Turkey in-between the EU and China: from Europeanization to cooperation with China

References

• Adaman, F., and B. Akbulut. 2020. Erdoğan’s three-pillared neoliberalism: Authoritarianism, populism and developmentalism. Geoforum 124: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.12.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adaman, F., B. Akbulut, Y. Madra, and Ş. Pamuk. 2014. Hitting the wall: Erdoğan’s construction-based, finance-led growth regime. The Middle East in London 10, no. 3: 7–8.
   Google Scholar
• Adaman, F., M. Arsel, and B. Akbulut. 2019. Neoliberal developmentalism, authoritarian populism, and extractivism in the countryside: The soma mining disaster in Turkey. The Journal of Peasant Studies 46, no. 3: 514–36. doi:10.1080/03066150.2018.1515737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiddata. 2023. “China loans $720m for high-speed Ankara-istanbul railway in Turkey.” Accessed 16 September 2023. https://china.aiddata.org/projects/41428.
   Google Scholar
• Akçay, Ü. 2021. Authoritarian consolidation dynamics in Turkey. Contemporary Politics 27, no. 1: 79–104. doi:10.1080/13569775.2020.1845920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessandri, E. 2010. Democratization and Europeanization in Turkey after the September 12 Referandum. Insight Turkey 12, no. 4: 23–30.
   Google Scholar
• Alpan, B., and T. Diez. 2014. The Devil is in the ‘domestic’? European integration studies and the limits of Europeanization in Turkey. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 16, no. 1: 1–10. doi:10.1080/19448953.2013.864180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosio, T. 2010. Constructing a framework of authoritarian diffusion: Concepts, dynamics, and future research. International Studies Perspectives 11, no. 4: 375–92. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2010.00411.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin-Düzgit, S. 2016. De-europeanisation through discourse: A critical discourse analysis of AKP’s election speeches. South European Society and Politics 21, no. 1: 45–58. doi:10.1080/13608746.2016.1147717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydın-Düzgit, S., and A. Kaliber. 2016. Encounters with Europe in an era of domestic and international turmoil: Is Turkey a De-europeanising candidate country? South European Society and Politics 21, no. 1: 1–14. doi:10.1080/13608746.2016.1155282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bader, J. 2015a. China, autocratic patron? An empirical investigation of China as a factor in autocratic survival. International Studies Quarterly 59, no. 1: 23–33. doi:10.1111/isqu.12148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bader, J. 2015b. Propping up dictators? Economic cooperation from China and its impact on authoritarian persistence in party and non‐party regimes. European Journal of Political Research 54, no. 4: 655–72. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bader, M. 2014. Democracy promotion and authoritarian diffusion: The foreign origins of post-soviet election laws. Europe-Asia Studies 66, no. 8: 1350–70. doi:10.1080/09668136.2014.939521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashirov, G., and I. Yılmaz. 2020. The rise of transactionalism in international relations: Evidence from Turkey’s relations with the European Union. Australian Journal of International Affairs 74, no. 2: 165–84. doi:10.1080/10357718.2019.1693495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianet. 2019. ”Erdoğan Yineledi: ‘Kapıları Açarız’” [Erdoğan Repeated: ‘We Will Open the Doors]. November 11. https://bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/215510-erdogan-yineledi-kapilari-acariz
   Google Scholar
• Bieber, F. 2011. Building impossible states? state-building strategies and EU membership in the Western Balkans. Europe-Asia Studies 63, no. 10: 1783–802. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.618679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomberg. 2013. “3. köprüde hisse devrini Çinli bankalar destekleyecek” [Chinese banks will support the share transfer in the 3rd bridge]. March 26. https://www.bloomberght.com/istanbul-3-kopru-hisse-devrini-cinli-bankalar-destekleyecek-2277432.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A. 2011. “When Europeanization hits limited statehood the Western Balkans as a test case for the transformative power of Europe.” KFG Working Paper Series 30. Free University Berlin. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/kfgeu/kfgwp/wpseries/WorkingPaperKFG_30.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A. 2012. Europeanization meets Turkey. A case sui generis. Turkey and the European Union processes of europeanisation. In Turkey and the European Union, ed. Ç. Nas and Y. Özer, 9–22. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A., and G. Shaffer. 2022. “Governance and norms in a new world order: The contest for global leadership. UC Irvine School of Law Research Paper No. 2022-13. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4088624
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A., and D. Soyaltın. 2012. “Europeanization in Turkey stretching a concept to its limits.” KFG Working Papers No 36. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-371731.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A., and M. Zürn. 2021. Contestations of the liberal international order: From liberal multilateralism to postnational liberalism. International Organizations 75, no. 2: 282–205. doi:10.1017/S0020818320000570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlee, J. 2017. The limited reach of authoritarian powers. Democratization 24, no. 7: 1326–44. doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1287175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzogany, A. 2017. Illiberal democracy in Hungary: Authoritarian diffusion or domestic causation? Democratization 24, no. 7: 1307–25. doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1328676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çeviker Gürakar, E. 2016. Politics of favoritism in public procurement in Turkey: Reconfigurations of dependency in networks in the AKP era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, M. 2020. Beyond donation: China’s policy banks and the reshaping of development finance. Studies in Comparative International Development 55, no. 4: 436–59. doi:10.1007/s12116-020-09310-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChinaPower, C.S.I.S. 2017. “Where is China targeting its development finance?” https://chinapower.csis.org/china-development-finance/.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, G.T., and K.P. Gallagher. 2019. Coordinated credit spaces: The globalization of Chinese development finance. Development and Change 50, no. 1: 245–74. doi:10.1111/dech.12470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daily Sabah. 2018. “China’s ICBC authorized to refinance $2.7B loan for two Turkish megaprojects.” July 30. https://www.dailysabah.com/economy/2018/07/30/chinas-icbc-authorized-to-refinance-27b-loan-for-two-turkish-megaprojects.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Sabah. 2019. “New boron carbide facility to boost Turkey’s defense industry, energy minister says.” October 25. https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/10/25/new-boron-carbidefacility-to-boost-turkeys-defense-industry-energy-minister-says.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Sabah. 2021. “Turkey’s state lender ziraat, China exim Bank ink $400M loan deal.” March 31. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/finance/turkeys-state-lender-ziraat-china-exim-bank-ink-400m-loan-deal.
   Google Scholar
• Darwich, M. 2017. Creating the enemy, constructing the threat: The diffusion of repression against the Muslim Brotherhood in the Middle East. Democratization 24, no. 7: 1289–306. doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1307824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dukalskis, A., and J. Gerschewski. 2017. What autocracies say (and what citizens hear): Proposing four mechanisms of autocratic legitimation. Contemporary Politics 23, no. 3: 251–68. doi:10.1080/13569775.2017.1304320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dursun-Özkanca, O. 2022. An examination of the underlying dynamics of Turkey-European Union relations through the lenses of international relations theory. Turkish Studies 23, no. 5: 743–64. doi:10.1080/14683849.2022.2060083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliküçük Yildirim, N., and G. Yilmaz. 2022. Use/Misuse of Chinese BRI investment? BRI-related crony capitalism in Turkey. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 23, no. 2: 1–19. doi:10.1080/14683857.2022.2114194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdoğan, S., M. KAYA, and Radikal. 2013. Yön Faktörü Bdelloid Biyoçeşitliliğini Etkiler mi? Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 2214–14. June14. 10.17100/nevbiltek.210884.
   Google Scholar
• Esen, B., and S. Gumuscu. 2016. Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey. Third World Quarterly 37, no. 9: 1581–606. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Parliament. 2013. European Parliament resolution on the situation in Turkey. B7-0305/2013.June. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Gerschewski, J. 2013. The three pillars of stability: Legitimation, repression, and co-optation in autocratic regimes. Democratization 20, no. 1: 13–38. doi:10.1080/13510347.2013.738860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürsoy, Y. 2011. The impact of EU-Driven reforms on the political autonomy of the Turkish military. South European Society and Politics 16, no. 2: 293–308. doi:10.1080/13608746.2011.577950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, S.G.F., and T. Ambrosio. 2017. Authoritarian learning: A conceptual overview. East European Politics 33, no. 2: 143–61. doi:10.1080/21599165.2017.1307826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurriyet Daily News. 2018. “Chinese bank to lend $3.6 billion to Turkey: Albayrak.” July 27. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/chinese-bank-to-lend-3-6-billion-to-turkey-albayrak-135083.
   Google Scholar
• Icoz, G., and N. Martin. 2021. Historical institutionalism and EU-Turkey relations: Path dependence and critical junctures in the accession process. In EU-Turkey relations theories institutions and policies, ed. W. Reiners and E. Turhan, 83–106. Online: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Janus, H., S. Klingebiel, and S. Paulo. 2015. Beyond aid: A conceptual perspective on the transformation of development cooperation. Journal of International Development 27, no. 2: 155–69. doi:10.1002/jid.3045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaliber, A. 2016. De-europeanisation of civil society and public debates in Turkey: The Kurdish question revisited. South European Society and Politics 21, no. 1: 59–74. doi:10.1080/13608746.2016.1152656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaliber, A., and E. Kaliber. 2019. From De-europeanisation to anti-Western populism: Turkish foreign policy in flux. International Spectator Italian Journal of International Affairs 54, no. 4: 1–16. doi:10.1080/03932729.2019.1668640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakaya, K., E. Ersoy, and Ç. Koç, 2020. “China’s ICBC, Turkey’s largest airport in talks for refinancing.” Bloomberg, February 11. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-10/istanbul-airport-in-talks-with-chinese-banks-on-6-billion-loans.
   Google Scholar
• Kneuer, M., and T. Demmelhuber. 2016. Gravity centres of authoritarian rule: A conceptual approach. Democratization 23, no. 5: 775–96. doi:10.1080/13510347.2015.1018898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneuer, M., and T. Demmelhuber. 2021. Conceptualizing authoritarian gravity centers: Sources and addresses, mechanisms and motives of authoritarian pressure and attraction. In Authoritarian Gravity Centers a Cross-regional study of Authoritarian promotion and diffusion, ed. M. Kneuer and T. Demmelhuber, 26–52. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kubicek, P. 2022. Contrasting theoretical approaches to Turkish foreign policy. Turkish Studies 23, no. 5: 645–58. doi:10.1080/14683849.2022.2107340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutlay, M., and H.E. Karaoğuz. 2018. Neo-developmentalist turn in the global political economy? The Turkish case. Turkish Studies 19, no. 2: 289–316. doi:10.1080/14683849.2017.1405727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutlay, M., and Z. Öniş. 2021. Turkish foreign policy in a post-Western order: Strategic autonomy or new forms of dependence? International Affairs 97, no. 4: 1085–104. doi:10.1093/ia/iiab094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, A., B. Parks, B. Russell, J. Lin, K. Walsh, K. Solomon, S. Zhang, T. Elston, and S. Goodman. 2021. Banking on the belt and road: Insights from a new global dataset of 13,427 Chinese development projects. Williamsburg, VA: AidData at William and Mary.
   Google Scholar
• Noutcheva, G., and S. Aydın-Düzgit. 2012. The Western Balkans and Turkey lost in europeanisation: The Western Balkans and Turkey. West European Politics 35, no. 1: 59–78. doi:10.1080/01402382.2012.631313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z. 2010. Contesting for the ‘center’: Domestic Politics, identity conflicts and the controversy over EU membership in Turkey. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 18, no. 2: 361–76. doi:10.1080/14782804.2010.507919.
   Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z. 2019. Turkey under the challenge of state capitalism: The political economy of the late AKP era. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 19, no. 2: 201–25. doi:10.1080/14683857.2019.1594856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z. 2023. Historic missed opportunities and prospects for renewal: Turkey-EU relations in a post-Western order. Turkish Studies 24: 3–4. doi:10.1080/14683849.2023.2168192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z., and M. Kutlay. 2019. Global shifts and the limits of the EU’s transformative power in the European periphery: Comparative perspectives from Hungary and Turkey. Government and Opposition 54, no. 2: 226–53. doi:10.1017/gov.2017.16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z., and M. Yalikun. 2021. Emerging partnership in a post-Western world? The political economy of China-Turkey relations. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 21, no. 4: 507–29. doi:10.1080/14683857.2021.1981624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paker, H. 2017. The ‘politics of serving’ and neoliberal developmentalism: The mega projects of the AKP as tools of hegemony building. In Neoliberal Turkey and its discontent: Economics policy and the environment under Erdoğan, ed. F. Adaman, B. Akbulut, and M. Arsel, 103–19. London: I. sB. Taurus.
   Google Scholar
• Radio Free Asia. 2019. “Uyghur mother, daughters deported to China from Turkey” August 9. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/deportation-08092019171834.html.
   Google Scholar
• Reuters. 2020. “Turkey Wealth fund signs $5 bln MoU with China’s Sinosure.” March 26. https://www.reuters.com/article/turkey-fund-china-idUSI7N2AX00E.
   Google Scholar
• Richter, S. 2012. Two at one blow? The EU and its quest for security and democracy by political conditionality in the Western Balkans. Democratization 19, no. 3: 507–34. doi:10.1080/13510347.2012.674360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, S., and U. Ziemer. 2018. Explaining the pattern of Russian authoritarian diffusion in Armenia. East European Politics 34, no. 2: 152–72. doi:10.1080/21599165.2018.1457525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saatçioğlu, B. 2014. AKP’s ‘Europeanization’ in civilization, rule of law and fundamental freedoms: The primacy of domestic Politics. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 16, no. 1: 86–101. doi:10.1080/19448953.2013.864185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saatçioğlu, B. 2016. De-europeanisation in Turkey: The case of the rule of law. South European Society and Politics 21, no. 1: 133–46. doi:10.1080/13608746.2016.1147994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saatçioğlu, B. 2020. The European Union’s refugee crisis and rising functionalism in EU-Turkey relations. Turkish Studies 21, no. 2: 169–87. doi:10.1080/14683849.2019.1586542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F., and U. Sedelmeier, eds. 2005. The europeanisation of Central and Eastern Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F., and U. Sedelmeier. 2020. The Europeanization of Eastern Europe: The external incentive model revisited. Journal of European Public Policy 27, no. 6: 814–33. doi:10.1080/13501763.2019.1617333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler, S., M.K. Bayirbağ, and B. Gao. 2021. Incorporating the istanbul-ankara high-speed railway into the belt and road initiative: Negotiation, institutional alignment and regional development. Journal of Geographical Sciences 31, no. 5: 747–62. doi:10.1007/s11442-021-1869-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedelmeier, U. 2011. Europeanisation in new member and candidate states. Living Reviews in European Governance 6, no. 1. 10.12942/lreg-2011-1
   Google Scholar
• The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. 2021. “China’s international development cooperation in the new era.” http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/202101/10/content_WS5ffa6bbbc6d0f72576943922.html.
   Google Scholar
• Tansey, O. 2016. The problem with autocracy promotion. Democratization 23, no. 1: 141–63. doi:10.1080/13510347.2015.1095736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolstrup, J. 2015. Black knights and elections in authoritarian regimes: Why and how Russia supports authoritarian incumbents in post-Soviet states. European Journal of Political Research 54, no. 4: 673–90. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TUIK. 2022. “Foreign trade statistics.” https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dis-Ticaret-Istatistikleri-Aralik-2022-49633#:~:text=%C4%B0thalatta%20Rusya%20Federasyonu%20ilk%20s%C4%B1ray%C4%B1,milyon%20dolar%20ile%20%C4%B0talya%20izledi.
   Google Scholar
• Turkey Wealth Fund. “Our mandate.” Accessed 16 September 2023. https://www.tvf.com.tr/en/who-we-are/about-us/our-mandate.
   Google Scholar
• Vachudova, M.A. 2014. EU leverage and national interests in the Balkans: The puzzles of enlargement Ten years on. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52, no. 1: 122–38. doi:10.1111/jcms.12081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakıfbank. 2019. “New funding from far East to VakıfBank.” https://www.vakifbank.com.tr/documents/inv_pres/200919-USD%20140%20million%20new%20funding%20from%20the%20Export%20Import%20Bank%20of%20China.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Von Soest, C. 2015. Democracy prevention: The international collaboration of authoritarian regimes. European Journal of Political Research 54, no. 4: 623–38. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Soest, C., and J. Grauvogel. 2017. Identity, procedures and performance: How authoritarian regimes legitimize their rule. Contemporary Politics 23, no. 3: 287–305. doi:10.1080/13569775.2017.1304319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyland, K. 2017. Autocratic diffusion and cooperation: The impact of interests vs. ideology. Democratization 24, no. 7: 1235–52. doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1307823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakouchyk, K. 2019. Beyond autocracy promotion: A review. Political Studies Review 17, no. 2: 147–60. doi:10.1177/1478929918774976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., and D. Zhao. 2015. Performance legitimacy, state autonomy and China’s economic miracle. Journal of Contemporary China 24, no. 91: 64–82. doi:10.1080/10670564.2014.918403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, G. 2014. EU conditionality is not the only game in Town! Domestic Drivers of Turkey’s Europeanization. Turkish Studies 15, no. 2: 303–21. doi:10.1080/14683849.2014.926239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, G. 2016. From europeanisation to de-europeanisation: The europeanisation process of Turkey in 1999–2014. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 24, no. 1: 86–100. doi:10.1080/14782804.2015.1038226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, G. 2019. From EU-phoria to EU-phobia? Changing Turkish Narratives in EU-Turkey relations. Baltic Journal of European Studies 9, no. 1: 20–32. doi:10.1515/bjes-2019-0002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, G., and N. Eliküçük Yıldırım. 2020. Authoritarian diffusion or cooperation? Turkey’s emerging engagement with China. Democratization 27, no. 7: 1202–20. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1777984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, G., and D. Soyaltin. 2014. Zooming into the ‘domestic’ in Europeanization: Promotion of minority rights and Fight against Corruption in Turkey. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 16, no. 1: 11–29. doi:10.1080/19448953.2013.864181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y. 2011. ‘Performance legitimacy’ and China’s political adaptation strategy. Journal of Chinese Political Science 16, no. 2: 123–40. doi:10.1007/s11366-011-9140-8.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler, C.E. 2016. Great powers, civil society and authoritarian diffusion in Central Asia. Central Asian Survey 35, no. 4: 549–69. doi:10.1080/02634937.2016.1228608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar