The Myth of Sufi Sindh: Reflections on the Orientalist and Nationalist Historiography

References

• Advani, B. M. 1919. Amilan jo ahval. Hyderabad: Premier Press.
   Google Scholar
• Advani, B. M. 1924. Sodhan Ji Sahibi ya Raran jo Raaj. Hyderabad: Gulshan Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Advani, B. M. 1944. Qadeem Sindh. Hyderabad: Sindhi Adabi Board.
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal, S. 2012. Sindh – Stories from a Vanished Homeland. Black-and-White Fountain.
   Google Scholar
• Agha, W. 1982. “Besween Sadi ki Adabi Tehriken.” In Pakistani Adab: Tanqid, edited by Rasheed Amjad, and Farooq Ali. Rawalpindi: Federal Govt. Sir Syed College.
   Google Scholar
• Agro, G. N. 2013. Sindhi Adab te Tarraki Pasand Tehreek jo Asar. Jamshoro: Sindhi Adabi Board.
   Google Scholar
• Aitken, E. H. 1907. Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh. Karachi: Indus Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Ansari, S. 1992. Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pīrs of Sind, 1843–1947. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Asad, T. 1996. “Comments on Conversion.” In Conversion to Modernities: The Globalisation of Christianity, edited by P. Van der Veer, 263–273. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Asani, A. 2003. “At the Crossroads of Indic and Iranian Civilizations: Sindhi Literary Culture.” In Literary Cultures in History, edited by S. Pollock, 612–646. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Asif, M. A. 2016. A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barret, K. 2010. “Is Islam Reasonable?” In Reasonable Perspectives on Religion, edited by Richard Curtis. Plymouth: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Belani, D. 1990. Jethmal Parsram. New Delhi: Sahitiyya Academy.
   Google Scholar
• Berkey, J. P. 2002. The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhutto, M. M. 1977. Sindh k halat ki sachi tasveer. Hyderabad: Babul Islam Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. 2019. “Mirzā Qalīch Beg (1855–1929) and the Renewal of adab in a Peripheral Province of British India.” In Adab and Modernity, edited by Cathérine Mayeur-Jaouen, 228–250. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. 2020. The Sufi Paradigm and the Makings of a Vernacular Knowledge in Colonial India: The Case of Sindh (1851–1929). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, R. F. 1847. Population of Sindh. Sani Hussain Panhwar. https://archive.org/stream/PopulationOfSindhRichardBurton/Population-of-Sindh%20Richard%20Burton%201847#page/n0/mode/2up.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, R. F. 1851/1997. Sindh and the Races That Inhabit the Valley of the Indus. New Delhi: Nice Printing Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, R. F. 1877. Sind Revisited. London: Richard Bentel and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, P. 1986. Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cheesman, D. 1997. Landlord Power and Peasant Indebtedness in Colonial Sind 1865–1901. London: Curzon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dawn. 2020. “Bheels Hold Big Rally in Mithi against Demolition of Houses.” August 5. https://www.dawn.com/news/1572609.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot, H. M., and J. Dowson. 1867. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. London: Trübner.
   Google Scholar
• Gazdar, H., and H. B. Mallah. 2011. Class, Caste and Housing in Rural Punjab: The Untold Story of the Marla Schemes. Karachi: Centre for Social Protection.
   Google Scholar
• Gidumal, D. R. 1882/2017. Greatest Poet of Sindh. 3rd ed. Karachi: Culture and Tourism Department.
   Google Scholar
• Guha, R. 1997. Dominance Without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guru, Gopal. 2011. “The Idea of India: Derivative, Desi and Beyond.” Economic and Political Weekly 46 (37): 36–42.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, Ghulam. 2019. “‘Dalits are in India, not in Pakistan’: Exploring the Discursive Bases of the Denial of Dalitness under the Ashrafia Hegemony.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 55 (1): 17–43. doi: 10.1177/0021909619863455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, Ghulam. 2020a. “Ethno-Nationality of Caste in Pakistan: Privileged Caste Morality in Sindhi Progressive Literature and Politics.” Critical Sociology 48 (1): 127–149. doi: 10.1177/0896920520964541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, Ghulam. 2020b. Forced Conversions or Faith Conversions: Rhetoric and Reality. Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies. http://www.ips.org.pk/forced-conversions-or-faith-conversions-rhetoric-andreality.
   Google Scholar
• Jodhka, S., and G. Shah. 2010. “Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia.” Economic and Political Weekly 45 (48): 99–106.
   Google Scholar
• Joyo, Muhammad Ibrahim. 1946/2014. Sindh Bachayo, Khand Bachayo. Kandiaro: Roshini Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Junejo, Dr. Faiz. 2015. Tabqati Fikir Ja Sindhi Adab Tey Asar. Sindh: Sindh Sudhar Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Khatwani, Kirshin. 1991. Muhnjee Mithri Sindh. Karachi: Sindhica Academy.
   Google Scholar
• Khuhro, Hamida. 1997. Documents on the Separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency. Vol. 2. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• Khuhro, Hamida. 1998. Mohammed Ayub Khuhro: A Life of Courage in Politics. Karachi: Ferozsons.
   Google Scholar
• Khushalani, Gobind. 2006. Chachnama Retold: An Account of the Arab Conquest of Sind. New Delhi: Promila. in association with Bibliophile South Asia.
   Google Scholar
• Kothari, Rita. 2006. “RSS in Sindh: 1942–48.” Economic and Political Weekly 41 (27/28): 3007–3013.
   Google Scholar
• Kothari, Rita. 2007. The Burden of Refuge: Partition Experiences of the Sindhis of Gujarat. Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan.
   Google Scholar
• Kothari, Rita. 2009. Unbordered Memories: Sindhi Stories of Partition. New Delhi: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Kunbhar, Zulfiqar. 2018. “After Sunita Parmer, Five More Dalit Women Enter Race for General Seats.” 12 June. https://dailytimes.com.pk/252468/after-sunita-parmer-five-more-dalit-women-enter-race-for-general-seats/.
   Google Scholar
• Lalwani, L. W. 1890. The Life, Religion and Poetry of Shah Latif. Karachi: Phoenix Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lapidus, Ira M. 2014. A History of Islamic Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levesque, Julien. 2016. “Sindhis are Sufi by Nature: Sufism as a Marker of Identity in Sind.” In Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia, edited by Deepra Dandekar, and Torsten Tschacher, 212–227. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• MacLean, Derryl N. 1984. Religion and Society in Arab Sindh. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, Hafeez. 1967. “The Marxist Literary Movement in India and Pakistan.” Journal of Asian Studies 26 (4): 649–664. doi: 10.2307/2051241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkani, K. R. 1997/1984. The Sindh Story. Sani Hussain Panhwar.
   Google Scholar
• Markovits, Claude. 2008. “Urban Society in Colonial Sindh (1843–1947).” In Sindh through History and Representations: French Contributions to Sindhi Studies, edited by M. Boivin. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mehkri, G. M. 2012. “On Sindh. Karachi: Culture Department.” Government of Sindh.
   Google Scholar
• Memon, Siraj. 2009. Sindhi Language. Hyderabad: Sindhi Language Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Mohmand, S., and H. Gazdar. 2007. Social Structures in Rural Pakistan: Thematic Paper Prepared Under TA4319, Determinants and Drivers of Poverty Reduction and ADB’s Contribution in Rural Pakistan. Islamabad: Asian Development Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Murray T.T. 1930. Indian Islam: A Religious History of Islam in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Naik, C. D. 2010. Buddhism and Dalit: Social Philosophy and Traditions. Delhi: Kalpas Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolas, F. G. 2006. “From Mongols to Mughals: Religious Violence in India 9th–18th Centuries.” Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting of the American Academy of Religion. Gonzaga University.
   Google Scholar
• Parsram, Jethmal Gulraj. 1924. Sind and its Sufis. Adyar: Theosophical Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, Sheldon. 2006. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Postans, T. 1843/1973. Personal Observations on Sindh: The Manners and Customs of Its Inhabitants, and its Productive Capabilities. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. Reprinted, Karachi: Indus Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, Nathaniel. 2012. “Is Conversion a ‘Colonization of Consciousness’?” Anthropological Theory 12 (3): 271–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadiq, Muhammad. 1983. Twentieth Century Urdu Literature. Karachi: Royal Book Company.
   Google Scholar
• Sayed, G. M. 1952. Paigham-i-Latīf. http://www.gmsyed.org/Latīf/book4-chap10.html.
   Google Scholar
• Schaflechner, Jürgen. 2017. “‘Forced’ Conversion and (Hindu) Women’s Agency in Sindh.” South Asia Chronicle 7: 275–317.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, Z. 2007. Long Behind Schedule: A Study on Plight of Scheduled Caste Hindus in Pakistan. Karachi: TRDP & PILER.
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif. 2012. The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sindhi, Ruk. 2016. Sindhu Sabheeta Jee Osar. https://archive.org/details/RukSindhiRiseOfIndusCivilization.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, Colonel W. H. 1841. Notes on the Religious, Moral and Political State of India Before the Mahomedan Invasion. London: Oxford Street.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. 1989. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thakur, U. T. 1959. Sindhi Culture. Bombay: Bombay University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thanvardas, Pokardas. 1912. Dharam Shastra Manu Smirti. Shikarpur: Pokardas Thanvardas Tajir Kutub.
   Google Scholar
• Thapar, Romila. 2003. The Past before Us: Historical Traditions of Early Modern India. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thapar, Romila. 2014. The Past as Present: Forging Contemporary Identities through History. New Delhi: Aleph.
   Google Scholar
• Tilak, Lokmaniya Gangadhar. 1903. The Arctic Home in the Vedas. Poona City: Messrs Tilak Bros.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, James. 1971. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India. New Delhi: K. M. N. Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Tribune, Express. 2016. “Dalit Sujag Tehreek: Scheduled Caste Hindus Elect Officers.” June 13. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1121999/dalit-sujag-tehreek-scheduled-caste-hindus-elect-officers.
   Google Scholar
• Tulsidas, Goswami. 1926. Ramayana (mukhtasar). Karachi: Tejuram Ruchiram Sharma.
   Google Scholar
• Upadhya, Carol. 2002. “The Hindu Nationalist Sociology of G. S. Ghurye.” Sociological Bulletin 51 (1): 28–57.
   Google Scholar
• Usman, A., and A. Amjad. 2013. “Caste-based Endogamy in a Punjabi Village of Pakistan.” South Asian Studies 28 (2): 341–352.
   Google Scholar
• Verkaaik, Oskar. 2004. “Reforming Mysticism: Sindhi Separatist Intellectuals in Pakistan.” In Popular Intellectuals and Social Movements: Framing Protest in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, edited by Michiel Baud, and Rosanne Rutten, 65–86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Verma, Esha. 2016. Sindh in Transition: From Mughal Rule to British Annexation, Early Eighteenth Century to1843. PhD thesis, University of Wellington.
   Google Scholar
• Wajid, Muhammad. 2017. “Forced Religious Conversion of Hindus in Sindh (Myth or Reality): A Case Study of Shahdadpur City.” MPhil thesis, International Islamic University, Islamabad.
   Google Scholar
• Wink, A. 2002. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Zaheer, Sajjad. 2006. The Light: The History of the Movement for Progressive Literature in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar