Review of safety regulations, codes, and standards (RCS) for hydrogen distribution and application

References

• Abohamzeh, E., F. Salehi, M. Sheikholeslami, R. Abbassi, and F. Khan 2021. Review of hydrogen safety during storage, transmission, and applications processes. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 72:104569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnolucci, P. 2007. Hydrogen infrastructure for the transport sector. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32 (15):3526–44. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.02.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz, M. 2021. Liquid hydrogen: A review on liquefaction, storage, transportation, and safety. Energies 14 (18):5917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowl, D. A., and Y. D. Jo. 2007. The hazards and risks of hydrogen. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 20 (2):158–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DNV. 2021. “Handbook for hydrogen-fuelled vessels.” Accessed May 4, 2023. https://www.iims.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Handbook_for_hydrogen-fuelled_vessels.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Elgowainy, A., M. Mintz, B. Kelly, M. Hooks, and M. Paster. 2008. Optimization of compression and storage requirements at hydrogen refueling stations. In Volume 5: High pressure Technology; nondestructive evaluation division; student paper competition, 131–36. Chicago, Illinois, USA: ASMEDC. doi:10.1115/PVP2008-61638.
   Google Scholar
• Fekete, J. R., J. W. Sowards, and R. L. Amaro 2015. Economic impact of applying high strength steels in hydrogen gas pipelines. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40 (33):10547–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, L., Y. Yuan, X. Yan, R. Malekian, and L. Zhixiong. 2018. A study on a numerical simulation of the leakage and diffusion of hydrogen in a fuel cell ship. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 97 (December):177–85. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.034.
   Google Scholar
• Genovese, M., V. Cigolotti, E. Jannelli, and P. Fragiacomo. 2023. Current standards and configurations for the permitting and operation of hydrogen refueling stations. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48(51):19357–71. March, S0360319923005840. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. E., P. Hooker, and D. Willoughby. 2014. Ignited releases of liquid hydrogen: Safety considerations of thermal and overpressure effects. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (35):20547–53. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMO (International Maritime Organization). “Guidelines for the approval of alternatives and equivalents a s provided for in various IMO instrument.” June 24, 2013. https://www.mardep.gov.hk/en/msnote/pdf/msin1339anx1.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• International Maritime Organization. 1974. International Convention for the safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974. https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-at-Sea-(SOLAS),-1974.aspx (Accessed May 4, 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). 2019. World’s first loading arm for ship-to-shore transfer of liquefied hydrogen developed. https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2019/04/20190418a.html
   Google Scholar
• Kuczyński, S., M. Łaciak, A. Olijnyk, A. Szurlej, and T. Włodek 2019. Thermodynamic and technical issues of hydrogen and methane-hydrogen mixtures pipeline transmission. Energies 12 (3):569. doi:10.3390/en12030569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S., M. Vatshaug Ottermo, K. Vaagsaether, H. Henriksen, O.-A. Lorentsen, S. Håbrekke, S. Johnsen, and N. Paltrinieri. 2022. Hazard identification for gaseous hydrogen in storage, transportation, and use. 32nd European Safety and Reliability Conference, Dublin, Ireland. Singapore: Research Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Li, M., Y. Bai, C. Zhang, Y. Song, S. Jiang, D. Grouset, and M. Zhang. 2019. Review on the research of hydrogen storage system fast refueling in fuel cell vehicle. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44 (21):10677–93. ISSN 0360. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretto, P., and S. Quong. 2022. Legal requirements, technical regulations, codes, and standards for hydrogen safety. In Hydrogen safety for energy applications, 345–96. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820492-4.00003-8.
   Google Scholar
• National Climate Change Secretariat, Strategy Group, Prime Minister’s Office. “Study of hydrogen imports and downstream applications for Singapore.” 2020. https://file.go.gov.sg/studyofhydrogenimportsanddownstreamapplicationsforsingapore.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Fire Protection Association. 2021. Flammable and Combustible Liquids code. NFPA 30. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30
   Google Scholar
• National Fire Protection Association. 2023a. Boiler and combustion systems hazards code. NFPA 85. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=85
   Google Scholar
• National Fire Protection Association. 2023b. Standard for ovens and furnaces. NFPA 86. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=86.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, J., A. M. Jaffe, D. Scheitrum, Z. McDonald, and M. Miller 2018. Natural gas as a bridge to hydrogen transportation fuel: Insights from the literature. Energy Policy 115:317–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2023. Risk-based regulatory design for the safe use of hydrogen. OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Pritchard, D. K., and W. M. Rattigan. 2010. Hazards of Liquid Hydrogen: Position paper: Prepared by the Health and Safety Laboratory for the Health and Safety Executive.
   Google Scholar
• Saffers, J.-B., and V. V. Molkov. 2013. Towards hydrogen safety engineering for reacting and non-reacting hydrogen releases. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26 (2):344–50. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2011.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidtchen, U. 2009. FUELS – SAFETY | Hydrogen: Overview. In Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources, ed. J. Garche, 519–27. Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Shirvill, L. C., T. A. Roberts, M. Royle, D. B. Willoughby, and P. Sathiah 2019. Experimental study of hydrogen explosion in repeated pipe congestion – part 1: Effects of increase in congestion. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44 (18):9466–83. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squadrito, G., L. Andaloro, M. Ferraro, and V. Antonucci. 2014. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology. In Advances in hydrogen production, storage and distribution, 451–98. Elsevier. doi:10.1533/9780857097736.3.451.
   Google Scholar
• Street, M. (2023). © Commonwealth of Australia 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023, from https://www.gov.au/.
   Google Scholar
• Verfondern, K. 2022. Hydrogen Fundamentals. In Hydrogen safety for energy applications, 1–23. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820492-4.00001-4.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., F. Jianqin, Z. Liu, and J. Liu. 2023. Review of researches on important components of hydrogen supply systems and rapid hydrogen refueling processes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48 (5):1904–29. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xinchun, Y., Z. Ullah, J. Fraser Stoddart, and T. Y. Cafer. 2023. Porous organic cages. Chemical Reviews 123 (8):4602–34. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X., D. A. Bulushev, J. Yang, and Q. Zhang. 2022. New liquid chemical hydrogen storage technology. Energies 15 (17):6360. doi:10.3390/en15176360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X., L. Chen, H. Liu, T. Kurihara, S. Horike, and X. Qiang. 2021. Encapsulating ultrastable metal nanoparticles within reticular schiff base nanospaces for enhanced catalytic performance. Cell Reports Physical Science 2 (1):100289. doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100289.
   Google Scholar
• Yue, M., H. Lambert, E. Pahon, R. Roche, S. Jemei, and D. Hissel. 2021. Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of Technologies, applications, trends and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 146 (August):111180. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111180.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, C. Z., X. Cao, P. Bujlo, B. Chen, X. Zhang, X. Sheng, and C. Liang. 2021. Review on the safety analysis and protection strategies of fast filling hydrogen storage system for fuel cell vehicle application. Journal of Energy Storage 45:103451. n. pag. doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.103451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar