The inefficiency of EU leverage in Serbia during the Russia-Ukraine war

References

• Al, J. 2022. Serbia secures gas deal with Putin, as West boycotts Russia. Al Jazeera, May 29. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/29/serbia-ignores-eu-sanctions-secures-gas-deal-with-putin.
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich, J.H., C. Gelpi, P. Feaver, J. Reifler, and K.T. Sharp. 2006. Foreign policy and the electoral connection. Annual Review of Political Science 9, no. 1: 477–502. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.111605.105008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosio, T. 2012. The rise of the ‘China model’ and ‘Beijing consensus:’ Evidence of authoritarian diffusion? Contemporary Politics 18, no. 4: 381–99. doi:10.1080/13569775.2012.728029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders, L.H., and A. Lorenz. 2021. Examining illiberal trends and anti-EU politics in East Central Europe from a domestic perspective: State of research and outline of the book. In Illiberal trends and anti-EU Politics in East Central Europe, ed. A. Lorenz and L.H. Anders, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8_1.
   Google Scholar
• Andjelić, N. 2022. Covid-19, state-power and Society in Europe: Focus on Western Balkans. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91073-0.
   Google Scholar
• AP News. 2022. Serbia to reduce number of flights to Moscow after criticism. AP News, March 13. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-business-middle-east-europee565e23c5214e2627a8ef1d8261f5e94.
   Google Scholar
• Aydin, M., and S.A. Acikmese. 2007. Europeanization through EU conditionality: Understanding the new era in Turkish foreign policy. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 9, no. 3: 263–74. doi:10.1080/14613190701689944.
   Google Scholar
• Aydın-Düzgit, S., and G. Noutcheva. 2022. External contestations of Europe: Russia and Turkey as normative challengers? Journal of Common Market Studies 60, no. 6: 1815–31. doi:10.1111/jcms.13380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balcı, A., and F.H. Yolcu. 2022. The ruling group survival: Why Pakistan and Hungary move away from the US-led order? Foreign Policy Analysis 19, no. 1: 1. doi:10.1093/fpa/orac026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barovic, A., and N.C. Cardenas. 2022. COVID-19 diplomacy: Analysis of Serbia COVID-19 vaccine strategy in the Western Balkans. Journal of Public Health 44, no. 4: 604–05. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechev, D. 2023. Hedging its bets: Serbia between Russia and the EU. Carnegie Europe. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2023/01/19/hedging-its-bets-serbia-between-russia-and-eu-pub-88819.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, T.U. 1998. Cultures of antimilitarism: National security in Germany and Japan. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beširević, V. 2014. ‘Governing without judges:’ the politics of the constitutional court in Serbia. International Journal of Constitutional Law 12, no. 4: 954–79. doi:10.1093/icon/mou065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beysoylu, C. 2018. Implementing Brussels agreements: The EU’s facilitating strategy and contrasting local perceptions of peace in Kosovo. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 18, no. 2: 203–18. doi:10.1080/14683857.2018.1474549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursać, D., and D. Vučićević. 2021. Election boycott in a hybrid regime: The case of 2020 parliamentary elections in Serbia. New Perspectives 29, no. 2: 1–10. doi:10.1177/2336825X211009106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camba, A., and R.A. Epstein. 2023. From Duterte to Orbán: The political economy of autocratic hedging. Journal of International Relations and Development 26, no. 2: 347–72. doi:10.1057/s41268-022-00287-7.
   Google Scholar
• Castaldo, A. 2020. Back to competitive authoritarianism? Democratic backsliding in Vučić’s Serbia. Europe-Asia Studies 72, no. 10: 1617–38. doi:10.1080/09668136.2020.1817860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Free Elections and Democracy. 2020. Preliminarni izveštaj posmatračke misije Centra za slobodne izbore i demokratiju (CeSID) [Preliminary report of the observation mission of the Center for Free elections and democracy]. Center for Free Elections and Democracy, June 23. http://www.cesid.rs/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Preliminarni-izveštaj_CeSID.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, M. 2010. Political survival and the Yasukuni controversy in Sino-Japanese relations. The Pacific Review 23, no. 4: 527–48. doi:10.1080/09512748.2010.495999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley, H.A., J.E. Hillman, D. Ruy, and M. McCalpin. 2020. China’s ‘hub-and-spoke’ strategy in the Balkans. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/200427_ChinaStrategy.pdf?4LtK1j9.x9mkUNibN_vhkiZGtCauyH0w.
   Google Scholar
• Cooley, A. 2012. Great games, local rules: The new power contest in Central Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cooley, A. 2015. Authoritarianism goes global: Countering democratic norms. Journal of Democracy 26, no. 3: 49–63. doi:10.1353/JOD.2015.0049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley, L. 2019. The European Union’s approach to conflict resolution: Transformation or regulation in the Western Balkans? Oxon: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781351043489.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, A.F., and D. Flemes. 2013. Foreign policy strategies of emerging powers in a multipolar world: An introductory review. Third World Quarterly 34, no. 6: 943–62. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.802501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, S.R. 1991. Explaining Third world alignment. World Politics 43, no. 2: 233–56. doi:10.2307/2010472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Hoop Scheffer, A. 2023. Fluid alliances in a multipolarizing world: Rethinking US and European strategies toward global swing states. Alliances in a Shifting Global Order: Rethinking Transatlantic Engagement with Global Swing States, GMF (German Marshall Fund), May 2. https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/Global%20Swing%20States_27%20apr_FINAL_embargoed%20until%202%20May%202023.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• De Mesquita, B.B., A. Smith, R.M. Siverson, and J.D. Morrow. 2005. The logic of political survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dokmanović, M., and N. Cvetićanin. 2023. Serbia in light of the global recomposition. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 25, no. 4: 586–603. doi:10.1080/19448953.2023.2167162.
   Google Scholar
• Đorđević, V., M. Suslov, M. Čejka, O. Mocek, and M. Hrabálek. 2022. Revisiting pan-Slavism in the contemporary perspective. Nationalities Papers 51, no. 1: 3–13. doi:10.1017/nps.2022.75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragojlov, A. 2020. Multi-level games: The Serbian government’s strategy towards Kosovo and the EU under the Progressive party. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 20, no. 2: 349–70. doi:10.1080/14683857.2020.1778985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Đureinović, J. 2022. Marching the victorious march: Populism and memory appropriation of the Yugoslav Partisans in today’s Serbia. Nationalities Papers doi:10.1017/nps.2022.50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Džankić, J., S. Keil, and M. Kmezić, eds. 2019. The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans: A Failure of EU conditionality? Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91412-1.
   Google Scholar
• Economides, S., and J. Ker-Lindsay. 2015. ‘Pre-accession Europeanization:’ the case of Serbia and Kosovo. Journal of Common Market Studies 53, no. 5: 1027–44. doi:10.1111/jcms.12238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efremova, K. 2019. Small states in great power politics: Understanding the ‘buffer effect.’. Central European Journal of International & Security Studies 13(1): 100–21. https://www.cejiss.org/images/issue_articles/2019-volume-13-issue-1-0/06-efremova.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Elbasani, A., ed. 2013. European integration and transformation in the Western Balkans: Europeanization or business as usual? Abington: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Entina, E., and A. Pivovarenko. 2019. Russia’s foreign policy evolution in the new Balkan landscape. Croatian Political Science Review 56, no. 3–4: 179–99. doi:10.20901/pm.56.3-4.08.
   Google Scholar
• Eror, A. 2018. How Aleksandar Vučić became Europe’s favorite autocrat. Foreign Policy, March 9. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/09/how-aleksandar-vucic-became-europes-favorite-autocrat/.
   Google Scholar
• EU External Action. 2016. Statement by high Representative/Vice-President Federica mogherini and commissioner Johannes Hahn on the elections in Serbia. April 25. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_mt/2867/Statement.
   Google Scholar
• EURACTIV. 2015. Serbia’s careful balancing act on ukraine. EURACTIV, January 8. https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/serbia-s-careful-balancing-act-on-ukraine/.
   Google Scholar
• European Commision. 2015. Serbia 2015 report. https://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/eu_dokumenta/godisnji_izvestaji_ek_o_napretku/report_serbia_15.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2014. President Barroso congratulates Serbian Prime Minister Vučić on his appointment. April 27. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-14-139_en.htm.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2016. Serbia 2016 report. https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2018-12/20161109_report_serbia.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2017. Letter of congratulations from Presidents Juncker and Tusk to Aleksandar Vučić on his election as President of Serbia. April 3. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-849_en.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Faulconbridge, G. 2022. Kremlin backs Serbia, denies Russia is stoking tensions in Kosovo. Reuters, December 28. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kremlin-denies-kosovan-claims-that-russia-is-pushing-serbia-stoke-tensions-2022-12-28/.
   Google Scholar
• Fearon, J.D. 1998. Domestic politics, foreign policy, and theories of international relations. Annual Review of Political Science 1, no. 1: 289–313. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiket, I., and B. Đorđević. 2022. Promises and challenges of deliberative and participatory innovations in hybrid regimes: The case of two citizens’ assemblies in Serbia. Filozofija i društvo 33, no. 1: 3–25. doi:10.2298/FID2201003F.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. 2022. Serbia. https://freedomhouse.org/country/serbia/nations-transit/2022.
   Google Scholar
• Fruscione, G., ed. 2021. The pandemic in the Balkans: Geopolitics and democracy at Stake. Milan: ISPI.
   Google Scholar
• Gafuri, A., and M. Muftuler-Bac. 2021. Caught between stability and democracy in the Western Balkans: A comparative analysis of paths of accession to the European Union. East European Politics 37, no. 2: 267–91. doi:10.1080/21599165.2020.1781094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Götz, E. 2021. Neoclassical realist theories, intervening variables, and paradigmatic boundaries. Foreign Policy Analysis 17 (2). doi:10.1093/fpa/oraa026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm, S., and O.L. Mathis. 2015. Stability first, development second, democracy third: The European Union’s policy towards the post-conflict Western Balkans, 1991–2010. Europe-Asia Studies 67, no. 6: 916–47. doi:10.1080/09668136.2015.1055237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzina, D. 2023. Serbia after Yugoslavia: Caught between geopolitics and liberal promises. Geopolitics 28, no. 4: 1589–610. doi:10.1080/14650045.2022.2078706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gvalia, G., B. Lebanidze, and D.S. Siroky. 2019. Neoclassical realism and small states: Systemic constraints and domestic filters in Georgia’s foreign policy. East European Politics 35, no. 1: 21–51. doi:10.1080/21599165.2019.1581066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haukkala, H. 2008. The European Union as a regional normative hegemon: The case of European neighbourhood policy. Europe-Asia Studies 60, no. 9: 1601–22. doi:10.1080/09668130802362342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellquist, E. 2016. Either with us or against us? Third-country alignment with EU sanctions against Russia/ukraine. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29, no. 3: 997–1021. doi:10.1080/09557571.2016.1230591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2016. Serbia: Events of 2015. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/serbia.
   Google Scholar
• Ilić, V. 2022. Parliamentary and election boycotts in hybrid regimes: Evidence from Southeastern Europe. Serbian Political Thought 78, no. 4: 197–217. doi:10.22182/spm.7842022.11.
   Google Scholar
• Jaćimović, D., J.I. Deichmann, and K. Tianping. 2023. The Western Balkans and geopolitics: Leveraging the European Union and China. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 25, no. 4: 626–43. doi:10.1080/19448953.2023.2167164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeftić, L. 2023. Serbian Progressive party’s shameless normalization of expressing sycophancy toward the leader. Journal of Language and Politics 22, no. 2: 163–84. doi:10.1075/jlp.21071.jef.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jervis, R. 2016. Introduction: Presidential elections and foreign policy. Political Science Quarterly 131, no. 2: 217–36. doi:10.1002/polq.12481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenstein, P.J. 1996. The culture of national security: Norms and identity in world politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kelemen, R.D. 2020. The European Union’s authoritarian equilibrium. Journal of European Public Policy 27, no. 3: 481–99. doi:10.1080/13501763.2020.1712455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, J. 2004. International actors on the domestic scene: Membership conditionality and socialization by international institutions. International Organization 58, no. 3: 425–57. doi:10.1017/S0020818304583017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball, A.L. 2010. Political survival, policy distribution, and alliance formation. Journal of Peace Research 47, no. 4: 407–19. doi:10.1177/0022343310368346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kmezić, M., and F. Bieber. 2017. The crisis of democracy in the Western Balkans: An autonomy of stabilitocracy and the limits of the EU democracy promotion. Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group. https://biepag.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/TheCrisisofdemocracy.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kovačević, M. 2018. The EU’s stability-democratization dilemma in the Western Balkans: The case of Serbia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies 10, no. 3: 9–23. doi:10.30722/anzjes.vol10.iss3.15201.
   Google Scholar
• Kovačević, M. 2019. Understanding the marginality constellations of small states: Serbia, Croatia, and the crisis of EU-Russia relations. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 27, no. 4: 409–23. doi:10.1080/14782804.2019.1580564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski, B., and M. Rekść. 2023. Pandemic diplomacy and patron–client relations in Sino-Serbian cooperation. China Information 37, no. 2: 185–206. doi:10.1177/0920203X231155148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazić, U.A. 2023. Turnout in Serbian parliamentary elections during the two decades after the end of Milošević’s rule. New Perspectives 31, no. 2: 77–103. doi:10.1177/2336825X231164313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebow, R.N. 2016. National identities and international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lenz, T. 2013. EU normative power and regionalism: Ideational diffusion and its limits. Cooperation and Conflict 48, no. 2: 211–28. doi:10.1177/0010836713485539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lika, L. 2023. The meaning of the Western Balkans concept for the EU: Genuine inclusion or polite exclusion? Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 1–16. doi:10.1080/14683857.2023.2170204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobell, S.E., N.M. Ripsman, and J.W. Taliaferro, eds. 2009. Neoclassical realism, the state, and foreign policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lust-Okar, E. 2006. Elections under authoritarianism: Preliminary lessons from Jordan. Democratization 13, no. 3: 456–71. doi:10.1080/13510340600579359.
   Google Scholar
• Manners, I. 2002. Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no. 2: 235–58. doi:10.1111/1468-5965.00353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manners, I. 2006. Normative power Europe reconsidered: Beyond the crossroads. Journal of European Public Policy 13, no. 2: 182–99. doi:10.1080/13501760500451600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovic Khaze, N. 2022. Perceptions of the EU in the Western Balkans vis-à-vis Russia and China. European Foreign Affairs Review 27, no. 1: 81–108. doi:10.54648/eerr2022006.
   Google Scholar
• Markovic Khaze, N., and X. Wang. 2021. Is China’s rising influence in the Western Balkans a threat to European integration? Journal of Contemporary European Studies 29, no. 2: 234–50. doi:10.1080/14782804.2020.1823340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlynn, J., and J. Đureinović. 2022. The alliance of victory: Russo-Serbian memory diplomacy. Memory Studies 16, no. 2: 227–42. doi:10.1177/17506980211073108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mearsheimer, J.J. 2019. Bound to fail: The rise and fall of the liberal international order. International Security 43, no. 4: 7–50. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehmeti, L.I. 2016. Perspectives of the normalization of relations between Kosovo and Serbia. In Kosovo and Serbia: Contested options and shared consequences, ed. L.I. Mehmeti and B. Radeljić, 216–42. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meibauer, G. 2020. Interests, ideas, and the study of state behaviour in neoclassical realism. Review of International Studies 46, no. 1: 20–36. doi:10.1017/S0260210519000214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelski, M. 2019. Foreword. In Balkanizing Europeanization: Fight against corruption and regional relations in the Western Balkans, ed. V. Vučković and V. Djordjević, 7–11. Berlin: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Milošević, A., and H. Touquet. 2018. Unintended consequences: The EU memory framework and the politics of memory in Serbia and Croatia. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 18, no. 3: 381–99. doi:10.1080/14683857.2018.1489614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mladenov Jovanović, S. 2018. Poor governance, good corruption: An overview of Serbia’s government’s affair-ridden governance (2012–2018). Przegląd Europejski 4: 161–78. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0013.3501.
   Google Scholar
• Mladenov Jovanović, S. 2019. ‘One out of Five Million:’ Serbia’s 2018–19 protests against dictatorship, the media, and the government’s response. Open Political Science 2, no. 1: 1–8. doi:10.1515/openps-2019-0001.
   Google Scholar
• Monde Diplomatique, L. 2022. Serbia’s lithium is Rio Tinto’s perfect project. Le Monde Diplomatique. https://mondediplo.com/2022/11/10serbia.
   Google Scholar
• Moravcsik, A., and M.A. Vachudova. 2003. National interests, state power, and EU enlargement. East European Politics and Societies 17, no. 1: 42–57. doi:10.1177/0888325402239682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NDI (National Democratic Institute). 2016. Serbia: The 2016 parliamentary elections and beyond. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/SB2016report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ottaway, M. 2003. Democracy challenged: The rise of semi-authoritarianism. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Panagiotou, R. 2021. The Western Balkans between Russia and the European Union: Perceptions, reality, and impact on enlargement. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 29, no. 2: 219–33. doi:10.1080/14782804.2020.1798218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patalakh, A. 2018. Emotions and identity as foreign policy determinants: Serbian approach to relations with Russia. Chinese Political Science Review 3, no. 4: 495–528. doi:10.1007/s41111-018-0105-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavičić, V. 2019. Serbia’s orientation challenge and ways to overcome it. Connections 18, no. 1–2: 111–27. doi:10.11610/Connections.18.1-2.07.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlović, D. 2020. The political economy behind the gradual demise of democratic institutions in Serbia. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 20, no. 1: 19–39. doi:10.1080/14683857.2019.1672929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlović, D. 2023. Is European enlargement policy a form of non-democracy promotion? Journal of International Relations and Development 26, no. 2: 324–46. doi:10.1057/s41268-022-00286-8.
   Google Scholar
• Pešić, J., and J. Petrović. 2020. The role and the positioning of the left in Serbia’s ‘one of Five Million’ protests. Balkanologie 15, no. 2: 1–21. doi:10.4000/balkanologie.2576.
   Google Scholar
• Radeljić, B., ed. 2013. Europe and the Post-Yugoslav space. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Radeljić, B. 2014. Official discrepancies: Kosovo independence and western European rhetoric. Perspectives on European Politics & Society 15, no. 4: 431–44. doi:10.1080/15705854.2014.893706.
   Google Scholar
• Radeljić, B. 2017a. Russia’s involvement in the Kosovo case: Defending Serbian interests or securing its own influence in Europe? Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia 6, no. 2: 273–300. doi:10.1353/reg.2017.0017.
   Google Scholar
• Radeljić, B. 2017b. Serbia’s delayed transformation: Illiberal practices, external approvals and the politics of opportunity. East European & Balkan Studies 41, no. 1: 129–57. doi:10.19170/EEBS.2017.41.1.129.
   Google Scholar
• Radeljić, B. 2018. Semi-authoritarianism accepted: The European Union’s problematic involvement in Serbia. Annual of the Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research 42: 67–82.
   Google Scholar
• Radeljić, B. 2019a. Tolerating semi-authoritarianism? Contextualising the EU’s relationship with Serbia and Kosovo. In The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans: A failure of EU conditionality?, ed. J. Džankić, S. Keil, and M. Kmezić, 157–80. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91412-1_8.
   Google Scholar
• Radeljić, B. 2019b. What Europeanization? Getting away with corruption in the Progressivists-dominated Serbia. In Balkanizing Europeanization: Fight against corruption and regional relations in the Western Balkans, ed. V. Djordjević and V. Vučković, 129–50. Berlin: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Radeljić, B., and V. Đorđević. 2020. Clientelism and the abuse of power in the Western Balkans. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 22, no. 5: 597–612. doi:10.1080/19448953.2020.1799299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rak, J., and R. Bäcker, eds. 2022. Neo-Militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union. Oxon: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003245162.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, E.A. 2021. Third Rome or Potemkin Village: Analyzing the extent of Russia’s power in Serbia, 2012–2019. Nationalities Papers 49, no. 4: 728–37. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RFE. 2023. Serbia has not and will not export weapons to Ukraine, says vucic. RFE, April 13. https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-export-weapons-ukraine-vucic/32362570.html.
   Google Scholar
• Risse, T. 2009. Social constructivism and European integration. In European Integration Theory, ed. A. Wiener and T. Diez, 144–60. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/hepl/9780199226092.003.0008.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, G. 1998. Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy. World Politics 51(1): 144–72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054068.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, M. 2019. Serbia at risk of authoritarianism? European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2019/637944/EPRS_BRI(2019)637944_EN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Russell-Omaljev, A. 2016. Divided we stand: Discourses on identity in ‘first’ and ‘other’ Serbia. Stuttgart: Ibidem.
   Google Scholar
• Samorukov, M. 2023. Surviving the war: Russia-Western Balkan ties after the invasion of ukraine. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 25. https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/89600.
   Google Scholar
• Samorukov, M., and V. Vuksanovic. 2023. Untarnished by war: Why Russia’s soft power is so resilient in Serbia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 18. https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/88828.
   Google Scholar
• Schengen Visa Info News. 2022. Meps call on EU heads: Freeze EU accession negotiations for Serbia now, until it distances itself from Russia. Schengen Visa Info News, March 14. https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/meps-call-on-eu-heads-freeze-eu-accession-negotiations-for-serbia-now-until-it-distances-itself-from-russia/.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F. 2007. European regional organizations, political conditionality, and democratic transformation in Eastern Europe. East European Politics and Societies 21, no. 1: 126–41. doi:10.1177/0888325406297131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F., S. Engert, and H. Knobel. 2003. Costs, commitment and compliance: The impact of EU democratic conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 41, no. 3: 495–518. doi:10.1111/1468-5965.00432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, R.Y., and B.I. Page. 1988. Foreign policy and the rational public. Journal of Conflict Resolution 32, no. 2: 211–47. doi:10.1177/0022002788032002001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shattuck, J. 2018. The new global landscape: Illiberal regimes and movements. Journal of International Affairs 71(1.5): 15–22. https://www.jstor.org/stable/e26508110.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, K.E. 2017. The European Union in an illiberal world. Current History 116, no. 788: 83–87. doi:10.1525/curh.2017.116.788.83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N.R., N. Markovic Khaze, and M. Kovacevic. 2021. The EU’s stability-democracy dilemma in the context of the problematic accession of the Western Balkan states. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 29, no. 2: 169–83. doi:10.1080/14782804.2020.1823823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyaltin-Colella, D., ed. 2022a. EU good governance promotion in the Age of democratic decline. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978-3-031-05781-6.
   Google Scholar
• Soyaltin-Colella, D. 2022b. The EU accession process, Chinese finance and rising corruption in Western Balkan stabilitocracies: Serbia and Montenegro. Europe-Asia Studies 1–25. doi:10.1080/09668136.2022.2115013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spasojević, D. 2022. Two and a half crises: Serbian institutional design as the cause of democratic declines. Political Studies Review 20, no. 4: 550–63. doi:10.1177/14789299211056197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sputnik. 2016. Old friendships die hard: ‘Serbian government can’t be anti-Russian’. Sputnik, August 16. http://sputniknews.com/europe/20160816/1044314690/serbia-ambassador-ties.html.
   Google Scholar
• Stojanovic, M. 2022. Serbia backs UN resolution against Russian annexations in ukraine. BalkanInsight, October 12. https://balkaninsight.com/2022/10/13/serbia-backs-un-resolution-against-russian-annexations-in-ukraine/.
   Google Scholar
• Stojić, M. 2018. Party responses to the EU in the Western Balkans: Transformation, opposition or defiance?. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59563-4.
   Google Scholar
• Šuber, D. 2006. Myth, collective trauma and war in Serbia: A cultural-hermeneutical appraisal. Anthropology Matters 8, no. 1: 1–9. doi:10.22582/am.v8i1.74.
   Google Scholar
• Tansey, O. 2016a. International politics of authoritarian rule. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tansey, O. 2016b. The problem with autocracy promotion. Democratization 23, no. 1: 141–63. doi:10.1080/13510347.2015.1095736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzi, Ö. 2005. Europeanisation of foreign policy and candidate countries: A comparative study of Greek and Turkish cases. Politique Européenne 3, no. 17: 113–36. doi:10.3917/poeu.017.0113.
   Google Scholar
• Tillman, E.R. 2021. Authoritarianism and the evolution of West European electoral politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Toktomushev, K. 2015. Regime security, base politics and rent-seeking: The local and global political economies of the American air base in Kyrgyzstan, 2001–2010. Central Asian Survey 34, no. 1: 57–77. doi:10.1080/02634937.2015.1008796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toktomushev, K. 2016. Kyrgyzstan: Regime security and foreign policy. Oxon: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315533490.
   Google Scholar
• Tomić, S., and D. Pavlović. 2023. Blatant, not latent: Patronage in top-level appointments in Serbia. Journal of Public Administration and Policy 16, no. 1: 181–209. doi:10.2478/nispa-2023-0008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troncotā, M. 2018. ‘The association that dissociates:’ Narratives of local political resistance in Kosovo and the delayed implementation of the Brussels Agreement. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 18, no. 2: 219–38. doi:10.1080/14683857.2018.1474585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufo, A. 2022. The pan-Slav brotherhood: Relations between Russia and the Southern Orthodox Slavs. MAP Education and Humanities 2, no. 1: 24–31. doi:10.53880/2744-2373.2022.2.1.24.
   Google Scholar
• Van Hüllen, V. 2015. EU democracy promotion and the Arab spring: International cooperation and authoritarianism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 10.1057/9781137298522.
   Google Scholar
• Vučković, V., and V. Đorđević, eds. 2019. Balkanizing Europeanization: Fight against corruption and regional relations in the Western Balkans. Berlin: Peter Lang D. doi:10.3726/b15731.
   Google Scholar
• Vuksanovic, V. 2021. Systemic pressures, party politics and foreign policy: Serbia between Russia and the West, 2008–2020. Ph.D. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Weyland, K. 2017. Autocratic diffusion and cooperation: The impact of interests vs. ideology. Democratization 24, no. 7: 1235–52. doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1307823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, S. 2021. Elections, legitimacy, and compliance in authoritarian regimes: Evidence from the Arab world. Democratization 28, no. 8: 1483–504. doi:10.1080/13510347.2021.1929180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurnić, M. 2019. Corruption and democratic transition in Eastern Europe: The role of political Scandals in post-Milošević Serbia. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90101-5.
   Google Scholar
• Zweers, W., G. Cretti, M. de Boon, A. Dafa, S. Subotić, M. Muk, A. Fetahu, A. Abazi Imeri, E. Kuhinja, and H. Kujraković. 2022. The EU as a promoter of democracy or ‘stabilitocracy’ in the Western Balkans? Clingendael. https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/the-eu-as-a-promoter-of-democracy-or-stabilitocracy.pdf.
   Google Scholar