Is public transit meeting the needs of women? A gender audit of two Asian metro systems

References

• Adkins, A., J. Dill, G. Luhr, and M. Neal. 2012. “Unpacking Walkability: Testing the Influence of Urban Design Features on Perceptions of Walking Environment Attractiveness.” Journal of Urban Design 17 (4): 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2012.706365.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, H. 2018. Approaches for Gender Responsive Urban Mobility: A Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Cities Module 7a. 2nd ed. Bonn, Germany: GIZ-SUTP. https://womenmobilize.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/A_Sourcebook_Social-Issues-in-TransportGIZ_SUTP_SB7a_Gender_Responsive_Urban_Mobility_Nov18-min.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ashmore, D. P., D. Pojani, R. Thoreau, N. Christie, and N. A. Tyler. 2019. “Gauging Differences in Public Transport Symbolism across National Cultures: Implications for Policy Development and Transfer.” Journal of Transport Geography 77:26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.04.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asian Development Bank. 2013. Gender Toolkit: Transport - Maximizing the Benefits of Improved Mobility for All. Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33901/files/gender-tool-kit-transport.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, J. A. 2021. “Observation for Data Collection in Urban Studies and Urban Analysis.” In Methods in Urban Analysis. Cities Research Series, edited by S. Baum, 127–149. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1677-8_8.
   Google Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics. 2018. Transportation Statistics DKI Jakarta 2018. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta. https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/10/03/cb1285d8dbe8be8754a5830d/statistik-transportasi-dki-jakarta-2018.html.
   Google Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics. 2021. DKI Jakarta Province in Figures 2021. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta. https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/bb7fa6dd5e90b534e3fa6984/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2021.html.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, S., and A. Ceder. 2016. “Users’ Willingness to Ride an Integrated Public-Transport Service: A Literature Review.” Transport Policy 48:183–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conteh, J. A. 2016. “Gender Audit.” In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, edited by N. A. Naples, 1–3. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss547.
   Google Scholar
• Cozens, P., and T. van der Linde. 2015. “Perceptions of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) at Australian Railway Stations.” Journal of Public Transportation 18 (4): 73–92. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.18.4.5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlan, A. F., and A. Fraszczyk. 2019. “Public Perceptions of A New MRT Service: A Pre-Launch Study in Jakarta.” Urban Rail Transit 5 (4): 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-019-00116-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, K., M. Boarnet, and M. Alfonzo. 2005. “Irvine Minnesota Inventory for Observation of Physical Environment Features Linked to Physical Activity”. https://webfiles.uci.edu/kday/public/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Delbosc, A. 2012. “The Role of Well-Being in Transport Policy.” Transport Policy 23:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., and O. Clemente. 2013. Measuring Urban Design: Metrics for Livable Places. Washington, DC: Island Press. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-209-9.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, N., J. Cui, and E. Coiacetto. 2017. “Harassment on Public Transport and Its Impacts on Women’s Travel Behaviour.” Australian Planner 54 (1): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2017.1299189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil Solá, A., and B. Vilhelmson. 2022. “To Choose, or Not to Choose, a Nearby Activity Option: Understanding the Gendered Role of Proximity in Urban Settings.” Journal of Transport Geography 99:103301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greed, C. 2019. “Join the Queue: Including Women’s Toilet Needs in Public Space.” The Sociological Review 67 (4): 908–926. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026119854274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, K., and L. Jenkins. 2000. “A Gender Audit for Public Transport: A New Policy Tool in the Tackling of Social Exclusion.” Urban Studies 37 (10): 1793–1800. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980020080411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammersley, M., and P. Atkinson. 2007. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 3rd ed. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, S. 2010. “Gender and Mobility: New Approaches for Informing Sustainability.” Gender, Place and Culture 17 (1): 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690903498225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooi, E., and D. Pojani. 2020. “Urban Design Quality and Walkability: An Audit of Suburban High Streets in an Australian City.” Journal of Urban Design 25 (1): 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2018.1554996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, J., and A. Forsyth. 2008. “Seven American TODs: Good Practices for Urban Design in Transit-Oriented Development Projects.” Journal of Transport and Land Use 1 (2): 51–88. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v1i2.67.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, S., D. Popoks, C. Giacomo Prato, and A. Ceder. 2014. “Using Connectivity for Measuring Equity in Transit Provision.” Journal of Transport Geography 37:82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.04.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. M., and S. S. Han. 2012. “Seoul.” Cities 29 (2): 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M.-K., S.-P. Kim, J. Heo, and H.-G. Sohn. 2017b. “Ridership Patterns at Subway Stations of Seoul Capital Area and Characteristics of Station Influence Area.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 21 (3): 964–975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-1099-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., S. Kwon, S. K. Wu, and K. Sohn. 2014. “Why Do Passengers Choose a Specific Car of a Metro Train during the Morning Peak Hours?” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 61:249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.02.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, C., S. Wook Kim, H. Jay Kang, and S.-M. Song. 2017a. “What Makes Urban Transportation Efficient? Evidence from Subway Transfer Stations in Korea.” Sustainability 9 (11): 2054. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, W., and D. Pojani. 2017. “Transit-Oriented Street Design in Beijing.” Journal of Urban Design 22 (3): 388–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2016.1271700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton, C. A., and J. Kallai. 2002. “Gender Differences in Wayfinding Strategies and Anxiety about Wayfinding: A Cross-Cultural Comparison.” Sex Roles 47 (9/10): 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021668724970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclercq, E., D. Pojani, and E. Van Bueren. 2020. “Is Public Space Privatization Always Bad for the Public? Mixed Evidence from the United Kingdom.” Cities 100:102649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A. 2014. “Fear and Safety in Transit Environments from the Women’s Perspective.” Security Journal 27 (2): 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2014.9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A. 2020. “A Gendered View of Mobility and Transport: Next Steps and Future Directions.” In Engendering Cities: Designing Sustainable Urban Spaces for All, edited by I. S. de Madariaga and M. Neuman, 1st ed, 19–37. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351200912.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, E. A., and J. A. Hirsch. 2016. “Does Rush Hour See a Rush of Emotions? Driver Mood in Conditions Likely to Exhibit Congestion.” Travel Behaviour and Society 5:5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2015.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, C. 2005. “Has Gender Mainstreaming Failed?” International Feminist Journal of Politics 7 (4): 576–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740500284573.
   Google Scholar
• Olesen, M., and C. Lassen. 2012. “Restricted Mobilities: Access To, and Activities In, Public and Private Spaces.” International Planning Studies 17 (3): 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2012.704755.
   Google Scholar
• Pojani, D. 2014. “Women’s Issues/Gender Issues.” In Encyclopedia of Transportation: Social Science and Policy, edited by M. Garrett, 1st ed.,1731–1733. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483346526.n605.
   Google Scholar
• Pojani, D. 2020. The Urban Book Series: Planning for Sustainable Urban Transport in Southeast Asia Transfer, Diffusion, and Mobility. 1st ed., 1 vol. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41975-2.
   Google Scholar
• Pojani, D., L. Sagaris, and E. Papa. 2021. “Editorial of Special Issue on ‘Transport, Gender, Culture’.” Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice 144 (February): 34–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.12.002.
   Google Scholar
• Putranto, L. S., and A. N. Tajudin. 2020. “The Effectiveness of Special Carriages for Female in Protecting Female Train Passengers”. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 1007. Jakarta: IOP Publishing . https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1007/1/012020.
   Google Scholar
• Shin, H., D. Kyu Kim, S. Young Kho, and S. Hyung Cho. 2021. “Valuation of Metro Crowding considering Heterogeneity of Route Choice Behaviors.” Transportation Research Record 2675 (2): 162–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120948862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sida. 2017. Handbook for Mainstreaming: A Gender Perspective in the Rural Transportation Sector. 1st ed. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. https://cdn.sida.se/publications/files/sida2206en-handbook-for-mainstreaming—a-gender-perspective-in-the-rural-transportation-sector.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• SMG. 2019. “Safe, Convenient, People-Centered Transportation in Seoul”. Seoul. www.seoul.go.kr.
   Google Scholar
• Susilo, Y. O., and T. B. Joewono. 2017. “Indonesia.” In The Urban Book Series: The Urban Transport Crisis in Emerging Economies, edited by D. Pojani and D. Stead, 1st ed., Vol. 1, 107–126. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43851-1.
   Google Scholar
• TRANSGEN. 2007. Gender Mainstreaming European Transport Research and Policies: Building the Knowledge Base and Mapping Good Practices. Copenhagen: Co-ordination for Gender Studies, University of Copenhagen. https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/results/36/36774/123865391-6_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2010. A Review of World Bank Infrastructure Projects (1995-2009): Making Infrastructure Work for Women and Men. Washington DC: World Bank. http://go.worldbank.org/UW1GDCX260.
   Google Scholar
• Yantzi, N. M., M. W. Rosenberg, and P. McKeever. 2007. “Getting Out of the House: The Challenges Mothers Face When Their Children Have Long-Term Care Needs.” Health and Social Care in the Community 15 (1): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00663.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., X. Cheng, L. Zhu, T. Qin, W. Dong, and J. Liu. 2020. “How Does Gender Affect Indoor Wayfinding under Time Pressure?”. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 47 (4): 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2020.1760940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar