Abstinence for the sake of modest success: a Chinese anti-masturbation group’s path to individualisation

References

• Andreas, J. 2019. Disenfranchised: The Rise and Fall of Industrial Citizenship in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baidu Tieba. 2023. “The Homepage of ‘Jie Se Ba’.” https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%BD%E4%C9%AB&fr=ala0&tpl=5&dyTabStr=MTEsMCw2LDEsNSwzLDQsMiw4LDcsOQ%3D%3D.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U., and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim. 2002. Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences. London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bu, J., Liwen Meng, and Zongwei Zhang. 2018. “佛系青年”群像的社会心态诊断与支持” [Social Psychology Diagnosis and Support of Buddha-style Youth]. Zhongguo Qingnian Yanjiu 11 (61): 105–111.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, S. 2022. “The Battle for ‘NoFap’: Myths, Masculinity, and the Meaning of Masturbation Abstention.” Men and Masculinities 25 (3): 477–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211018256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, Y. 2020. “中学宣传栏称‘贞洁女子后代更聪明,’ 是哪门子‘科学’?” [‘Chaste Women will Own Cleverer Offspring?’ The Controversial Publicity on a Middle School’s Bulletin Board]. Xiandai Kuaibao, July 7. https://news.ifeng.com/c/7yTdtyduXo8.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, J., and J. Xu. 2015. “网络新修辞与转型中国的性别秩序重塑与阶层关系重构—以屌丝为例” [Emerging Online Rhetoric and Reformation of Gender Order and Class Relations in Transitioning China—Taking “Diaosi” as An Example]. Dangdai Chuanbo 2015 (5): 26–31.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Z., and Clyde Yicheng Wang. 2020. “The Discipline of Happiness: The Foucauldian Use of the “Positive Energy” Discourse in China’s Ideological Works.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 48 (2): 201–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102619899409.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y. 2018. “戒色行为在虚拟社区的建构与呈现：基于百度‘戒色吧’的个案调查” [The Formation and Presentation of “Jiese” Practice in a Virtual Community: The Example of “Jie Se Ba”]. Unpublished postgraduate dissertation. Fujian Normal University.
   Google Scholar
• Connery, C. 2019. “Ronald Coase in Beijing.” New Left Review 115:29–57.
   Google Scholar
• Farquhar, J. 1999. “Technologies of Everyday Life: The Economy of Impotence in Reform China.” Cultural Anthropology 14 (2): 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1999.14.2.155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrer, J. 2014. “Youth and Sexuality in China: A Century of Revolutionary Change.” In Routledge Handbook of Sexuality Studies in East Asia, edited by M. McLelland and V. Mackie, 150–161. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fong, V. L. 2004. Only Hope: Coming of Age under China’s One-child Policy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1971) 1988. “Technologies of the Self.” In Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, edited by L. H. Martin, H. Gutman, and P. H. Hutton, 16–49. London: Tavistock Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 1985. The History of Sexuality, vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 1986. The History of Sexuality, vol. 3: The Care of the Self. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, D. 2014. Class in Contemporary China. Cambridge, Malden: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, D., and Xiaowei Zang. 2008. “The New Rich in China: the Dimensions of Social Change.” In The New Rich in China: Future Rulers, Present Lives, edited by D. S. G. Goodman, 1–20. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. H. 2013. “Learning Individualism: Hesse, Confucius and Pep-Rallies in a Chinese Rural High School.” The China Quarterly 213:60–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741013000015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. H., and Suiming Pang. 2010. “Idealizing Individual Choice: Work, Love and Family in the Eyes of Young, Rural Chinese.” In iChina: The Rise of the Individual in Modern Chinese Society, edited by M. H. Hansen and R. Svarverud, 1–38. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanser, A. 2001. “The Chinese Enterprising Self: Young, Educated Urbanites and the Search for Work.” In Popular China: Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing Society, edited by P. Link, R. P. Madsen, and P. G. Pickowicz, 189–206. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, M. 2021. “The Totalizing Meritocracy of Heterosex: Subjectivity in NoFap.” Sexualities 24 (3): 409–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460720932387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, J. 2021. “塑造共识、知识生产与道德重塑：以“戒色吧”为青年亚文化研究案例” [Shaping Consensus, Knowledge Production and Self Remolding: “Abstain from the Erotica” as Youth Subcultures]. Dangdai Qingnian Yanjiu 2021 (5): 42–48.
   Google Scholar
• He, P., Wenhao Lu, Wei Bao, Minghao Luo, Li Cheng, and Lin Cai. 2017. “男性青少年过度自慰行为现况初探” [Current Situation of Male Adolescents’ Excessive Masturbation Behavior]. Zhongguo Xingkexue 26 (1): 126–129.
   Google Scholar
• Hinsch, B. 2013. Masculinities in Chinese History. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Z. 2017. “Watching Porn on China’s Censored Internet is an Infinitely Evolving Cat-and Mouse Game.” Quartz. https://qz.com/1001366/how-the-chinese-watch-porn-on-chinas-censored-internet/.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, K. 2012. People’s Pornography: Sex and Surveillance on the Chinese Internet. Bristol: Intellect.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, K. 2020. “Smouldering Pornographies on the Chinese Internet.” Porn Studies 7 (3): 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2020.1776151.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, T., Fran Martin, and Wanning Sun. 2016. Telemodernities: Television and Transforming Lives in Asia. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y. 2014. 新中国性话语研究 [Discourse Analysis on Sex in the People’s Republic of China]. Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, J., and Xiaoyan Sun. 2010. “Higher Education Expansion and China’s Middle Class.” In China’s Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation, edited by C. Li, 217–242. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, F. 2020. Modernization as Lived Experiences: Three Generations of Young Men and Women in China. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Louie, K. 2002. Theorising Chinese Masculinity: Society and Gender in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, J. 2006. “Selling Sexual Health: China’s Emerging Sex Shop Industry.” In Sex and Sexuality in China, edited by E. Jeffreys, 124–138. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• NBS (National Bureau of Statistics of China). 2023. “4月份国民经济运行延续恢复向好态势” [The National Economy Continued to Recover in April]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202305/t20230516_1939486.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, A., and Li Zhang. 2008. “Introduction: Privatizing China: Powers of the Self in Socialism from Afar.” In Privatizing China: Socialism from Afar, edited by L. Zhang and A. Ong, 1–20. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, S. 1998. “The Move toward Spiritual Asceticism in Chinese Sexual Culture.” Chinese Sociology & Anthropology 31 (1): 14–24. https://doi.org/10.2753/CSA0009-4625310114.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, S. 2006. “Transformations in the Primary Life Cycle: The Origins and Nature of China’s Sexual Revolution.” In Sex and Sexuality in China, edited by E. Jeffreys, 21–42. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, S., and Yinyin Huang. 2013. 性之变：21世纪中国人的性生活 [Changes in Sexual Attitudes: Chinese Sexuality in 21st Century]. Beijing: Publishing House of Renmin University of China.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, S., William Parish, Aili Wang, and Edward Laumann. 2004. 当代中国人的性行为与性关系 [Sexual Behavior and Relation in Contemporary China]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pun, N. 2005. Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reckwitz, A. 2020. The Society of Singularities. Translated by Valentine A Pakis. Cambridge, Medford: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Rofel, L. 2007. Desiring China: Experiments in Neoliberalism, Sexuality, and Public Culture. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, N. 1996. Inventing Our Selves: Psychology, Power and Personhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sigley, G. 2006. “Sex, Politics and the Policing of Virtue in the People’s Republic of China.” In Sex and Sexuality in China, edited by E. Jeffreys, 43–61. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Song, G. 2004. The Fragile Scholar: Power and Masculinity in Chinese Culture. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, L. 2004. 转型与断裂：改革以来中国社会结构的变化 [Transition and Cleavage: Structural Changes in Chinese Society since the Reforms]. Beijing: Publishing House of Peking University.
   Google Scholar
• Szablewicz, M. 2014. “The ‘Losers’ of China’s Internet: Memes as ‘Structures of Feeling’ for Disillusioned Young Netizens.” China Information 28 (2): 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X14531538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, K., and Sue Jackson. 2018. “‘I Want that Power Back’: Discourses of Masculinity within an Online Pornography Abstinence Forum.” Sexualities 21 (4): 621–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460717740248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X. 2003. 半张脸的神话 [The Half-faced Myth]. Guilin: Publishing House of Guangxi Normal University.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M. 2020. “央视曝光斗鱼涉黄直播，晚10点后表演内容不堪入目” [Porn-related Livestreaming on Douyu Reported by CCTV, the Streaming Filled with Sexual Innuendo after 10pm]. Guangzhou Daily, July 5. https://user.guancha.cn/wap/content?id=340704&ivk_sa=1024320u.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. 1977. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, P. 2020. Being Modern in China: A Western Cultural Analysis of Modernity, Tradition and Schooling in China Today. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, X. 2020. “百度11月启动‘软色情’整治专项, 处理近260万条不良信息” [Baidu Rectified Soft Porn in November 2020, Having Handling 2.6 Million Pieces of Explicit Content]. Chinese Consumer, December 31. https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_10614719.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, Y. 2009. The Individualization of Chinese Society. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, Y. 2010. “The Chinese Path to Individualization.” The British Journal of Sociology 61 (3): 489–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01323.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, Y. 2012. “Of the Individual and Individualization: The Striving Individual in China and the Theoretical Implications.” In Futures of Modernity: Challenges for Cosmopolitical Thought and Practice, edited by M. Heinlein, et al., 177–194. Bielefeld: Transcript Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, Y. 2013. “The Drive for Success and the Ethics of the Striving Individual.” In Ordinary Ethics in China, edited by C. Stafford, 263–291. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, Y. 2018. “Neo-familism and the State in Contemporary China.” Urban Anthropology 47 (3 and 4): 181–224.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, J. 2021. “让主旋律、正能量在网络空间更加昂扬—2021年‘净网’集中行动综述” [Let the Online Mainstream Thoughts and Positive Energy Be More Vigorous : An Overview for 2021 “Cleaning the Internet” Movement]. China Youth Online, December 27. http://m.cyol.com/gb/articles/2021-12/27/content_4NMWGiWlw.html.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. 2010. In Search of Paradise: Middle-class Living in a Chinese Metropolis. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, E. 2011. “China’s Sexual Revolution.” In Deep China: The Moral Life of the Person, What Anthropology and Psychiatry Tell us about China Today, edited by A. Kleinman, et al., 106–151. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, E. 2015. The Impotence Epidemic: Men’s Medicine and Sexual Desire in Contemporary China. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, C. Y. 2022. Dreadful Desires: The Uses of Love in Neoliberal China. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., and Ke Li. 2023. “So You Choose to ‘Lie Flat?’ ‘Sang-ness,’ Affective Economies, and the ‘Lying Flat’ Movement.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 109 (1): 48–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2022.2143549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, L. 2020. “男性青少年自我性满足有害观生成及实践” [The Generation of Male Adolescents’ Harmful View of Masturbation and the Practice]. Qingnian Yanjiu 2020 (2): 78–93.
   Google Scholar
• Zou, W., Xinyu Zhang, and Jingqi He. 2023. “Making Sense of Jiese: An Interview Study of Members from a Porn-free Self-help Forum in China.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 52 (1): 385–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02456-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar