384
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Changing perceptions of Turkish armed forces: taking stock of partisanship

ORCID Icon
Pages 145-165 | Received 01 Mar 2022, Accepted 15 Oct 2022, Published online: 27 Oct 2022

References

  • Almond, G.A., and S. Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • BBC News. 2013. “Turkey ergenekon case: Ex-army chief basbug gets life,” August 5. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23571739.
  • Burbach, D.T. 2019. “Partisan Dimensions of Confidence in the U.S. Military, 1973–2016.” Armed Forces & Society 45, no. April: 211–33. doi:10.1177/0095327X17747205.
  • Catterberg, G., and A. Moreno. 2006 March 1. “The Individual Bases of Political Trust: Trends in New and Established Democracies.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 18(1): 31–48. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edh081
  • Cizre, U. 1997 January. “The Anatomy of the Turkish Military’s Political Autonomy.” Comparative Politics 29 (2): 151–66. doi:10.2307/422077
  • Cizre, U. 2004 January. “Problems of Democratic Governance of Civil-Military Relations in Turkey and the European Union Enlargement Zone.” European Journal of Political Research 43(1): 107–25. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00147.x
  • Cumhuriyet. 2018. “Kalin ve Akar’in Abdullah Gül’ü ziyaretinin perde arkasini Chp’li vekil açikladi” [an opposition party mp shared details about kalin and akar’s meeting with abdullah gul], April 27. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siyaset/965386.
  • Demir, S., and O. Bingöl. 2020 March 14. “From Military Tutelage to Civilian Control: An Analysis of the Evolution of Turkish Civil–Military Relations.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 47(2): 172–91. doi:10.1080/13530194.2018.1491291
  • Demirel, T. 2005. “Lessons of Military Regimes and Democracy: The Turkish Case in a Comparative Perspective.” Armed Forces & Society 31(2) (January 16): 245–71. doi:10.1177/0095327X0503100205
  • Esen, B., and S. Gumuscu. 2017a. “Turkey: How the Coup Failed.” Journal of Democracy 28, no. 1: 59–73. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0006.
  • Esen, B., and S. Gumuscu. 2017b. “A Small Yes for Presidentialism: The Turkish Constitutional Referendum of April 2017.” South European Society & Politics 22(3) (July 3): 303–26. doi:10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341
  • Esen, B., and S. Gumuscu. 2018. “The Perils of “Turkish Presidentialism.” Review of Middle East Studies 52(1) (April): 43–53. doi:10.1017/rms.2018.10
  • Fitch, J.S. 2001. “Military Attitudes toward Democracy in Latin America.” In Civil-Military Relations in Latin America: New Analytical Perspectives ed. D. Pion-Berlin, 59–87. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Foa, R.S, and Y. Mounk. 2017. “The Signs of Deconsolidation.” Journal of Democracy 28, no. (1): 5–15. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0000.
  • Garb, M. 2015. “Public Trust in the Military: The Slovenian Armed Forces in a Comparative Analysis.” Current Sociology 6 3(3) (May): 450–69. doi:10.1177/0011392114566351
  • Gidengil, E., D. Stolle, and O. Bergeron‐Boutin. 2022. “The Partisan Nature of Support for Democratic Backsliding: A Comparative Perspective.” European Journal of Political Research 61 (4). 901–929. 2022 12502
  • Güney, A., and P. Karatekelioğlu. 2005. “Turkey’s EU Candidacy and Civil-Military Relations: Challenges and Prospects.” Armed Forces & Society 31(3) (April 16): 439–62. doi:10.1177/0095327X0503100306
  • Gürsoy, Y. 2012. Turkish Public Attitudes Toward the Military and Ergenekon: Consequences for the Consolidation of Democracy. Bilgi University European Institute Working Paper No. 5: 32.
  • Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen (eds.). 2022. “World Values Survey: Round Seven – turkey stata v 1.6.” https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp doi:10.14281/18241.18. (Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat)
  • Heper, M., and A. Güney. 1996 July 16. The Military and Democracy in the Third Turkish RepublicArmed Forces & Society 22 (4): 619–42. doi:10.1177/0095327X9602200407
  • Heper, M., and A. Güney. 2000. The Military and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Recent Turkish ExperienceArmed Forces & Society 26 (4): 635–57. doi:10.1177/0095327X0002600407
  • Hill, A.A., L. Wong, and S.J. Gerras. 2013 April. “Self-Interest Well Understood: The Origins & Lessons of Public Confidence in the Military.” Daedalus 142(2): 49–64. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00203
  • Huntington, S. P. 2002. The Soldier and the State:The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. 1. print. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press.
  • Hürriyet. 2017. “Başkomutan erdoğan’in askerlik hatirasi [commander in chief erdoğan’s military service days],” October 8. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/baskomutan-Erdoğanin-askerlik-hatirasi-40603469.
  • Hürriyet. 2018. “Milli savunma bakani orgeneral hulusi akar oldu [general hulusi akar becomes the national defence minister],” July 9. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/milli-savunma-bakani-orgeneral-hulusi-akar-oldu-40891653.
  • Hürriyet Daily News. 2016. “Turkey’s ergenekon plot case overturned by top court of appeals,” April 21. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-ergenekon-plot-case-overturned-by-top-court-of-appeals-98113.
  • Inglehart, R. 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
  • Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2014a. “World Values Survey: Round Five - turkey stata V20201117.” https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV5.jsp. (Madrid: JD Systems Institute)
  • Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2014b. “World Values Survey: Round Six-turkey stata v20201117.” https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp. (Madrid: JD Systems Institute)
  • Karakatsanis, N. 1998 January. “Do Attitudes Matter? The Military and Democratic Consolidation in Greece.” Armed Forces & Society 24(2): 289–313. doi:10.1177/0095327X9702400205
  • Kardas, T., and A. Balci. 2019 May. “Understanding the July 2016 Military Coup: The Contemporary Security Dilemma in Turkey.” Digest of Middle East Studies 28(1): 144–63. doi:10.1111/dome.12174
  • Kars Kaynar, A. 2017 July 14. “Political Activism of the National Security Council in Turkey After the Reforms.” Armed Forces & Society 43(3): 523–44. doi:10.1177/0095327X16642775
  • Kasselstrand, I., T. Couse, and S. Sanchez. 2017. “Institutional Confidence in the United States: Attitudes of Secular Americans.” Secularism and Nonreligion 6, no. April 4: 6. doi:10.5334/snr.80.
  • Keyman, E.F. 2014. “The AK Party: Dominant Party, New Turkey and Polarization.” Insight Turkey 16, no. (2): 19–31.
  • Kiratli, O.S. 2018 May 27. “To Fight or Not to Fight? A Multivariate Analysis of Turkish Public Opinion on the Use of Force.“ Turkish Studies 19(3): 363–80. doi:10.1080/14683849.2018.1453302
  • Kuhlmann, J. 2003. “Comparative Studies on Military and Society in Europe.” Armed Forces and International Security: Global Trends and Issues 5: 93.
  • Lavrič, M., and F. Bieber. 2021 January 2. ”Shifts in Support for Authoritarianism and Democracy in the Western Balkans.” Problems of Post-Communism 68(1): 17–26. doi:10.1080/10758216.2020.1757468
  • Lerner, H. 2013 October 1. “Permissive Constitutions, Democracy, and Religious Freedom in India, Indonesia, Israel, and Turkey.” World Politics 65(4): 609–55. doi:10.1017/S0043887113000208
  • Linz, J.J., J. Juan, and A.C. Stepan. 1996. “Toward Consolidated Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 7, no. (2): 14–33. doi:10.1353/jod.1996.0031.
  • Mietzner, M. 2018. “The Indonesian Armed Forces, Coalitional Presidentialism, and Democratization: From Praetorian Guard to Imagined Balance of Power.” In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia Hefner, R. W., Routledge 140–50.
  • Montalvo, D. 2009. “Do You Trust Your Armed Forces?. www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/I0827en.pdf. No. 27. AmericasBarometer Insights.
  • Navia, P., and R. Osorio. 2019. “Attitudes toward Democracy and Authoritarianism before, during and after Military Rule. The Case of Chile, 1972–2013.” Contemporary Politics 25(2) (March 15): 190–212. doi:10.1080/13569775.2018.1504426
  • Ojo, E.O. 2014. “The Military and the Challenge of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: Positive Scepticism and Negative Optimism.” Insight on Africa 6(1) (January 1): 57–79. doi:10.1177/0975087814532585
  • Önen, H.G. 2021. “Ten Critical Years of Turkish Civil–Military Relations (2007–2017).” Journal of Public Affairs August13. doi:10.1002/pa.2738
  • Polga-Hecimovich, J. 2019. “Bureaucratic Politicization, Partisan Attachments, and the Limits of Public Agency Legitimacy: The Venezuelan Armed Forces under Chavismo.” Latin American Research Review 54(2) (June 25): 476. doi:10.25222/larr.142
  • Sarigil, Z. 2007. “Europeanization as Institutional Change: The Case of the Turkish Military.” Mediterranean Politics 12(1) (March): 39–57. doi:10.1080/13629390601136822
  • Sarigil, Z. 2009. “Deconstructing the Turkish Military’s Popularity.” Armed Forces & Society 35(4) (July): 709–27. doi:10.1177/0095327X08322566
  • Sarigil, Z. 2011. “Civil-Military Relations Beyond Dichotomy: With Special Reference to Turkey.” Turkish Studies 12(2) (June): 265–78. doi:10.1080/14683849.2011.572633
  • Sarigil, Z. 2014. ”The Turkish Military.” Armed Forces & Society 40(19) (January): 168–90. 10.1177/0095327X12442309
  • Sarigil, Z. 2015. ”Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey.” Armed Forces & Society 41(2) (April 5): 282–306. doi:10.1177/0095327X13504573
  • Şaşmaz, A., A.H. Yagci, and D. Ziblatt. 2022. “How Voters Respond to Presidential Assaults on Checks and Balances: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Turkey.” Comparative Political Studies (January 13): 001041402110662. doi:10.1177/00104140211066216
  • Satana, N.S. 2008. Transformation of the Turkish Military and the Path to Democracy. Armed Forces & Society 34, no. 3 (April 13): 357–388.
  • Satana, N.S. 2011 June. “Civil-Military Relations in Europe, the Middle East and Turkey.” Turkish Studies 12(2): 279–92. doi:10.1080/14683849.2011.572634
  • Schafer, D. 2022 March 7. “A Popular Mandate for Strongmen: What Public Opinion Data Reveals About Support for Executive Aggrandizement in Turkey, 1996-2018.” South European Society & Politics 1–28. doi:10.1080/13608746.2022.2034689
  • Schedler, A. 2001 March. “Measuring Democratic Consolidation.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36(1): 66–92. doi:10.1007/BF02687585
  • Singh, C., and M. Bailey. 2013. “Praetorian Democracy, Illiberal but Enduring: Pakistan as Exemplar.” Southeast Review of Asian Studies 35: 103–26.
  • Solar C. 2022. Trust in the military in post-authoritarian societies. Current Sociology, 70(3), 317–337. doi:10.1177/0011392120969769
  • Somer, M. 2019. “Turkey: The Slippery Slope from Reformist to Revolutionary Polarization and Democratic Breakdown.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681, no. (1): 42–61. doi:10.1177/0002716218818056.
  • Stein, E.A. 2013 January 1. “The Unraveling of Support for Authoritarianism: The Dynamic Relationship of Media, Elites, and Public Opinion in Brazil, 1972–82.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 18(1): 85–107. doi:10.1177/1940161212460762
  • Tessler, M., and E. Altinoglu. 2004 February. “Political Culture in Turkey: Connections among Attitudes toward Democracy, the Military and Islam.” Democratization 11(1): 21–50. doi:10.1080/13510340412331294122
  • Tiargan-Orr, R., and M. Eran-Jona. 2016 April. ”The Israeli Public’s Perception of the IDF: Stability and Change.” Armed Forces & Society 42(2): 324–43. doi:10.1177/0095327X15592214
  • Türkmen, F. 2008. “The European Union and Democratization in Turkey: The Role of the Elites.” Human Rights Quarterly 30, no. (1): 146–63. doi:10.1353/hrq.2008.0016.
  • Ugues, A., and D. Esparza. 2018 July 3. ”The Relationship between Crime Victimization, Corruption, and Public Attitudes of Mexico’s Armed Forces.” Democracy and Security 14(3): 211–37. doi:10.1080/17419166.2018.1466114
  • Wigley, S. 2009. Parliamentary Immunity in Democratizing Countries: The Case of Turkey. Human Rights Quarterly 31, no. (3): 567–91. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0087.
  • Yeni Şafak. 2018. “Başkomutan Erdoğan: Darbe defterini tamamen kapattik [we ended military coups for good, commander-in-chief Erdoğan],” July 15. https://www.yenisafak.com/gundem/baskomutan-Erdoğan-15-temmuz-sehitler-koprusunde-3384181.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.