Performing Eurasianness, Chineseness, and cosmopolitanism as racialized digital labor: sharenting mixed-blood children on Douyin

References

• Abidin, C. (2016). Visibility labor: Engaging with influencers’ fashion brands and OOTD advertorial campaigns on Instagram. Media International Australia, 161(1), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X16665177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abidin, C. (2018). Internet celebrity: Understanding fame online. Emerald Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Abidin, C. (2020). Pre-school stars on YouTube: Child microcelebrities, commercially viable biographies, and interactions with technology. In L. Green, D. Holloway, K. Stevenson, T. Leaver, & L. Haddon (Eds.), The Routledge companion to digital media and children (pp. 226–234). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Amon, M. J., Kartvelishvili, N., Bertenthal, B. I., Hugenberg, K., & Kapadia, A. (2022). Sharenting and children’s privacy in the United States: Parenting style, practices, and perspectives on sharing young children’s photos on social media. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 6(CSCW1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3512963
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Archer, C. (2019). How influencer “mumpreneur” bloggers and “everyday” mums frame presenting their children online. Media International Australia, 170(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X19828365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barakos, E., & Selleck, C. (2019). Elite multilingualism: Discourses, practices, and debates. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(5), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1543691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum-Ross, A., & Livingstone, S. (2017). Sharenting,” parent blogging, and the boundaries of the digital self. Popular Communication, 15(2), 110–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2016.1223300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bühler-Niederberger, D. (2015). Innocence and childhood. In H. Montgomery (Ed.), Oxford bibliographies in childhood studies. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199791231/obo-9780199791231-0161.xml, https://doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780199791231-0161
   Google Scholar
• Camenisch, A. (2022). Middling whiteness: The shifting positionalities of Europeans in China. Ethnicities, 22(1), 128–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968211058014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campana, M., Van den Bossche, A., & Miller, B. (2020). #Dadtribe: Performing sharenting labor to commercialize involved fatherhood. Journal of Macromarketing, 40(4), 475–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146720933334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, G. Y., & Lewallen, J. (2018). Say Instagram, kids!”: Examining sharenting and children’s digital representations on Instagram. Howard Journal of Communications, 29(2), 144–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2017.1327380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. L. (2008). Basics of qualitative research. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cottom, M. T. (2020). Where platform capitalism and racial capitalism meet: The sociology of race and racism in the digital society. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 6(4), 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649220949473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, S., Craig, D., & Lv, J. (2019). China’s livestreaming industry: Platforms, politics, and precarity. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(6), 719–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877919834942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale, J. P., Goggin, J., Leyda, J., McIntyre, A. P., & Negra, D. (2016). The aesthetics and affects of cuteness. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Damkjaer, M. S. (2018). Sharenting = good parenting? Four parental approaches to sharenting on Facebook. In G. Mascheroni, C. Ponte, & A. Jorge (Eds.), Digital parenting: The challenges for families in the digital Age (pp. 209–218). Nordicom.
   Google Scholar
• Douyin. (2021). Douyin data report for 2020. January 22. https://www.douyin.com/video/6920436823693036811
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, B. E., & Hund, E. (2015). Having it all” on social media: Entrepreneurial femininity and self-branding among fashion bloggers. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 205630511560433. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115604337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigua. (2022). The annual report for short videos and live-streaming marketing for 2021, January 20. https://dy.feigua.cn/article/detail/765.html
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, C., & Trottier, D. (2013). The internet as surveilled workplayplace and factory. In S. Gutwirth, R. P. Leenes de Hert, & Y. Poullet (Eds.), European DATA protection: Coming of age (pp. 33–57). Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, D. (2005). Interrogating mixed-race: A crisis of ambiguity? Social Identities, 11(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630500100621
   Google Scholar
• Glocker, M. L., Langleben, D. D., Ruparel, K., Loughead, J. W., Gur, R. C., & Sachser, N. (2008). Baby schema in infant faces induces cuteness perception and motivation for caretaking in adults. Ethology, 115(3), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01603.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorfinkel, L., & Chubb, A. (2015). When foreigners perform the Chinese nation: Televised global Chinese language. In R. Bai, & G. Song (Eds.), Chinese television in the twenty-first century: Entertaining the nation (pp. 121–140). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Guan, Z. (2021). Chinese beauty bloggers: Amateurs, entrepreneurs, and platform labor. Celebrity Studies, 12(2), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2020.1737154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, X. (2021). Historicizing Wanghong economy: Connecting platforms through Wanghong and Wanghong incubators. Celebrity Studies, 12(2), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2020.1737196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, D. (2000). Cute, quaint, hungry and romantic: The aesthetics of consumerism (1st ed.). Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hearn, A., & Schoenhoff, S. (2016). From celebrity to influencer: Tracing the diffusion of celebrity value across the data stream. In P. D. Marshall, & S. Redmond (Eds.), A companion to celebrity (pp. 194–211). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Jansson, A. (2016). How to become an ‘elite cosmopolitan’: The mediatized trajectories of United Nations expatriates. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 19(5), 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549416631549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, X., & González, A. (2021). <China dream > and < root-seeking>: The rhetoric of nationalism in The voice of China. Journal of Contemporary China, 30(132), 1014–1026. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2021.1893553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge, A., Marôpo, L., Coelho, A. M., & Novello, L. (2022a). Mummy influencers and professional sharenting. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 25(1), 166–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/13675494211004593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge, A., Marôpo, L., & Neto, F. (2022b). When you realize your dad is Cristiano Ronaldo’: celebrity sharenting and children’s digital identities. Information, Communication & Society, 25(4), 516–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2026996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knadler, S. (2003). Traumatized racial performativity: Passing in nineteenth-century African-American testimonies. Cultural Critique, 55(1), 63–100. https://doi.org/10.1353/cul.2003.0049
   Google Scholar
• Kozinets, R. V. (2019). Netnography: The essential guide to qualitative social media research. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Leaver, T. (2017). Intimate surveillance: Normalizing parental monitoring and mediation of infants online. Social Media+ Society, 3(2), 2056305117707192. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117707192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., Tan, C. K., & Yang, Y. (2020). Shehui Ren: Cultural production and rural youths’ use of the Kuaishou video-sharing app in Eastern China. Information, Communication & Society, 23(10), 1499–1514. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1585469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz, K. (1943). Die angeborenen formen moglicher arfahrung/The innate forms of potential experience. Zeitschrift f ür Tierpsychologie, 5(2), 235–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1943.tb00655.x
   Google Scholar
• Masterson, M. A. (2020). When play becomes work: Child labor laws in the era of “kidfluencers”. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 169(2), 577–607. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol169/iss2/5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, J. (2007). Eurasian persuasions: Mixed race, performativity and cosmopolitanism. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 28(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860601082921
   Google Scholar
• Mihelj, S., & Jiménez-Martínez, C. (2021). Digital nationalism: Understanding the role of digital media in the rise of ‘new’ nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, 27(2), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molz, J. G. (2006). Cosmopolitan bodies: Fit to travel and travelling to fit. Body & Society, 12(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X06067153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenkov, G. Y., & Scott, M. L. (2014). So cute I could eat it up”: Priming effects of cute products on indulgent consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(2), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1086/676581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nottingham, E. (2020). Children’s rights to privacy in the age of “generation tagged”: Sharenting, digital kidnapping and the child micro-celebrity. In J. Murray, B. B. Swadener, & K. Smith (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of young children’ s rights (pp. 183–191). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• O’Meara, V. (2019). Weapons of the chic: Instagram influencer engagement pods as practices of resistance to Instagram platform labor. Social Media+ Society, 5(4), 2056305119879671–1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Y. (2022). Gendered division of digital labor in parenting: A qualitative study in urban China. Sex Roles, 86(5-6), 283–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01267-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rofel, L. (2007). Desiring China: Experiments in neoliberalism, sexuality, and public culture. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schellewald, A. (2021). Communicative forms on TikTok: Perspectives from digital ethnography. International Journal of Communication, 15, 1437–1457. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senft, T M. (2008). Camgirls: Celebrity and community in the age of social networks. Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Shangchuan. (2021). “The West Is Really Controlling the Media? Look at Douyin’s “hunxue account”.” Zhihu, April 9. Accessed September 12, 2022. https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/363471060
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, S. B. (2017). Sharenting: Children’s privacy in the age of social media. Emory Law Journal, 66, 839–884. https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1796&context=facultypub
   Google Scholar
• Steinnes, K. K., Blomster, J. K., Seibt, B., Zickfeld, J. H., & Fiske, A. P. (2019). Too cute for words: Cuteness evokes the heartwarming emotion of kama muta. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szerszynski, B., & Urry, J. (2002). Cultures of cosmopolitanism. The Sociological Review, 50(4), 455–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/003802610205000401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, C. K., Liu, T., & Kong, X. (2022). The emergent masculinities and gendered frustrations of male live-streamers in China. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 66(2), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2057501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng, E. (2006). Eurasian hybridity in Chinese utopian visions: From “one world” to “a society based on beauty” and beyond. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique, 14(1), 131–163. https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-14-1-131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Driel, L., & Dumitrica, D. (2021). Selling brands while staying “authentic”: The professionalization of Instagram influencers. Convergence, 27(1), 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856520902136
   Google Scholar
• Verswijvel, K., Walrave, M., Hardies, K., & Heirman, W. (2019). Sharenting, is it a good or a bad thing? Understanding how adolescents think and feel about sharenting on social network sites. Children and Youth Services Review, 104, 104401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicari, S., & Kirby, D. (2022). Digital platforms as socio-cultural artifacts: Developing digital methods for cultural research. Information, Communication & Society, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2027498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, G., & Hjorth, L. (2019). Live-streaming, games and politics of gender performance: The case of Nüzhubo in China. Convergence, 25(5-6), 807–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517738160
   Google Scholar
• Zuboff, S. (2015). Big other: Surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization. Journal of Information Technology, 30(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar