Reduced Total Airway Count and Airway Wall Tapering after Three-Years in Ex-Smokers

References

• GOLD. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Mangement and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2022 Report. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, Inc. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• McDonough JE, Yuan R, Suzuki M, et al. Small-airway obstruction and emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(17):1567–1575. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1106955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg JC, Macklem PT, Thurlbeck WM. Site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med. 1968;278(25):1355–1360. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196806202782501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevenois PA, De Vuyst P, de Maertelaer V, et al. Comparison of computed density and microscopic morphometry in pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(1):187–192. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.1.8680679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano Y, Muro S, Sakai H, et al. Computed tomographic measurements of airway dimensions and emphysema in smokers. Correlation with lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(3 Part 1):1102–1108. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.3.9907120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, et al. Multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(9):871–881. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestbo J, Anderson W, Coxson HO, et al. Evaluation of COPD longitudinally to identify predictive surrogate end-points (ECLIPSE). Eur Respir J. 2008;31(4):869–873. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00111707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan EA, Hokanson JE, Murphy JR, et al. Genetic epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study design. COPD. 2010;7(1):32–43. doi: 10.3109/15412550903499522.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Couper D, LaVange LM, Han M, et al. Design of the subpopulations and intermediate outcomes in COPD study (SPIROMICS). Thorax. 2014;69(5):491–494. Maydoi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourbeau J, Tan WC, Benedetti A, et al. Canadian cohort obstructive lung disease (CanCOLD): fulfilling the need for longitudinal observational studies in COPD. COPD. 2014;11(2):125–132. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2012.665520.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNitt-Gray MF, Goldin JG, Johnson TD, et al. Development and testing of image-processing methods for the quantitative assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness from high-resolution CT images. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997;21(6):939–947. doi: 10.1097/00004728-199711000-00017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King GG, Müller NL, Whittall KP, et al. An analysis algorithm for measuring airway lumen and wall areas from high-resolution computed tomographic data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(2 Part 1):574–580. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9812073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano Y, Whittall K, Kalloger S, et al. Development and validation of human airway analysis algorithm using multidetector row CT. Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 4683; 2002. (Medical Imaging 2002, San Diego, California, United States). doi: 10.1117/12.463615.
   Google Scholar
• Orlandi I, Moroni C, Camiciottoli G, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: thin-section CT measurement of airway wall thickness and lung attenuation. Radiology. 2005;234(2):604–610. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2342040013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grydeland TB, Dirksen A, Coxson HO, et al. Quantitative computed tomography measures of emphysema and airway wall thickness are related to respiratory symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(4):353–359. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200907-1008OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano Y, Wong JC, de Jong PA, et al. The prediction of small airway dimensions using computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(2):142–146. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200407-874OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Tanabe N, Tan WC, et al. Total airway count on computed tomography and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease progression. Findings from a population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(1):56–65. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201704-0692OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Tanabe N, Vasilescu DM, et al. Computed tomography total airway count is associated with the number of micro-computed tomography terminal bronchioles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(5):613–615. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201910-1948LE.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Smith BM, Tanabe N, et al. Computed tomography total airway count predicts progression to COPD in at-risk smokers. ERJ Open Res. 2021;7(4):00307–2021. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00307-2021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith BM, Hoffman EA, Rabinowitz D, et al. Comparison of spatially matched airways reveals thinner airway walls in COPD. The Multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) COPD study and the subpopulations and intermediate outcomes in COPD study (SPIROMICS). Thorax. 2014;69(11):987–996. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompe E, Strand M, van Rikxoort EM, et al. Five-year progression of emphysema and air trapping at CT in smokers with and those without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the COPDGene study. Radiology. 2020;295(1):218–226. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020191429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Pike D, McCormack DG, et al. Longitudinal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of COPD: thoracic imaging network of Canada (TINCan) study objectives. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2014;1(2):200–211. doi: 10.15326/jcopdf.1.2.2014.0136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirby M, Mathew L, Wheatley A, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: longitudinal hyperpolarized (3)He MR imaging. Radiology. 2010;256(1):280–289. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10091937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Eddy RL, Pike D, et al. MRI ventilation abnormalities predict quality-of-life and lung function changes in mild-to-moderate COPD: longitudinal TINCan study. Thorax. 2017;72(5):475–477. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker AL, Eddy RL, MacNeil JL, et al. CT pulmonary vessels and MRI ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relationship with worsening FEV(1) in the TINCan cohort study. Acad Radiol. 2021;28(4):495–506. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindle M, Chrystyn H. Determination of the relative bioavailability of salbutamol to the lung following inhalation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;34(4):311–315. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1992.tb05921.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319–338. doi: 10.1183/09031936.05.00034805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanger J, Clausen JL, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(3):511–522. doi: 10.1183/09031936.05.00035005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macintyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, et al. Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(4):720–735. doi: 10.1183/09031936.05.00034905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM, et al. A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George’s respiratory questionnaire. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145(6):1321–1327. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/145.6.1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enright PL. The six-minute walk test. Respir Care. 2003;48(8):783–785.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parraga G, Ouriadov A, Evans A, et al. Hyperpolarized 3He ventilation defects and apparent diffusion coefficients in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: preliminary results at 3.0 tesla. Invest Radiol. 2007;42(6):384–391. doi: 10.1097/01.rli.0000262571.81771.66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Heydarian M, Svenningsen S, et al. Hyperpolarized 3He magnetic resonance functional imaging semiautomated segmentation. Acad Radiol. 2012;19(2):141–152. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2011.10.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’brien RM. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Qual Quant. 2007;41(5):673–690. doi: 10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svenningsen S, Paulin GA, Sheikh K, et al. Oscillatory positive expiratory pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD. 2016;13(1):66–74. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2015.1043523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eddy RL, Svenningsen S, Kirby M, et al. Is computed tomography airway count related to asthma severity and airway structure and function? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(8):923–933. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1552OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar