, Mulroy SJ. The relationship of shoulder pain intensity to quality of life, physical activity, and community participation in persons with paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(3):251–255.
  • Foster NE, Anema JR, Cherkin D, Chou R, Cohen SP, Gross DP, Ferreira PH, Fritz JM, Koes BW, Peul W, et al. Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2368–2383.
  • Gatchel RJ, Peng YB, Peters ML, Fuchs PN, Turk DC. The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(4):581–624.
  • Morrow MM, Hurd WJ, Kaufman KR, An KN. Shoulder demands in manual wheelchair users across a spectrum of activities. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20(1):61–67.
  • Asker M, Brooke HL, Waldén M, Tranaeus U, Johansson F, Skillgate E, Holm LW. Risk factors for, and prevention of, shoulder injuries in overhead sports: a systematic review with best-evidence synthesis. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(20):1312–1319.
  • Akbar M, Balean G, Brunner M, Seyler TM, Bruckner T, Munzinger J, Grieser T, Gerner HJ, Loew M. Prevalence of rotator cuff tear in paraplegic patients compared with controls. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(1):23–30.
  • Escobedo EM, Hunter JC, Hollister MC, Patten RM, Goldstein B. MR imaging of rotator cuff tears in individuals with paraplegia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168(4):919–923.
  • Keener JD, Galatz LM, Teefey SA, Middleton WD, Steger-May K, Stobbs-Cucchi G, Patton R, Yamaguchi K. A prospective evaluation of survivorship of asymptomatic degenerative rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(2):89–98.
  • Lewis JS. Rotator cuff tendinopathy: a model for the continuum of pathology and related management. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(13):918–923.
  • Moosmayer S, Tariq R, Stiris M, Smith HJ. The natural history of asymptomatic rotator cuff tears: a three-year follow-up of fifty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(14):1249–1255.
  • Arnet U, de Vries WH, Eriks-Hoogland I, Wisianowsky C, van der Woude LHV, Veeger DHEJ, Berger M, SwiSCI Study Group. MRI evaluation of shoulder pathologies in wheelchair users with spinal cord injury and the relation to shoulder pain. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022;45(6):16–929.
  • Lee CS, Goldhaber NH, Davis SM, Dilley ML, Brock A, Wosmek J, Lee EH, Lee RK, Stetson WB. Shoulder MRI in asymptomatic elite volleyball athletes shows extensive pathology. J ISAKOS. 2020;5(1):10–14.
  • Jahanian O, Van Straaten MG, Barlow JD, Murthy NS, Morrow MMB. Progression of rotator cuff tendon pathology in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a 1-year longitudinal study. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022:1–11.
  • Figoni SF. Overuse shoulder problems after spinal cord injury: a conceptual model of risk and protective factors. Clinical Kinesiol. 2009;63(2):12–22.
  • Karran EL, Fryer CE, Middleton JW, Moseley GL. Pain and pain management experiences following spinal cord injury – a mixed methods study of Australian community-dwelling adults. Disabil Rehabil. 2023;45(3):455–468.
  • Karran EL, Wiles LK, Wilson DJ, Moseley GL. Best practice care for persistent pain in adults with spinal cord injuries: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of clinical practice guideline recommendations. Disabil Rehabil. 2022:1–10.
  • O'Connell NE, Cook CE, Wand BM, Ward SP. Clinical guidelines for low back pain: a critical review of consensus and inconsistencies across three major guidelines. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2016;30(6):968–980.
  • Paralyzed Veterans of America Consortium for Spinal Cord M. Preservation of upper limb function following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 2005;28(5):434–70.
  • Melo FCM, de Lima KKF, Silveira A, de Azevedo KPM, Dos Santos IK, de Medeiros HJ, Leitão JC, Knackfuss MI. Physical training and upper-limb strength of people with paraplegia: a systematic review. J Sport Rehab. 2019;28(3):288–293.
  • Wellisch M, Lovett K, Harrold M, Juhl C, Juul-Kristensen B, McKenna L, Larsen CM. Treatment of shoulder pain in people with spinal cord injury who use manual wheelchairs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(2):107–114.
  • Arksey H, O'Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.
  • Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):143.
  • Munn Z, Pollock D, Khalil H, Alexander L, McInerney P, Godfrey CM, Peters M, Tricco AC. What are scoping reviews? Providing a formal definition of scoping reviews as a type of evidence synthesis. JBI Evid Synth. 2022;20(4):950–952.
  • Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Khalil H, Larsen P, Marnie C, Pollock D, Tricco AC, Munn Z. Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols. JBI Evid Synth. 2022;20(4):953–968.
  • Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O'Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–473.
  • Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA, PRISMA-P Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;350:g7647.
  • Pollock D, Alexander L, Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Khalil H, Godfrey CM, McInerney P, Synnot A, Tricco AC. Moving from consultation to co-creation with knowledge users in scoping reviews: guidance from the JBI scoping review methodology group. JBI Evid Synth. 2022;20(4):969–979.
  • Requejo-Salinas N, Lewis J, Michener LA, La Touche R, Fernández-Matías R, Tercero-Lucas J, Camargo PR, Bateman M, Struyf F, Roy J-S, et al. International physical therapists consensus on clinical descriptors for diagnosing rotator cuff related shoulder pain: a Delphi study. Braz J Phys Ther. 2022;26(2):100395.
  • Lee BB, Cripps RA, Fitzharris M, Wing PC. The global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: update 2011, global incidence rate. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(2):110–116.
  • McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40–46.
  • Aromataris E, Riitano D. Constructing a search strategy and searching for evidence. A guide to the literature search for a systematic review. Am J Nurs. 2014;114(5):49–56.
  • Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O'Brien K, Colquhoun H, Kastner M, Levac D, Ng C, Sharpe JP, Wilson K, et al. A scoping review on the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16(15):1–10.
  • Alves AP, Terrabuio Junior AA, Pimenta CJ, Medina GI, Rimkus Cde M, Cliquet Júnior A. Clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder of patients with spinal cord injury. Acta Ortop Bras. 2012;20(5):291–296.
  • Apple D. Pain above the injury level. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2001;7(2):18–29.
  • Apple DF, Cody R, Allen A. Overuse syndrome of the upper limb in people with spinal cord injury. In: Sowell TT, (eds.) Physical fitness: a guide for individuals with spinal cord injury. Baltimore: Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Health Administration Rehabilitation Research and Development Service Scientific and Technical Publications Section; 1996. p. 97–107.
  • Barber DB, Gall NG. Osteonecrosis: an overuse injury of the shoulder in paraplegia: case report. Paraplegia. 1991;29(6):423–426.
  • Brose SW, Boninger ML, Fullerton B, McCann T, Collinger JL, Impink BG, Dyson-Hudson TA. Shoulder ultrasound abnormalities, physical examination findings, and pain in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(11):2086–2093.
  • Bruel BM, Dajoyag-Mejia MA. Shoulder mass and pain in a patient with C5 American spinal injury association grade a tetraplegia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;84(9):725.
  • Cherian C, Malanga GA, Hogaboom N, Pollack MA, Dyson-Hudson TA. Autologous, micro-fragmented adipose tissue as a treatment for chronic shoulder pain in a wheelchair using individual with spinal cord injury: a case report. Spinal Cord. 2019;5(46):1–5.
  • Curtis KA, Roach KE, Applegate EB, Amar T, Benbow CS, Genecco TD, Gualano J. Reliability and validity of the wheelchair user's shoulder pain index (WUSPI). Paraplegia. 1995;33(10):595–601.
  • Curtis KA, Roach KE, Applegate EB, Amar T, Benbow CS, Genecco TD, Gualano J. Development of the wheelchair user's shoulder pain index (WUSPI). Paraplegia. 1995;33(5):290–293.
  • Eriks-Hoogland I, Engisch R, Brinkhof MW, van Drongelen S. Acromioclavicular joint arthrosis in persons with spinal cord injury and able-bodied persons. Spinal Cord. 2013;51(1):59–63.
  • Facione J, Beis JM, Kpadonou GT, Lagauche D, Touillet A, Braun M, Le Chapelain L, Paysant J. Suprascapular nerve entrapment in a patient with a spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(6):761–763.
  • Finley M, Ebaugh D, Trojian T. Agreement of musculoskeletal ultrasound and clinical assessment of shoulder impairment in manual wheelchair users with various duration of spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(4):615–622.
  • Finley M, Euiler E, Trojian T, Gracely E, Schmidt-Read M, Frye SK, Kallins M, Summers A, York H, Geigle PR. Shoulder impairment and pain of individuals with newly acquired spinal cord injury compared to uninjured peers. Spinal Cord. 2020;6(1):68.
  • Finley MA, Ebaugh D. Association of pectoralis minor muscle extensibility, shoulder mobility, and duration of manual wheelchair use. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(10):2028–2033.
  • Finley MA, Euiler E. Association of musculoskeletal pain, fear-avoidance factors, and quality of life in active manual wheelchair users with SCI: a pilot study. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020;43(4):497–504.
  • Fournier Belley A, Gagnon DH, Routhier F, Roy J-S. Ultrasonographic measures of the acromiohumeral distance and supraspinatus tendon thickness in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(3):517–524.
  • Harvey LA, Glinsky JV. Clinimetrics: the wheelchair user's shoulder pain index (WUSPI). J Physiother. 2019;65(1):55.
  • Hogaboom NS, Huang BL, Worobey LA, Koontz AM, Boninger ML. Cross-sectional investigation of acute changes in ultrasonographic markers for biceps and supraspinatus tendon degeneration after repeated wheelchair transfers in people with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;95(11):818–830.
  • Irwin R, Restrepo JA, Sherman A. Musculoskeletal pain in persons with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007;13(2):43–57.
  • Irwin RW, Wolff ET. Assessment of neuromuscular conditions using ultrasound. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2014;25(3):531–543. vii.
  • Lee SB, Harryman DT, 2nd. Superior detachment of a glenoid labrum variant resembling an incomplete discoid meniscus in a wheelchair ambulator. Arthroscopy. 1997;13(4):511–514.
  • Medina GI, Nascimento FB, Rimkus CM, Zoppi Filho A, Cliquet A, Jr. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the shoulder of spinal cord injured patients undergoing rehabilitation program. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(10):1055–1061.
  • Mehech D, Mejia M, Nemunaitis GA, Chae J, Wilson RD. Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for treatment of shoulder pain after spinal cord injury: a case report. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41(1):119–124.
  • Miyahara M, Sleivert GG, Gerrard DF. The relationship of strength and muscle balance to shoulder pain and impingement syndrome in elite quadriplegic wheelchair rugby players. Int J Sports Med. 1998;19(3):210–214.
  • Mulroy SJ, Hafdahl L, Dyson-Hudson T. A primary care provider's guide to shoulder pain after spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2020;26(3):186–196.
  • Mulroy SJ, Hatchett P, Eberly VJ, Haubert LL, Conners S, Requejo PS. Shoulder strength and physical activity predictors of shoulder pain in people with paraplegia from spinal injury: prospective cohort study. Phys Ther. 2015;95(7):1027–1038.
  • Ninomyia AF, Jesus CLM, Auletta LL, Rimkus CM, Ferreira DM, Filho AZ, et al. Shoulders of patients with spinal cord injuriessubmited to rehabilitation program – a clinical and ultrasound-based assessment. Acta Ortop Bras. 2007;15(2):109–113.
  • Ohry A, Brooks ME, Steinbach TV, Rozin R. Shoulder complications as a cause of delay in rehabilitation of spinal cord injured patients. (Case reports and review of the literature). Paraplegia. 1978;16(3):310–316.
  • Popowitz RL, Zvijac JE, Uribe JW, Hechtman KS, Schürhoff MR, Green JB. Rotator cuff repair in spinal cord injury patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12(4):327–332.
  • Robinson MD, Hussey RW, Ha CY. Surgical decompression of impingement in the weightbearing shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(3):324–327.
  • Seol SJ, Han SH. Scapulothoracic bursitis in a patient with quadriparesis: a case report. Medicine. 2015;94(16):e752.
  • Sirasaporn P, Saengsuwan J, Vichiansiri R. Ultrasonographic findings of shoulders in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2021;44(3):357–363.
  • Silvestri J. Shoulder preservation in spinal cord injury: one clinic’s approach to treatment and prevention. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2018;6(3):197–203.
  • Azadvari M, Emami-Razavi SZ, Torfi F, Nazar NSB, Malekirad AA. Ultrasound-guided versus blind subacromial bursa corticosteroid injection for paraplegic spinal cord injury patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy: a randomized, single-blind clinical trial. Int J Neurosci. 2021;131(5):445–452.
  • Boldt I, Eriks-Hoogland I, Brinkhof MW, de Bie R, Joggi D, von Elm E. Non-pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in people with spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;11:549–556.
  • Canori A, Amiri AM, Thapa-Chhetry B, Finley MA, Schmidt-Read M, Lamboy MR, Intille SS, Hiremath SV. Relationship between pain, fatigue, and physical activity levels during a technology-based physical activity intervention. J Spinal Cord Med. 2021;44(4):549–556.
  • Cardenas DD, Felix ER, Cowan R, Orell MF, Irwin R. Effects of home exercises on shoulder pain and pathology in chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;99(6):504–513.
  • Cratsenberg KA, Deitrick CE, Harrington TK, Kopecky NR, Matthews BD, Ott LM, Coeytaux RR. Effectiveness of exercise programs for management of shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2015;39(4):197–203.
  • Crowe J, MacKay-Lyons M, Morris H. A multi-centre, randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of positioning on quadriplegic shoulder pain. Physiother Can. 2000;52(4):266–273.
  • Curtis KA, Drysdale GA, Lanza D, Kolber M, Vitolo RS, West R. Shoulder pain in wheelchair users with tetraplegia and paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(4):453–457.
  • Dondal K, Kulkarni V, Patole R, Rairikar S, Shyam A, Sancheti P. Effect of shoulder exercises on functional performance in paraplegic wheelchair users having shoulder pain. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2015;9(1):83–86.
  • Dyson-Hudson TA, Kadar P, LaFountaine M, Emmons R, Kirshblum SC, Tulsky D, Komaroff E. Acupuncture for chronic shoulder pain in persons with spinal cord injury: a small-scale clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(10):1276–1283.
  • Dyson-Hudson TA, Shiflett SC, Kirshblum SC, Bowen JE, Druin EL. Acupuncture and trager psychophysical integration in the treatment of wheelchair user's shoulder pain in individuals with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(8):1038–1046.
  • Elmehrath OM, Fayez ES, El-Azab IM, AlAhmar IE, Ragab WM, Badawy SMS. Effect of modified hand position during circuit resistance training on improving shoulder kinematics in paraplegic patients. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2020;7(1):3499–3512.
  • Fattal C, Coulet B, Gelis A, Rouays-Mabit H, Verollet C, Mauri C, Ducros J-L, Teissier J. Rotator cuff surgery in persons with spinal cord injury: relevance of a multidisciplinary approach. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23(9):1263–1271.
  • Garreau De Loubresse C, Norton MR, Piriou P, Walch G. Replacement arthroplasty in the weight-bearing shoulder of paraplegic patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13(4):369–372.
  • Giner-Pascual M, Alcanyis-Alberola M, Querol F, Salinas-Huertas S, García-Massó X, Gonzalez LM. Transdermal nitroglycerine treatment of shoulder tendinopathies in patients with spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(9):1014–1019.
  • Gironda RJ. An interdisciplinary, cognitive-behavioral shoulder pain treatment program for individuals with paraplegia. SCI Psychosocial Process. 2004;17(4):247–252.
  • Goldstein B, Young J, Escobedo EM. Rotator cuff repairs in individuals with paraplegia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;76(4):316–322.
  • Hart AL, Malone TR, English T. Shoulder function and rehabilitation implications for the wheelchair racing athlete. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 1998;3(3):50–65.
  • Hastings J, Goldstein B. Paraplegia and the shoulder. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2004;15(3):699–718.
  • Haubert LL, Mulroy SJ, Eberly VJ, Gronley JK, Hatchett PE, Conners SG. Shoulder pain prevention program for manual wheelchair users with paraplegia: a randomized clinical trial. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2021;27(4):40–52.
  • Hogaboom N, Malanga G, Cherian C, Dyson-Hudson T. A pilot study to evaluate micro-fragmented adipose tissue injection under ultrasound guidance for the treatment of refractory rotator cuff disease in wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2021;44(6):886–895.
  • Hubert G, Tousignant M, Routhier F, Corriveau H, Champagne N. Effect of service dogs on manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50(3):341–350.
  • Ibrahim VM, Groah SL, Libin A, Ljungberg IH. Use of platelet rich plasma for the treatment of bicipital tendinopathy in spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012;18(1):77–78.
  • Kirshblum S. New rehabilitation interventions in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27(4):342–350.
  • Limbasiya RD, Ramalingam AT. Effects of scapula focused exercise program on shoulder pain in paraplegic patients using wheelchair. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2014;8(3):119–123.
  • Middaugh S, Thomas KJ, Smith AR, McFall TL, Klingmueller J. EMG biofeedback and exercise for treatment of cervical and shoulder pain in individuals with a spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2013;19(4):311–323.
  • Mulroy SJ, Thompson L, Kemp B, Hatchett PP, Newsam CJ, Lupold DG, Haubert LL, Eberly V, Ge T-T, Azen SP, et al. Strengthening and optimal movements for painful shoulders (STOMPS) in chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2011;91(3):305–324.
  • Nash MS, van de Ven I, van Elk N, Johnson BM. Effects of circuit resistance training on fitness attributes and upper-extremity pain in middle-aged men with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(1):70–75.
  • Nawoczenski DA, Ritter-Soronen JM, Wilson CM, Howe BA, Ludewig PM. Clinical trial of exercise for shoulder pain in chronic spinal injury. Phys Ther. 2006;86(12):1604–1618.
  • Nct. Investigating botulinum toxin A to treat acute neck/upper shoulder pain following a new spinal cord injury. 2006. https://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT00320281.
  • Nightingale TE, Rouse PC, Walhin J-P, Thompson D, Bilzon JLJ. Home-based exercise enhances health-related quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(10):1998.
  • Norrbrink C, Lindberg T, Wahman K, Bjerkefors A. Effects of an exercise programme on musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury—results from a seated double-poling ergometer study. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(6):457–461.
  • Pahys JM, Mulcahey MJ, Hutchinson D, Betz RR. Scapular stabilization in patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(4):389–397.
  • Panagos A, Jensen M, Cardenas D, Cardenas DD. Treatment of myofascial shoulder pain in the spinal cord injured population using static magnetic fields: a case series. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27(2):138–142.
  • Requejo P, Mulroy S, Haubert LL, Newsam C, Gronley J, Perry J. Evidence-based strategies to preserve shoulder function in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2008;13(4):86–119.
  • Rice LA, Smith I, Kelleher AR, Greenwald K, Boninger ML. Impact of a wheelchair education protocol based on practice guidelines for preservation of upper-limb function: a randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(1):10–19.e11.
  • Sandsjö L, Valtonen K, Grundell LO, Karlsson A, Viikari-Juntura E. Assessment of working conditions and implementation of changes among employees with spinal cord lesion – a case series. J Vocat Rehabil. 2008;28(2):121–128.
  • Sasso E, Backus D. Home-based circuit resistance training to overcome barriers to exercise for people with spinal cord injury: a case study. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2013;37(2):65–71.
  • Scott JA, Donovan WH. The prevention of shoulder pain and contracture in the acute tetraplegia patient. Paraplegia. 1981;19(5):313–319.
  • Serra-Añó P, Pellicer-Chenoll M, García-Massó X, Morales J, Giner-Pascual M, González LM. Effects of resistance training on strength, pain and shoulder functionality in paraplegics. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(11):827–831.
  • Tweedy SM, Beckman EM, Geraghty TJ, Theisen D, Perret C, Harvey LA, Vanlandewijck YC. Exercise and sports science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise and spinal cord injury. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(2):108–115.
  • Uchikawa K, Toikawa H, Liu M. Subscapularis motor point block for spastic shoulders in patients with cervical cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(3):249–251.
  • Van Straaten MG, Cloud BA, Morrow MM, Ludewig PM, Zhao KD. Effectiveness of home exercise on pain, function, and strength of manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a high-dose shoulder program with telerehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(10):1810–7.e2.
  • Van Straaten MG, Cloud BA, Zhao KD, Fortune E, Morrow MMB. Maintaining shoulder health after spinal cord injury: a guide to understanding treatments for shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(5):1061–1063.
  • Vincent C, Gagnon DH, Dumont F. Pain, fatigue, function and participation among long-term manual wheelchair users partnered with a mobility service dog. Disabilit Rehabilitation Assist Technol. 2019;14(2):99–108.
  • Vincent C, Gagnon DH, Routhier F, Dumont F, Poissant L, Corriveau H, Tousignant M. Service dogs for people with spinal cord injury: outcomes regarding functional mobility and important occupations. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2015;217:847–851.
  • Vining RD, Gosselin DM, Thurmond J, Case K, Bruch FR. Interdisciplinary rehabilitation for a patient with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury and multimorbidity: a case report. Medicine. 2017;96(34):e7837.
  • Wilbanks SR. Effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation assisted rowing to improve shoulder pain and aerobic fitness in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: University of Alabama at Birmingham; 2015.
  • Wilbanks SR, Rogers R, Pool S, Bickel CS. Effects of functional electrical stimulation assisted rowing on aerobic fitness and shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(6):645–654.
  • Zlotolow DA. The role of the upper extremity surgeon in the management of tetraplegia. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2011;36(5):929–935. quiz 35.
  • Constant CR, Murley AH. A clinical method of functional assessment of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;214:160–164.
  • Schwank A, Blazey P, Asker M, Møller M, Hägglund M, Gard S, Skazalski C, Haugsbø Andersson S, Horsley I, Whiteley R, et al. Bern consensus statement on shoulder injury prevention, rehabilitation, and return to sport for athletes at all participation levels. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2022;52(1):11–28.
  • Lewis J. Rotator cuff related shoulder pain: assessment, management and uncertainties. Man Ther. 2016;23:57–68.
  • Mason B, Warner M, Briley S, Goosey-Tolfrey V, Vegter R. Managing shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users: a scoping review of conservative treatment interventions. Clin Rehabil. 2020;34(6):741–753.
  • Harvey LA, Glinsky JV, Chu J. Do any physiotherapy interventions increase spinal cord independence measure or functional independence measure scores in people with spinal cord injuries? A systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(7):705–715.
  • Kerr J, Borbas P, Meyer DC, Gerber C, Buitrago Téllez C, Wieser K. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in the weight-bearing shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24(12):1894–1899.
  • Girish G, Lobo LG, Jacobson JA, Morag Y, Miller B, Jamadar DA. Ultrasound of the shoulder: asymptomatic findings in men. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(4):W713–W719.
  • Yamaguchi K, Tetro AM, Blam O, Evanoff BA, Teefey SA, Middleton WD. Natural history of asymptomatic rotator cuff tears: a longitudinal analysis of asymptomatic tears detected sonographically. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001;10(3):199–203.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.