Transformative Education: Disrupting Colonial and Authoritarian Legacies in Paraguay

References

• Alix-Garcia, J., Schechter, L., Valencia Caicedo, F., & Zhu, J. (2020). Country of Women? Repercussions of the Triple Alliance War in Paraguay (No. 14752). CEPR Discussion Papers.
   Google Scholar
• Apple, M. W. (2012). Can education change society?. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Arditi, B. (1992). Adiòs a Stroessner: La Reconstrucción de la Política en el Paraguay. CDE Centro De Documentacion Y Estudios.
   Google Scholar
• Arnove, R. F. (1986). Education and revolution in Nicaragua. Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, A.M.B., Blevins-Knabe, B., de Aquino, C.N., de Burró, E.U., Park, K.E., Bayley, B., Christensen, M., Leavitt, S., Merrill, J., Taylor, D. and George, A.T. (2006). Parent socialization, family economic well-being, and toddlers' cognitive development in rural Paraguay. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 20(4), 255–274.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, M. (2010). Pachakutik: Indigenous movements and electoral politics in Ecuador. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Berryman, P. (1987). Liberation Theology: Education at Empire’s End. Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, L. (2018, April 24). Paraguay election: Mario Abdo Benítez victory recalls brutal dictatorship. The Guardian. Retrieved March 14, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/23/paraguay-election-mario-abdo-benitez-victory
   Google Scholar
• Bozzolasco, I. G. (10 May, 2018) “Paraguay elige un Presidente que recuerda a viejos tiempos de dictadura” The Conversation. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/paraguay-elige-un-presidente-que-recuerda-a-viejos-tiempos-de-dictadura-95638
   Google Scholar
• Bruns, B., Filmer, D., & Patrinos, H. A. (2011). Making schools work: New evidence on accountability reforms. World Bank Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, October 30). Alfredo Stroessner. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfredo-Stroessner
   Google Scholar
• Chiquenoi, M. S. (2013). The Ayoreo People. In P. Lambert & A. Nickson (Eds.), The Paraguay Reader: History, Culture, Politics (pp. 342–347). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, S. (2012). Critical pedagogy and social change: Critical analysis on the language of possibility. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Darder, A. (2015). Freire and education. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Espínola, N. (2019, April 27). Mario Abdo Benítez, un “hijo del stronismo” en Carrera. abc.com.py. Retrieved March 14, 2022, from https://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/politica/mario-abdo-benitez-un-hijo-del-stronismo-en-carrera-1593691.html
   Google Scholar
• Fournier, D., & Burges, S. W. (2000). Form before function: Democratization in Paraguay. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 25(49), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2000.10816790
   Google Scholar
• Freire, P. (1983). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, R. B. C. (1901). A vanished Arcadia: Being some account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607 to 1767. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, E. (1997). Educational reform and the transition from authoritarian to democratic governments: The cases of Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, and Spain. International Journal of Educational Development, 17(4), 439–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(97)00021-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, N. (1998). The Chiapas rebellion: The struggle for land and democracy. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, K. (2013). A short history of the Northern Ache People. In P. Lambert & A. Nickson (Eds.), The Paraguay Reader: History, Culture, Politics (pp. 261–269). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huntington, S. P. (1993). The third wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century (Vol. 4). University of Oklahoma press.
   Google Scholar
• Keck, M. E., & Smith, R. E. (1992). The workers’ party and democratization in Brazil. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kraay, H., & Whigham, T. L. (2004). I Die with My Country: Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, P. (2000). A decade of electoral democracy: Continuity, change and crisis in Paraguay. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 19(3), 389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00113.x
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, P. (2013). History, identity, and Paraguayidad. In P. Lambert & A. Nickson (Eds.), The Paraguay Reader: History, Culture, Politics (pp. 385–393). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, P., & Nickson, A. (2013). The Paraguay reader: History, culture, politics. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leiner, M. (1987). The 1961 national Cuban literacy campaign. National Literacy Campaigns: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, 173–196.
   Google Scholar
• Mandl, T. (2021). Modern Paraguay: Uncovering South America’s Best Kept Secret. McFarland.
   Google Scholar
• Mbywangi, M., & Webber, J. (2013). First person: Margarita Mbywangi. In P. Lambert & A. Nickson (Eds.), The Paraguay Reader: History, Culture, Politics (pp. 355–356). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meighan, P. J. (2022). Indigenous language revitalization using TEK-nology: How can traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and technology support intergenerational language transmission? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2084548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, C. R. (1990). The Stroessner Era: Authoritarian Rule in Paraguay. Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mora, F. O. (1990). Relaciones E.E.U.U. Paraguay: Conflictor y Cooperacion. Perspectiva Internacional Paraguay, 2(3), 79–94.
   Google Scholar
• Mora, F. O. (1998). From dictatorship to democracy: The US and regime change in Paraguay, 1954-1994. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 17(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3050(97)00062-4
   Google Scholar
• Morley, S. (2001). Rural poverty in Paraguay. A Background Report for the World Poverty Assessment for Paraguay. Mimeo.
   Google Scholar
• Nickson, R. A. (1988). Tyranny and longevity: Stroessner’s Paraguay. Third World Quarterly, 10(1), 237–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598808420054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickson, A. (1997). Corruption and the Transition. In Lambert, P., & Nickson, A. (Eds), The Transition to Democracy in Paraguay (pp. 24–44). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Nickson, A. (2008). An opportunity for Paraguay: The challenges for Fernando Lugo. Nueva Sociedad, 216, 4–16.
   Google Scholar
• Nickson, A. (2013a). Change and continuity in Paraguayan history—1811, 1911 2011. In A. Nickson & P. Lambert (Eds.), The Paraguay reader: History, culture, politics (pp. 394–399). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nickson, A. (2013b). Paraguay’s Terror Archive. In A. Nickson & P. Lambert (Eds.), The Paraguay Reader: History, Culture, Politics (pp. 300–304). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nickson, R. A. (2015). Historical dictionary of Paraguay. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• O’donnell, G. (1986). Introduction to Latin American Cases. In G. O’Donnell, P. Schmitter, & L. Whitehead Transitions from authoritarian rule: Latin America (pp. 3–18). Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2018) Multi-dimensional Review of Paraguay: Volume 2. In-depth Analysis and Recommendation: Paraguay https://www.oecd.org/development/mdcr/countries/paraguay/Vol2ExecutiveSummaryanOverviewEnglish.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ottaway, M. (2003). Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Pahnke, A., Tarlau, R., & Wolford, W. (2015). Understanding rural resistance: Contemporary mobilization in the Brazilian countryside. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(6), 1069–1085. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2015.1046447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postero, N. G. (2007). Now we are citizens: Indigenous politics in postmulticultural Bolivia. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, D. (2008). Transition and reform in a predatory state: The case of Paraguay. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 11(2), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870802031403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roett, R., & Sacks, R. S. (2019). Paraguay: The personalist legacy. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schiefelbein, E. (2005). “Education and employment in Paraguay: Issues and perspectives.” Working Paper no. 2. Center for International Studies, University of Toronto.)
   Google Scholar
• Seligson, M. (2002). The impact of corruption on regime legitimacy: A comparative study of four Latin American Countries. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), 408–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva Montes, C. (2019). La escuela zapatista: educar para autonomía y la emancipación. Alteridad Revista de educación, 14(1), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v14n1.2019.09
   Google Scholar
• Sondrol, P. C. (1997). Paraguay and Uruguay: modernity, tradition and transition. Third World Quarterly, 18(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599715082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondrol, P. C. (2007). Paraguay: A semi-authoritarian regime? Armed Forces & Society, 34(1), 46–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X06295513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susnik, B. (2013). Contact, servitude, and resistance. In P. Lambert & A. Nickson (Eds.), The Paraguay Reader: History, Culture, Politics (pp. 21–27). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Szucs, R. (2014). A democracy’s “poor performance”: The impeachment of Paraguayan president Fernando Lugo. George Washington International Law Review, 46(2), 409–436.
   Google Scholar
• Tarlau, R. S. (2013). The social(ist) Pedagogies of the MST: Towards new relations of production in the Brazilian Countryside. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 21, 41. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v21n41.2013
   Google Scholar
• Tarlau, R. S. (2019). Occupying schools, occupying land: How the landless workers movement transformed Brazilian education. Global and Comparative Ethnography.
   Google Scholar
• Telesca, I. (2013). People of African descent in Paraguay: Invisibility, Mestizaje, and the presentation of our national history. In P. Lambert & A. Nickson (Eds.), The Paraguay Reader: History, Culture, Politics (pp. 410–416). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2018) UNESCO institute of statistics: Data foR sustainable development goals: Paraguay, 2018. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/py?theme=education-and-literacy
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (1970) 2012: Public spending on education, percent of GDP: Paraguay. Retrieved from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Paraguay/Education_spending/
   Google Scholar
• Vásquez-León, M., & Taha, M. C. (2017). The Paraguayan context of social inequality. In M. Vásquez-León, B. J. Burke, & T. J. Finan (Eds.), Cooperatives, grassroots development, and social change: Experiences from Rural Latin America (pp.19-25). University of Arizona Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1k3s9t1.7
   Google Scholar
• Walters, G. (2010). Hunting evil: The Nazi war criminals who escaped and the quest to bring them to justice. Crown.
   Google Scholar
• Weisiger, A. (2013). Logics of war: Explanations for limited and unlimited conflicts. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winkler, D. (1980). The distribution of educational resources in Paraguay: Implications for equality of opportunity. Comparative Education Review, 24(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1086/446092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintrobe, R. (2000). The political economy of dictatorship. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum (WEF), Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) Reports. (2015) reports: Quality of Education: Paraguay, 2016. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR20172018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• Yashar, D. J. (2005). Contesting citizenship in Latin America: The rise of indigenous movements and the postliberal challenge. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar