References
- Ahmad, A., 2017. Jihad & Co.: black markets and Islamist power. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Ahram, A.I., 2023. The paperwork of plunder: how rebels govern illicit resources. International Politics, 1–22. doi:10.1057/s41311-023-00465-5.
- Albarracín, J., et al., 2023. Pathways of post-conflict violence in Colombia. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 34 (1), 138–164. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2114244.
- Anders, T., 2020. Territorial control in civil wars: theory and measurement using machine learning. Journal of Peace Research, 57 (6), 701–714. doi:10.1177/0022343320959687.
- Arjona, A., 2015. Civilian resistance to rebel governance. In: Rebel governance in civil wars. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316182468.
- Arjona, A., 2016. Rebelocracy. Cambridge University Press.
- Bakke, K.M., Gallagher Cunningham, K., and Seymour, L.J., 2012. A plague of initials: fragmentation, cohesion, and infighting in civil wars. Perspectives on Politics, 10 (2), 265–283. doi:10.1017/S1537592712000667.
- Balcells, L., 2010. Rivalry and revenge: violence against civilians in conventional civil wars. International Studies Quarterly, 54 (2), 291–313. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00588.x.
- Balcells, L., 2017. Rivalry and revenge. Cambridge University Press.
- Balcells, L. and Justino, P., 2014. Bridging micro and macro approaches on civil wars and political violence: issues, challenges, and the way forward. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58 (8), 1343–1359. doi:10.1177/0022002714547905.
- Balcells, L. and Kalyvas, S., 2022. Revolution in civil war: the “Marxist paradox”. Available at SSRN.
- Beck, C.J., 2011. The world-cultural origins of revolutionary waves: five centuries of European contention. Social Science History, 35 (2), 167–207. doi:10.1215/01455532-2010-020.
- Beissinger, M.R., 2007. Structure and example in modular political phenomena: the diffusion of bulldozer/rose/orange/tulip revolutions. Perspectives on Politics, 5 (2), 259–276. doi:10.1017/S1537592707070776.
- Binningsbø, H.M., et al., 2012. Armed conflict and post-conflict justice, 1946–2006: a dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 49 (5), 731–740. doi:10.1177/0022343312450886.
- Blair, C.W., 2022. The fortification dilemma: border control and rebel violence. Available at SSRN 3716311.
- Blair, R., et al., 2022. Preventing rebel resurgence after civil war: a field experiment in security and justice provision in rural Colombia. American Political Science Review, 116 (4), 1258–1277. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000284.
- Blair, R.A. and Weintraub, M., 2023. Little evidence that military policing reduces crime or improves human security. Nature Human Behaviour, 7 (6), 1–13. doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01600-1.
- Blattman, C. and Annan, J., 2016. Can employment reduce lawlessness and rebellion? A field experiment with high-risk men in a fragile state. American Political Science Review, 110 (1), 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0003055415000520.
- Braithwaite, J.M. and Gallagher Cunningham, K., 2020. When organizations rebel: introducing the foundations of rebel group emergence (FORGE) dataset. International Studies Quarterly, 64 (1), 183–193. doi:10.1093/isq/sqz085.
- Breslawski, J., 2020. The social terrain of rebel held territory. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65 (2–3), 453–479. doi:10.1177/0022002720951857.
- Campbell, S.P., 2017. Ethics of research in conflict environments. Journal of Global Security Studies, 2 (1), 89–101. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogw024.
- Cederman, L.-E., Weidmann, N.B., and Skrede Gleditsch, K., 2011. Horizontal inequalities and ethnonationalist civil war: a global comparison. American Political Science Review, 105 (3), 478–495. doi:10.1017/S0003055411000207.
- Cederman, L.-E., Wimmer, A., and Min, B., 2010. Why do ethnic groups rebel? New data and analysis. World Politics, 62 (1), 87–119. doi:10.1017/S0043887109990219.
- Charles, T. and Tarrow, S.G., 2015. Contentious politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Chenoweth, E. and Lewis, O.A., 2013. Unpacking nonviolent campaigns: introducing the NAVCO 2.0 dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 50 (3), 415–423. doi:10.1177/0022343312471551.
- Coggins, B., 2011. Friends in high places: international politics and the emergence of states from secessionism. International Organization, 65 (3), 433–467. doi:10.1017/S0020818311000105.
- Coggins, B., 2014. Power politics and state formation in the twentieth century: the dynamics of recognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Coggins, B., 2015. Rebel diplomacy: theorizing violent non-state actors’ strategic use of talk. Rebel Governance in Civil War, 98 (1), 98–118.
- Cohen, D.K., 2016. Rape during civil war. Cornell University Press.
- Cohen, D.K. and Nordås, R., 2014. Sexual violence in armed conflict: introducing the SVAC dataset, 1989–2009. Journal of Peace Research, 51 (3), 418–428. doi:10.1177/0022343314523028.
- Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A., 2004. Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56 (4), 563–595. doi:10.1093/oep/gpf064.
- Condra, L.N., et al., 2018. The logic of insurgent electoral violence. American Economic Review, 108 (11), 3199–3231. doi:10.1257/aer.20170416.
- Condra, L.N. and Shapiro, J.N., 2012. Who takes the blame? The strategic effects of collateral damage. American Journal of Political Science, 56 (1), 167–187. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00542.x.
- Costalli, S. and Ruggeri, A., 2015. Indignation, ideologies, and armed mobilization: civil war in Italy, 1943–45. International Security, 40 (2), 119–157. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00218.
- Cunningham, D.E., Skrede Gleditsch, K., and Salehyan, I., 2013. Non-state actors in civil wars: a new dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30 (5), 516–531. doi:10.1177/0738894213499673.
- Daly, S.Z., 2014. The dark side of power-sharing: middle managers and civil war recurrence. Comparative Politics, 46 (3), 333–353. doi:10.5129/001041514810943027.
- Daly, S.Z., Paler, L., and Samii, C., 2020. Wartime ties and the social logic of crime. Journal of Peace Research, 57 (4), 536–550. doi:10.1177/0022343319897098.
- Davenport, C., et al., 2019. The consequences of contention: understanding the aftereffects of political conflict and violence. Annual Review of Political Science, 22 (1), 361–377. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064057.
- Davis, J.M., Forthcoming. Parochial altruism in civil society leaders: legacies of contested governance. Journal of Politics.
- Dayal, A.K., 2021. Incredible commitments: how UN peacekeeping failures shape peace processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- De la Calle, L. and Sánchez-Cuenca, I., 2012. Rebels without a territory: an analysis of nonterritorial conflicts in the world, 1970–1997. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56 (4), 580–603. doi:10.1177/0022002711431800.
- Denny, E.K. and Walter, B.F., 2014. Ethnicity and civil war. Journal of Peace Research, 51 (2), 199–212. doi:10.1177/0022343313512853.
- Estancona, C.L., 2022. Banditry or business? Rebel labor markets and state economic intervention. International Interactions, 48 (1), 139–151. doi:10.1080/03050629.2021.1973454.
- Ethan, B.D.M., 2013. Rebel tactics. Journal of Political Economy, 121 (2), 323–357. doi:10.1086/670137.
- Fazal, T.M., 2014. Dead wrong?: battle deaths, military medicine, and exaggerated reports of war’s demise. International Security, 39 (1), 95–125. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00166.
- Fazal, T.M., 2018. Wars of law: unintended consequences in the regulation of armed conflict. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press.
- Fearon, J.D. and Laitin, D.D., 2003. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review, 97 (1), 75–90. doi:10.1017/S0003055403000534.
- Findley, M.G. and Young, J.K., 2012. Terrorism and civil war: a spatial and temporal approach to a conceptual problem. Perspectives on Politics, 10 (2), 285–305. doi:10.1017/S1537592712000679.
- Fortna, V.P., 2015. Do terrorists win? Rebels’ use of terrorism and civil war outcomes. International Organization, 69 (3), 519–556. doi:10.1017/S0020818315000089.
- Fortna, V.P., Lotito, N.J., and Rubin, M.A., 2018. Don’t bite the hand that feeds: rebel funding sources and the use of terrorism in civil wars. International Studies Quarterly, 62 (4), 782–794. doi:10.1093/isq/sqy038.
- Fujii, L.A. and Finnemore, M., 2021. Show time: the logic and power of violent display. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/cornell/9781501758546.001.0001.
- Gilbert, D., 2022. The logic of kidnapping in civil war: evidence from Colombia. American Political Science Review, 116 (4), 1226–1241. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000041.
- Gilligan, M.J., Khadka, P., and Samii, C., 2022. Intrinsic social incentives in state and non-state armed groups. American Political Science Review, 117 (1), 22–41. doi:10.1017/S000305542200020X.
- Goldstone, J.A., 2016. Revolution and rebellion in the early modern world: population change and state breakdown in England. France, Turkey, and China: London: Routledge, 1600–1850.
- Goldstone, J.A., Grinin, L., and Korotayev, A., 2022. Introduction. Changing yet persistent: revolutions and revolutionary events. In: Handbook of revolutions in the 21st century: the new waves of revolutions, and the causes and effects of disruptive political change. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 1–34.
- Gowrinathan, N. and Mampilly, Z., 2019. Resistance and repression under the rule of rebels: women, clergy, and civilian agency in LTTE governed Sri Lanka. Comparative Politics, 52 (1), 1–20. doi:10.5129/001041519X15698352040097.
- Grossman, G., Manekin, D., and Miodownik, D., 2015. The political legacies of combat: attitudes toward war and peace among Israeli ex-combatants. International Organization, 69 (4), 981–1009. doi:10.1017/S002081831500020X.
- Guliford, M., 2020. Durability derived from policy: explaining civil wars nonrecurrence. Presented at American University. Working Paper.
- Gurr, T.R., 2015. Why men rebel. London: Routledge.
- Gutiérrez-Sanín, F. and Jean Wood, E., 2014. Ideology in civil war: instrumental adoption and beyond. Journal of Peace Research, 51 (2), 213–226. doi:10.1177/0022343313514073.
- Halliday, F., 1999. Revolution and world politics: the rise and fall of the sixth great power. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Halliday, F. and Molyneux, M., 1981. The Ethiopian revolution. London: Verso.
- Hegre, H., 2001. Toward a democratic civil peace? Democracy, political change, and civil war, 1816–1992. American Political Science Review, 95 (1), 33–48. doi:10.1017/S0003055401000119.
- Hoover-Green, A., 2018. The commander’s Dilemma: violence and restraint in wartime. Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/cornell/9781501726477.001.0001.
- Horowitz, M.C., Perkoski, E., and Potter, P.B., 2018. Tactical diversity in militant violence. International Organization, 72 (1), 139–171. doi:10.1017/S0020818317000467.
- Howard, L.M. and Stark, A., 2017. How civil wars end: the international system, norms, and the role of external actors. International Security, 42 (3), 127–171. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00305.
- Huang, R., 2016a. Rebel diplomacy in civil war. International Security, 40 (4), 89–126. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00237.
- Huang, R., 2016b. The wartime origins of democratization: civil war, rebel governance, and political regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hudson, V.M. and Matfess, H., 2017. In plain sight: the neglected linkage between brideprice and violent conflict. International Security, 42 (1), 7–40. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00289.
- Huff, C., 2023. Counterinsurgency tactics, rebel grievances, and who keeps fighting. American Political Science Review, 1–6. doi:10.1017/S0003055423000059.
- Huntington, S.P., 2006. Political order in changing societies. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
- Johnson, D.D. and Toft, D.M., 2013. Grounds for war: the evolution of territorial conflict. International Security, 38 (3), 7–38. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00149.
- Kalyvas, S.N., 2001. ‘New’ and ‘old’ civil wars: a valid distinction? World Politics, 54 (1), 99–118. doi:10.1353/wp.2001.0022.
- Kalyvas, S.N., 2003. The ontology of “political violence”: action and identity in civil wars. Perspectives on Politics, 1 (3), 475–494.
- Kalyvas, S.N., 2004. The paradox of terrorism in civil war. The Journal of Ethics, 8 (1), 97–138. doi:10.1023/B:JOET.0000012254.69088.41.
- Kalyvas, S.N., 2006. The logic of violence in civil war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kalyvas, S.N. and Balcells, L., 2010. International system and technologies of rebellion: how the end of the cold war shaped internal conflict. American Political Science Review, 104 (3), 415–429. doi:10.1017/S0003055410000286.
- Kao, K. and Revkin, M.R., 2021. Retribution or reconciliation? Post‐conflict attitudes toward enemy collaborators. American Journal of Political Science, 67 (2), 358–373. doi:10.1111/ajps.12673.
- Kaplan, O., 2017. Resisting war: how communities protect themselves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Karim, S., 2020. Relational state building in areas of limited statehood: experimental evidence on the attitudes of the police. American Political Science Review, 114 (2), 536–551. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000716.
- Kasfir, N., 2005. Guerrillas and civilian participation: the national resistance army in Uganda, 1981–86. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 43 (2), 271–296. doi:10.1017/S0022278X05000832.
- Krause, P., 2017. Rebel power: why national movements compete, fight, and win. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press.
- Kupatadze, A. and Zeitzoff, T., 2021. In the shadow of conflict: how emotions, threat perceptions and victimization influence foreign policy attitudes. British Journal of Political Science, 51 (1), 181–202. doi:10.1017/S0007123418000479.
- Lachapelle, J., et al., 2020. Social revolution and authoritarian durability. World Politics, 72 (4), 557–600. doi:10.1017/S0043887120000106.
- Lake, M., 2017. Building the rule of war: postconflict institutions and the micro-dynamics of conflict in Eastern DR Congo. International Organization, 71 (2), 281–315. doi:10.1017/S002081831700008X.
- Larson, J.M., 2016. Interethnic conflict and the potential dangers of cross-group ties. Journal of Peace Research, 53 (3), 459–471. doi:10.1177/0022343316630781.
- Larson, J.M. and Lewis, J.I., 2018. Rumors, kinship networks, and rebel group formation. International Organization, 72 (4), 871–903. doi:10.1017/S0020818318000243.
- Lawson, G., 2019. Anatomies of revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Leader Maynard, J., 2019. Ideology and armed conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 56 (5), 635–649. doi:10.1177/0022343319826629.
- Lee, M.M., 2020. Crippling Leviathan: how foreign subversion weakens the state. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press.
- Lee, M.M., Zhang, N., and Herchenroeder, T., 2023. From pluribus to unum? The civil war and imagined sovereignty in nineteenth-century America. American Political Science Review, 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0003055423000096.
- Lemke, D. and Crabtree, C., 2020. Territorial contenders in world politics. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64 (2–3), 518–544. doi:10.1177/0022002719847742.
- Lewis, J.I., 2020. How insurgency begins: rebel group formation in Uganda and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lindsay, H., Jung, D., and Wong, W.H., 2012. Organizing for resistance: how group structure impacts the character of violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24 (5), 743–768. doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.642908.
- Liu, S.X., 2022. Control, coercion, and cooptation: how rebels govern after winning civil war. World Politics, 74 (1), 37–76. doi:10.1017/S0043887121000174.
- Loken, M., 2022. Noncombat participation in rebellion: a gendered typology. International Security, 47 (1), 139–170. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00440.
- Loyle, C.E. and Appel, B.J., 2017. Conflict recurrence and postconflict justice: addressing motivations and opportunities for sustainable peace. International Studies Quarterly, 61 (3), 690–703. doi:10.1093/isq/sqx045.
- Lyall, J., 2010. Are coethnics more effective counterinsurgents? Evidence from the second Chechen war. American Political Science Review, 104 (1), 1–20. doi:10.1017/S0003055409990323.
- Lyall, J., Blair, G., and Imai, K., 2013. Explaining support for combatants during wartime: a survey experiment in Afghanistan. American Political Science Review, 107 (4), 679–705. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000403.
- Lyons, T., 2007. Conflict-generated diasporas and transnational politics in Ethiopia: analysis. Conflict, Security & Development, 7 (4), 529–549. doi:10.1080/14678800701692951.
- Mamdani, M., 2003. Making sense of political violence in postcolonial Africa. War and Peace in the 20th Century and Beyond, 71–99.
- Mampilly, Z.C., 2011. Rebel rulers: insurgent governance and civilian life during war. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press.
- Manekin, D. and Wood, R.M., 2020. Framing the narrative: female fighters, external audience attitudes, and transnational support for armed rebellions. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64 (9), 1638–1665. doi:10.1177/0022002720912823.
- Manrique-Vallier, D., Price, M.E., and Gohdes, A., 2013. Multiple systems estimation techniques for estimating casualties in armed conflicts. In Taylor B. Seybolt, Jay D. Aronson, Baruch Fischhoff (Eds.), Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict, 165–184. New York, NY.Oxford University Press.
- Matanock, A.M., 2017. Electing peace: from civil conflict to political participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., and Tilly, C., 2003. Dynamics of contention. Social Movement Studies, 2 (1), 99–102. doi:10.1080/14742837.2003.10035370.
- Moncada, E., 2016. Urban violence, political economy, and territorial control: insights from Medellín. Latin American Research Review, 51 (4), 225–248. doi:10.1353/lar.2016.0057.
- Moore, B., 1993. Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. Vol. 268. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
- Nagel, R.U., 2021. Conflict-related sexual violence and the re-escalation of lethal violence. International Studies Quarterly, 65 (1), 56–68. doi:10.1093/isq/sqaa086.
- Nanes, M. and Haim, D., 2021. Self-administered field surveys on sensitive topics. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 8 (2), 185–194. doi:10.1017/XPS.2020.12.
- Nielsen, R.A., 2017. Deadly clerics: blocked ambition and the paths to jihad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Østby, G., Nordås, R., and Ketil Rød, J., 2009. Regional inequalities and civil conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Studies Quarterly, 53 (2), 301–324. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00535.x.
- Parkinson, S., 2013. Organizing rebellion: rethinking high-risk mobilization and social networks in war. American Political Science Review, 107 (3), 418–432. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000208.
- Parkinson, S., 2021. Practical ideology in militant organizations. World Politics, 73 (1), 52–81. doi:10.1017/S0043887120000180.
- Parkinson, S., 2022. (Dis) courtesy bias: “Methodological cognates,” data validity, and ethics in violence-adjacent research. Comparative Political Studies, 55 (3), 420–450.
- Perkoski, E., 2019. Internal politics and the fragmentation of armed groups. International Studies Quarterly, 63 (4), 876–889. doi:10.1093/isq/sqz076.
- Petersen, R.D., 2002. Understanding ethnic violence: fear, hatred, and resentment in twentieth-century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Pfeifer, H. and Schwab, R., 2023. Politicising the rebel governance paradigm. Critical appraisal and expansion of a research agenda. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 34 (1), 1–23. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2144000.
- Polo, S.M. and Gleditsch, S.K., 2016. Twisting arms and sending messages: terrorist tactics in civil war. Journal of Peace Research, 53 (6), 815–829. doi:10.1177/0022343316667999.
- Polo, S.M. and González, B., 2020. The power to resist: mobilization and the logic of terrorist attacks in civil war. Comparative Political Studies, 53 (13), 2029–2060. doi:10.1177/0010414020912264.
- Popkin, S., 1980. The rational peasant: the political economy of peasant society. Theory and Society, 9 (3), 411–471. doi:10.1007/BF00158397.
- Reno, W., 1998. Warlord politics and African states. Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Reno, W., 2011. Warfare in independent Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Revkin, M.R., 2020. What explains taxation by resource-rich rebels? Evidence from the Islamic state in Syria. The Journal of Politics, 82 (2), 757–764. doi:10.1086/706597.
- Reyes, L.E., 2022. Law and conflict. Dissertation. Rice University.
- Richter, S. and Camila Barrios Sabogal, L., 2023. Dynamics of peace or legacy of rebel governance? Patterns of cooperation between FARC-ex-combatants and conflict-affected communities in Colombia. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 34 (1), 165–194. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2117824.
- Rigterink, A.S., 2020. Diamonds, rebel’s and farmer’s best friend: impact of variation in the price of a lootable, labor-intensive natural resource on the intensity of violent conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64 (1), 90–126. doi:10.1177/0022002719849623.
- Ritholtz, S., 2022. The ontology of cruelty in civil war: the analytical utility of characterizing violence in conflict studies. Global Studies Quarterly, 2 (2). doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksac014.
- Rubin, M.A., 2020. Rebel territorial control and civilian collective action in civil war: Evidence from the communist insurgency in the Philippines. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64 (2–3), 459–489. doi:10.1177/0022002719863844.
- Salehyan, I., Skrede Gleditsch, K., and Cunningham, D.E., 2011. Explaining external support for insurgent groups. International Organization, 65 (4), 709–744. doi:10.1017/S0020818311000233.
- Sambanis, N., 2004. What is civil war? Conceptual and empirical complexities of an operational definition. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48 (6), 814–858. doi:10.1177/0022002704269355.
- Sambanis, N. 2008. Terrorism and civil war. In: Terrorism, economic development, and political openness, 174–206. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511754388.007
- Sambanis, N. and Shayo, M., 2013. Social identification and ethnic conflict. American Political Science Review, 107 (2), 294–325. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000038.
- Sarkees, M.R. and Wayman, F., 2010. Resort to war: 1816 – 2007. Washington, DC.: CQ Press. doi:10.4135/9781608718276.
- Sawyer, K., Bond, K.D., and Gallagher Cunningham, K., 2021. Rebel leader ascension and wartime sexual violence. The Journal of Politics, 83 (1), 396–400. doi:10.1086/709432.
- Sebastian, V.B., 2021. Local elites, civil resistance, and the responsiveness of rebel governance in Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Peace Research, 58 (5), 930–994. doi:10.1177/0022343320965675.
- Selbin, E., 2018. Modern latin American revolutions. London: Routledge.
- Sexton, R., 2016. Aid as a tool against insurgency: evidence from contested and controlled territory in Afghanistan. American Political Science Review, 110 (4), 731–749. doi:10.1017/S0003055416000356.
- Shapiro, J.N. 2013. The terrorist’s dilemma. In: The terrorist’s dilemma. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press. doi:10.23943/princeton/9780691157214.003.0002.
- Shaver, A., Carter, D.B., and Wangyal Shawa, T., 2019. Terrain ruggedness and land cover: improved data for most research designs. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 36 (2), 191–218. doi:10.1177/0738894216659843.
- Singer, J.D., 1961. The level-of-analysis problem in international relations. World Politics, 14 (1), 77–92. doi:10.2307/2009557.
- Singer, J.D. and Small, M., 2022. Correlates of war project: international and civil war data, 1816-1992.
- Skocpol, T., 1979. States and social revolutions: a comparative analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Staniland, P., 2014. Networks of rebellion: explaining insurgent cohesion and collapse. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press.
- Staniland, P., 2021. Ordering violence: explaining armed group-state relations from conflict to cooperation. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press.
- Stanton, J.A., 2013. Terrorism in the context of civil war. The Journal of Politics, 75 (4), 1009–1022. doi:10.1017/S0022381613000984.
- Stewart, M.A., 2021. Governing for revolution: social transformation in civil war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Stewart, M.A., 2022. Foundations of the Vanguard: the origins of leftist rebel groups. European Journal of International Relations, 29 (2), 398–426. doi:10.1177/13540661221140099.
- Stewart, M.A. and Liou, Y.-M., 2017. Do good borders make good rebels? Territorial control and civilian casualties. The Journal of Politics, 79 (1), 284–301. doi:10.1086/688699.
- Takriti, A.R., 2013. Monsoon revolution: republicans, sultans, and empires in Oman, 1965-1976. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674435.001.0001.
- Talibova, R., 2022. Repression, military service and insurrection. Working paper. Available from: https://www.royatalibova.com/_files/ugd/c3f304_046b630cddf54b10b378480b55f50911.pdf.
- Tappe Ortiz, J., 2023. 100 years of solitude revisited: a critical analysis of 25 years of scholarship on Colombia’s civil conflict. Civil Wars, 25 (2–3), 398–427. doi:10.1080/13698249.2023.2249321
- Tarrow, S., 1993. Cycles of collective action: between moments of madness and the repertoire of contention. Social Science History, 17 (2), 281–307. doi:10.2307/1171283.
- Thaler, K.M., 2012. Ideology and violence in civil wars: theory and evidence from Mozambique and Angola. Civil Wars, 14 (4), 546–567. doi:10.1080/13698249.2012.740203.
- Thaler, K.M., 2017. Mixed methods research in the study of political and social violence and conflict. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 11 (1), 59–76. doi:10.1177/1558689815585196.
- Thomas, J., 2014. Rewarding bad behavior: how governments respond to terrorism in civil war. American Journal of Political Science, 58 (4), 804–818. doi:10.1111/ajps.12113.
- Thomas, J.L. and Bond, K.D., 2015. Women’s participation in violent political organizations. American Political Science Review, 109 (3), 488–506. doi:10.1017/S0003055415000313.
- Tilly, C., 1977. From mobilization to revolution. London: Random House
- Toft, M.D. and Zhukov, Y.M., 2015. Islamists and nationalists: rebel motivation and counterinsurgency in Russia’s North Caucasus. American Political Science Review, 109 (2), 222–238. doi:10.1017/S000305541500012X.
- Uribe, A.D., 2023. Coercion, governance, and political behavior in civil war. Journal of Peace Research, 00223433221147939. doi:10.1177/00223433221147939.
- Valentino, B., Huth, P., and Balch-Lindsay, D., 2004. “Draining the sea”: mass killing and guerrilla warfare. International Organization, 58 (2), 375–407.
- Walsh, J.I., et al., 2018. Funding rebellion: the rebel contraband dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 55 (5), 699–707. doi:10.1177/0022343317740621.
- Waterman, A., 2023. The shadow of ‘the boys’: rebel governance without territorial control in Assam’s ULFA insurgency. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 34 (1), 279–304. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2120324.
- Waterman, A. and Worrall, J., 2020. Spinning multiple plates under fire: the importance of ordering processes in civil wars. Civil Wars, 22 (4), 567–590. doi:10.1080/13698249.2020.1858527.
- Weinstein, J.M., 2006. Inside rebellion: the politics of insurgent violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wickham-Crowley, T.P., 1987. The rise (and sometimes fall) of guerrilla governments in Latin America. Sociological forum, 2 (3), 473–499.
- Wimmer, A., 2012. Waves of war: nationalism, state formation, and ethnic exclusion in the modern world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Woldemariam, M., 2018. Insurgent fragmentation in the horn of Africa: rebellion and its discontents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wood, E.J., 2003. Insurgent collective action and civil war in El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Worrall, J., 2017. (Re-)emergent orders: understanding the negotiation(s) of rebel governance. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 28 (4–5), 709–733. doi:10.1080/09592318.2017.1322336.
- Worsnop, A., 2017. Who can keep the peace? Insurgent organizational control of collective violence. Security Studies, 26 (3), 482–516. doi:10.1080/09636412.2017.1306397.
- Zaks, S., 2023. Do we know it when we see it?(Re)-conceptualizing rebel-to-party transition. Journal of Peace Research, 00223433221123358. doi:10.1177/00223433221123358.
- Zhukov, Y.M., 2017. External resources and indiscriminate violence: evidence from German-occupied Belarus. World Politics, 69 (1), 54–97. doi:10.1017/S0043887116000137.
- Zhukov, Y.M., Davenport, C., and Kostyuk, N., 2019. Introducing xSub: a new portal for cross-national data on subnational violence. Journal of Peace Research, 56 (4), 604–614. doi:10.1177/0022343319836697.