The Scary World Syndrome: News Orientations, Negativity Bias, and the Cultivation of Anxiety

References

• Acock, A. C. (2013). Discovering structural equation modeling using Stata. Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Altheide, D. L., & Michalowski, R. S. (1999). Fear in the news. The Sociological Quarterly, 40(3), 475–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1999.tb01730.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, K., de Vreese, C. H., & Albæk, E. (2016). Measuring media diet in a high-choice environment - testing the list-frequency technique. Communication Methods and Measures, 10(2–3), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1150973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, K., Johansson, J., Johansson, B., & Shehata, A. (2022). Maintenance and reformation of news repertoires: A latent transition analysis. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 99(1), 237–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990211019750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1247–1263. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukes, M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2017). News consumption and its unpleasant side effect: Studying the effect of hard and soft news exposure on mental well-being over time. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, & Applications, 29(3), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000224
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, S. (2020). Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, S., & Karazsia, B. T. (2020). Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 69, 101434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlstrom, M. F., & Scheufele, D. A. (2010). Diversity of television exposure and its association with the cultivation of concern for environmental risks. Environmental Communication, 4(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524030903509709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djerf-Pierre, M., & Wängnerud, L. (2016). Gender and sociotropic anxiety: Explaining gender differences in anxiety about social risks and threats. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 28(2), 217–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, T. J., & Clayton, S. (2011). The psychological impacts of global climate change. American Psychologist, 66(4), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DR. (2015). Hans Rosling: Man skal ikke bruge medier til at forstå verden [Hans Rosling: You should not use the media to understand the world]. https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/udland/video-hans-rosling-man-skal-ikke-bruge-medier-til-forstaa-verden
   Google Scholar
• Esser, F., Engesser, S., & Matthes, J. (2016). Negativity. In C. de Vreese, F. Esser, & D. N. Hopmann (Eds.), Comparing political journalism (pp. 89–109). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner, G. (1998). Cultivation analysis: An overview. Mass Communication and Society, 1(3–4), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.1998.9677855
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 172–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01397.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good, J. E. (2009). The cultivation, mainstreaming, and cognitive processing of environmentalists watching television. Environmental Communication, 3(3), 279–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524030903229746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heft, A., Mayerhöffer, E., Reinhardt, S., & Knüpfer, C. (2020). Beyond Breitbart: Comparing right-wing digital news infrastructures in six Western democracies. Policy & Internet, 12(1), 20–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann, E., Morgan, M., & Shanahan, J. (2021). Television, continuity, and change: A meta-analysis of five decades of cultivation research. Journal of Communication, 71(4), 515–544. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans, L., & Gyldensted, C. (2018). Elements of constructive journalism: Characteristics, practical application and audience valuation. Journalism, 20(4), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918770537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, P. M. (1981). On not learning from one’s own mistakes: A reanalysis of Gerbner et al.’s findings on cultivation analysis part II. Communication Research, 8(1), 3–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365028100800101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, K. (2016). Skilda verkligheter? ”Internets undervegetation” vs ”PK-maffian” [different realities? ”The dark underbelly of the internet” vs ”The PC-mob”. In J. Strömbäck & L. Truedson (Eds.), Migrationen i medierna [migration in the media] (pp. 150–173). Institutet för mediestudier.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, K. (2018). Alternative media and the notion of anti-systemness: Towards an analytical framework. Media and Communication, 6(4), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, K., Figenschou, T. U., & Frischlich, L. (2019). Key dimensions of alternative news media. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 860–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood, T. L., & Schutte, N. S. (2017). Psychological outcomes in reaction to media exposure to disasters and large-scale violence: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence, 7(2), 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy, L., Feldman, S., & Cassese, E. (2007). On the distinct political effects of anxiety and anger. In R. W. Neuman, G. E. Marcus, A. N. Crigler, & M. MacKuen (Eds.), The affect effect. Dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior (pp. 203–230). The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Humprecht, E., Castro Herrero, L., Blassnig, S., Brüggemann, M., & Engesser, S. (2022). Media systems in the digital age: An empirical comparison of 30 countries. Journal of Communication, 72(2), 145–164. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihlebæk, K. A., Figenschou, T. U., Eldridge, S. A., Frischlich, L., Cushion, S., & Holt, K. (2022). Understanding alternative news media and its contribution to diversity. Digital Journalism, 10(8), 1267–1282. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2134165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihlebæk, K. A., & Nygaard, S. (2021). Right-wing alternative media in the scandinavian political communication landscape. In E. Skogerbø, Ø. Ihlen, N. N. Kristensen, & L. Nord (Eds.), Power, communication, and politics in the Nordic countries (pp. 263–282). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama, Eds.). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson, P. E., & Romer, D. (2014). Violence in popular U.S. prime time TV dramas and the cultivation of fear: A time series analysis. Media and Communication, 2(2), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v2i2.8
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre, K. (2019). Solutions journalism. Journalism Practice, 13(1), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1409647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, K., & Gyldensted, C. (2018). Constructive journalism: Applying positive psychology techniques to news production. The Journal of Media Innovations, 4(2), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.5617/jomi.v4i2.2403
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. M., & McDonald, D. G. (1985). Beyond simple exposure: Media orientations and their impact on political processes. Communication Research, 12(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365085012001001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, K. (2018). How does the audience respond to constructive journalism? Journalism Practice, 12(6), 764–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1470472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, M., & Shanahan, J. (2010). The state of cultivation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(2), 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151003735018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C. (1994). Contextualizing personal experience: The role of mass media. The Journal of Politics, 56(3), 689–714. https://doi.org/10.2307/2132188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, C. J. (2021). The negativity bias, revisited: Evidence from neuroscience measures and an individual differences approach. Social Neuroscience, 16(1), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2019.1696225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks, P. (2019). Naturalizing negativity: How journalism textbooks justify crime, conflict, and “bad” news. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 36(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2018.1533990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, W. J. (2014). A critical analysis of cultivation theory. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1015–1036. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K., Wichman, A., MacCallum, R., & Briggs, N. (2008). Latent growth curve modeling. SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Rosling, H., Rosling, O., & Rönnlund, A. R. (2019). Factfulness illustrated: Ten reasons we’re wrong about the world - Why things are better than you think. Sceptre.
   Google Scholar
• Shanahan, J., Morgan, M., & Stenbjerre, M. (1997). Green or brown? Television and the cultivation of environmental concern. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41(3), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159709364410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehata, A., Andersson, D., Glogger, I., Hopmann, D. N., Andersen, K., Kruikemeier, S., & Johansson, J. (2021). Conceptualizing long-term media effects on societal beliefs. Annals of the International Communication Association, 45(1), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2021.1921610
   Google Scholar
• Shehata, A., Johansson, J., Johansson, B., & Andersen, K. (2022). Climate change frame acceptance and resistance: Extreme weather, consonant news, and personal media orientations. Mass Communication and Society, 25(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2021.1967998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehata, A., Thomas, F., Glogger, I., & Andersen, K. (2023). Belief maintenance as a media effect: A conceptualization and empirical approach. Human Communication Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqad033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, L., Roche, S. P., & McKenna, R. M. (2019). Media consumption and crime trend perceptions: A longitudinal analysis. Deviant Behavior, 40(12), 1480–1492. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1519129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovsgaard, M., & Andersen, K. (2020). Conceptualizing news avoidance: Towards a shared understanding of different causes and potential solutions. Journalism Studies, 21(4), 459–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1686410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroka, S., Fournier, P., & Nir, L. (2019). Cross-national evidence of a negativity bias in psychophysiological reactions to news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(38), 18888–18892. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908369116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroka, S., & McAdams, S. (2015). News, politics, and negativity. Political Communication, 32(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.881942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spezio, M. L., & Adolphs, R. (2007). Emotional processing and political judgment: Toward integrating political psychology and decision neuroscience. In G. E. Marcus, W. R. Neuman, & M. MacKuen (Eds.), The affect effect: Dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226574431.003.0004
   Google Scholar
• Toff, B., & Nielsen, R. K. (2022). How news feels: Anticipated anxiety as a factor in news avoidance and a barrier to political engagement. Political Communication. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2123073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meer, T. G. L. A., Hameleers, M., & Kroon, A. C. (2020). Crafting our own biased media diets: The effects of confirmation, source, and negativity bias on selective attendance to online news. Mass Communication and Society, 23(6), 937–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2020.1782432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlund, O. (2022). Sweden. In Reuter’s Digital News Report 2022. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2022/sweden
   Google Scholar
• Wirth, W., & Schramm, H. (2005). Media and emotions. Communication Research Trends, 24(3), 3–39.
   Google Scholar
• Zsido, A. N., Teleki, S. A., Csokasi, K., Rozsa, S., & Bandi, S. A. (2020). Development of the short version of the spielberger state—trait anxiety inventory. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar