Becoming white(r): skin-whitening creams for white women? Contradictory cosmetics in early twentieth-century Spain

References

• Ahora. 1931. 10 July.
   Google Scholar
• Ahora. 1932a. 8 January.
   Google Scholar
• Ahora. 1932b. 11 February.
   Google Scholar
• Ahora. 1932c. 14 September.
   Google Scholar
• Batchelor, David. 2000. Chromophobia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth. 2017. “Visualizing ‘Moorish’ Traces within Spain: Orientalism and Medievalist Nostalgia in Spanish Colonial Photojournalism 1909–33.” Art in Translation 9 (1): 114–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/17561310.2017.1299422
   Google Scholar
• Brinkmann, Vinzenz et al. 2008. The Colour of Life: Polychromy in Sculpture from ANtiquity to the Present. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, Mark. 2011. Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cervulle, Maxime. 2013. Dans le blanc des yeux: Diversité, racisme et médias. Paris: Éditions Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick, Whitney. 1995. “Fetishizing Fashion/Fetishizing Culture: Man Ray’s ‘Noire et Blanche’.” Oxford Art Journal 18 (2): 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/18.2.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charnon-Deutsch, Lou. 2004. The Spanish Gypsy: The History of a European Obsession. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crónica. 1931. 30 August.
   Google Scholar
• Crónica. 1933. 1 October.
   Google Scholar
• Crónica. 1936. 10 May.
   Google Scholar
• DeGuzmán, María. 2005. Spain’s Long Shadow: The Black Legend, Off-Whiteness, and Anglo-American Empire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Onís, Federico. “La Ensañanza del Castellano en los Estados Unidos.” La Lectura: Revista de Artes y de Ciencias. 1920. September: 239–252.
   Google Scholar
• Dorman, Jacob. 2011. “Skin Bleach and Civilization: The Racial Formation of Blackness in 1920s Harlem.” The Journal of Pan African Studies 4 (4): 47–80.
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, Richard. 2017. White: Twentieth Anniversary Edition. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• El Heraldo de Madrid. 1932. 9 February.
   Google Scholar
• El Imparcial. 1923a. 22 March.
   Google Scholar
• El Imparcial. 1923b. 16 June
   Google Scholar
• El Imparcial. 1924. 21 February.
   Google Scholar
• Estampa. 1930. 4 November.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel, Deborah. 2007. Layers of Blackness: Colourism in the African Diaspora. London: Imani Media Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Goode, Joshua. 2009. Impurity of Blood: Defining Race in Spain, 1870–1930. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, Wendy A., and Steven Manford. 2006. “Unmasking Man Ray’s Noire et Blanche.” American Art 20 (2): 34–47.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper, Kirsty. 2020. The Edwardians and the Making of a Modern Spanish Obsession. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna, Nikki. 2020. Whiter: Asian American Women on Skin Color and Colorism. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• La Correspondencia de España. 1913. 1 August.
   Google Scholar
• La Correspondencia de España. 1914. no. 20, (4 July).
   Google Scholar
• La Moda Elegante. 1923. 1 March.
   Google Scholar
• La Unión Ilustrada. 1929. 7 July.
   Google Scholar
• La Unión Ilustrada. 1930. 3 August.
   Google Scholar
• La Voz. 1923a. 7 May.
   Google Scholar
• La Voz. 1923b. 14 May.
   Google Scholar
• La Voz. 1924. 30 January.
   Google Scholar
• Martin-Márquez, Susan. 2008. Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mundial. 1913. November.
   Google Scholar
• Mundo Gráfico. 1920. 8 September.
   Google Scholar
• Mundo Gráfico. 1927. 14 December.
   Google Scholar
• Mundo Gráfico. 1928a. 8 February.
   Google Scholar
• Mundo Gráfico. 1928b. 12 September.
   Google Scholar
• Mundo Gráfico. 1928c. 14 November.
   Google Scholar
• Mundo Gráfico. 1936. 8 April.
   Google Scholar
• Nuevo Mundo. 1926. 7 May.
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffer Conroy, Mary. 2014. The Cosmetics Baron You’ve Never Heard Of: E. Virgil Neal and Tokalon. Englewood, NJ: Altus History LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Tamblyn, Fred W. Kansas City Journal Post, October, 1932. Cited in Schaeffer Conroy, Mary. The Cosmetics Baron You've Never Heard Of: E. Virgil Neal and Tokalon. Englewood, NJ: Altus History LLC. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Tate, Shirley Anne. 2016. Skin Bleaching in Black Atlantic Zones: Shade Shifters. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Gary. 2005. Buying Whiteness: Race, Culture, and Identity From Columbus to Hip-Hop. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, Lynn M. 2020. Beneath the Surface: A Transnational History of Skin Lighteners. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winckelmann, John. 1849. The History of Ancient Art. Translated by Henry Lodge. Boston: James Munroe and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Woods Peiró, Eva. 2012. White Gypsies: Race and Stardom in Spanish Musicals. London: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zimring, Carl A. 2015. Clean and White: A History of Environmental Racism in the United States. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar