Multi-response optimization of ejector for proton exchange membrane fuel cell anode systems by the response surface methodology and desirability function approach

References

• ANSYS. Inc. ANSYS fluent theory guide. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Ashrafi, H., N. Pourmahmoud, I. Mirzaee, and N. Ahmadi. 2022. Performance improvement of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells through different gas injection channel geometries. International Journal of Energy Research 46:8781–92. doi:10.1002/er.7755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, S., L. Wang, X. Wang 2017. Optimization of ejector geometric parameters with hybrid artificial fish swarm algorithm for PEM fuel cell. 2017 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), 20-22 Oct. 2017, Piscataway, NJ, USA, IEEE, 3319–22. 10.1109/CAC.2017.8243350.
   Google Scholar
• Belen Medina, M., S. Liliana Resnik, and M. Sebastian Munitz. 2021. Optimization of a rice cooking method using response surface methodology with desirability function approach to minimize pesticide concentration. Food Chemistry 352:129364. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner, D. A., S. Marcks, M. Bajpai, A. K. Prasad, and S. G. Advani. 2012. Design and characterization of an electronically controlled variable flow rate ejector for fuel cell applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37:4457–66. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.11.116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo, J. A., F. J. de La Flor, and J. M. Lissén. 2018. Single-phase ejector geometry optimisation by means of a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and a surrogate CFD model. Energy 164:46–64. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Q., G. Yan, and J. Yu. 2017. Performance analysis of an ejector enhanced refrigeration cycle with R290/R600a for application in domestic refrigerator/freezers. Applied Thermal Engineering 120:581–92. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H., R. Zhang, Z. Xia, Q. Weng, T. Zhang, and P. Pei. 2023. Experimental investigation on PEM fuel cell flooding mitigation under heavy loading condition. Applied Energy 349:121632. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J., Y. Cha, J. Kong, N. Vaz, J. Lee, S.-B. Ma, J.-H. Kim, S. W. Lee, S. S. Jang, H. Ju, et al. 2022. Multi-Variate optimization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells in consideration of effects of GDL compression and intrusion. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 169:014511. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac492f.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derringer, G., and R. Suich. 1980. Simultaneous-Optimization of Several Response Variables. Journal of Quality Technology 12:214–19. doi:10.1080/00224065.1980.11980968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, F., J. A. Hirschfeld, X. Huang, K. Jozwiak, T. A. Dao, A. Bauer, T. J. Schmidt, and A. Orfanidi. 2021. Simulative investigation on local hydrogen starvation in PEMFCs: Influence of water transport and humidity conditions. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 168:074504. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac148e.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, Z., Q. Liu, X. Wang, and L. Wang. 2021. Performance investigation on a coaxial-nozzle ejector for PEMFC hydrogen recirculation system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46:38026–39. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.048.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, R., G. Chang, Y. Xu, and J. Xu. 2023. Multi-objective optimization of graded catalyst layer to improve performance and current density uniformity of a PEMFC. Energy 262:125580. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.125580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genc, O., S. Toros, and B. Timurkutluk. 2017. Determination of optimum ejector operating pressures for anodic recirculation in SOFC systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42:20249–59. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J., J. Feng, and X. Peng. 2022. Phase change characteristics and their effect on the performance of hydrogen recirculation ejectors for PEMFC systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47:1144–56. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.10.049.
   Google Scholar
• He, J., J. Ahn, and S.-Y. Choe. 2011. Analysis and control of a fuel delivery system considering a two-phase anode model of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack. Journal of Power Sources 196:4655–70. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseinzadeh, E., M. Rokni, M. Jabbari, and H. Mortensen. 2014. Numerical analysis of transport phenomena for designing of ejector in PEM forklift system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39:6664–74. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.02.061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, M., F. Chen, and Y. Pei. 2023. Optimization of geometric parameters of ejector for fuel cell system based on multi-objective optimization method. International Journal of Green Energy 1–16. doi:10.1080/15435075.2023.2195919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Z., M. Cai, and H.-H. Liang. 2008. Desirability function approach for the optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of saikosaponins from Radix Bupleuri. Separation and Purification Technology 61:266–75. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2007.10.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo, W., B. Xie, S. Wu, L. Wu, G. Zhang, H. Zhang, Z. Qin, Y. Zhu, R. Wang, K. Jiao, et al. 2023. Full-scale multiphase simulation of automobile PEM fuel cells with different flow field configurations. International Journal of Green Energy 1–16. doi:10.1080/15435075.2023.2194978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenssen, D., O. Berger, and U. Krewer. 2015. Anode flooding characteristics as design boundary for a hydrogen supply system for automotive polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 298:249–58. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M., W.-Y. Lee, and C.-S. Kim. 2007. Development of the variable multi-ejector for a mini-bus PEMFC system. ECS Transactions 5:773–80. doi:10.1149/1.2729058.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, J., B. Wang, Y. Yin, and K. Jiao. 2023. Experimental investigation of operating characteristics of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with different anode strategies based on the segmented cell. International Journal of Green Energy 1–18. doi:10.1080/15435075.2023.2219730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, C., and F. R. Best. 2010. Comprehensive gas ejector model. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 24:516–23. doi:10.2514/1.46439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., J. Deng, and Y. He. 2022. Numerical study on the interaction of geometric parameters of a transcritical CO2 two-phase ejector using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm. Applied Thermal Engineering 214:118799. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., Z. Xu, A. Wang, Z. Ping, and L. Wang. 2022. Weight analysis on geometric parameters of ejector under high back pressure condition of SOFC recirculation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47:27150–65. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R., J. Yan, and C. Reddick. 2022. Optimization of three key ejector geometries under fixed and varied operating conditions: A numerical study. Applied Thermal Engineering 211:118537. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, T., M. Cong, Y. Meng, K. Wang, D. Zhu, and Y. Yang. 2021. Numerical studies on ejector in proton exchange membrane fuel cell system with anodic gas state parameters as design boundary. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46:38841–53. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.148.
   Google Scholar
• Maghsoodi, A., E. Afshari, and H. Ahmadikia. 2014. Optimization of geometric parameters for design a high-performance ejector in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell system using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. Applied Thermal Engineering 71:410–18. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.06.067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacz, M., J. Bodys, M. Haida, J. Smolka, and A. J. Nowak. 2022. Two-phase flow visualisation in the R744 vapour ejector for refrigeration systems. Applied Thermal Engineering 210:118322. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei, P., P. Ren, Y. Li, Z. Wu, D. Chen, S. Huang, and X. Jia. 2019. Numerical studies on wide-operating-range ejector based on anodic pressure drop characteristics in proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. Applied Energy 235:729–38. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, Z., K. Wu, S. Wu, Q. Du, Y. Yin, B. Wang, S. He, B. Zu, C. Zhang, F. Xi, et al. 2023. Investigation of assisted heating cold start strategies from -40 °C for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. International Journal of Green Energy 20:1559–72. doi:10.1080/15435075.2022.2163590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, S. M., and G. Jagadeesh. 2010. Vector Evaluated Particle Swarm Optimization (VEPSO) of Supersonic Ejector for Hydrogen Fuel Cells. Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 7:041014. doi:10.1115/1.4000676.
   Google Scholar
• Reis, L. B., and R. dos Santos Gioria. 2021. Optimization of liquid jet ejector geometry and its impact on flow fields. Applied Thermal Engineering 194:117132. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringstad, K. E., K. Banasiak, A. Ervik, and A. Hafner. 2021. Machine learning and CFD for mapping and optimization of CO2 ejectors. Applied Thermal Engineering 199:117604. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogie, B., C. Wen, M. R. Kaern, and E. Rothuizen. 2021. Optimisation of the fuelling of hydrogen vehicles using cascade systems and ejectors. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46:9567–79. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.098.
   Google Scholar
• Samanpour, H., N. Ahmadi, and A. Jabbary. 2022. Effects of applying brand-new designs on the performance of PEM fuel cell and water flooding phenomena. Iranian Journal of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 2:618–35. doi:10.30492/IJCCE.2020.130908.4225.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, C., S. Xu 2020. Design and characteristic analysis of ejector used in high-voltage proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. SAE 2020 Vehicle Electrification and Autonomous Vehicle Technology Forum, NEV 2020, December 3, 2020, Shanghai, China, SAE International. 10.4271/2020-01-5190.
   Google Scholar
• Shukla, P. B., M. Mydur, S. Nayak, V. Krishna, and B. R. Ponangi. 2022. Design optimization of ejectors using ANN and GA. Heat Transfer 51:4768–82. doi:10.1002/htj.22522.
   Google Scholar
• Sokolov, E. Y., and N. M. Zinger. 1970. Jet Apparatuses. 2nd ed. Moscow: Energiya.
   Google Scholar
• Song, Y., X. Wang, L. Wang, F. Pan, W. Chen, and F. Xi. 2021. A twin-nozzle ejector for hydrogen recirculation in wide power operation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system. Applied Energy 300:117442. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uno, M., T. Shimada, and K. Tanaka. 2011. Reactant recirculation system utilizing pressure swing for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Journal of Power Sources 196:2558–66. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., S. Xu, and C. Xing. 2019. Numerical and experimental investigation on an ejector designed for an 80 kW polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack. Journal of Power Sources 415:25–32. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.01.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, H., Z. Liu, B. Han, and Y. Li. 2014. Numerical investigation of the influences of mixing chamber geometries on steam ejector performance. Desalination 353:15–20. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2014.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Z., H. Chen, W. Shan, R. Zhang, T. Zhang, and P. Pei. 2023. Behavior of current distribution evolution under reactant starvation conditions based on a single polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with triple-serpentine flow field: An experimental study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48:13650–68. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Z., H. Chen, R. Zhang, L. Chu, T. Zhang, and P. Pei. 2022. Multiple effects of non-uniform channel width along the cathode flow direction based on a single PEM fuel cell: An experimental investigation. Journal of Power Sources 549:232080. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Z., H. Chen, T. Zhang, and P. Pei. 2022. Effect of channel-rib width ratio and relative humidity on performance of a single serpentine PEMFC based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47:13076–86. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Z., H. Chen, R. Zhang, Q. Weng, T. Zhang, and P. Pei. 2023. Behavior analysis of PEMFC with geometric configuration variation during multiple-step loading reduction process. Applied Energy 349:121671. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., G. Chang, R. Fan, and T. Cai. 2022. Multi‐objective optimization of temperature uniformity in cathode catalyst layer and performance of PEMFC with an ionomer‐gradient design. International Journal of Energy Research 46:21028–44. doi:10.1002/er.8527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., G. Chang, R. Fan, and T. Cai. 2023. Effects of various operating conditions and optimal ionomer-gradient distribution on temperature-driven water transport in cathode catalyst layer of PEMFC. Chemical Engineering Journal 451:138924. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.138924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, H., L. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Jia, and J. Ren. 2020. Design and investigation of multi-nozzle ejector for PEMFC hydrogen recirculation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45:14500–16. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, J., Q. Cai, and H. Wen. 2021. Optimization on key geometries of a highly coupled two-stage ejector. Applied Thermal Engineering 197:117362. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., W. Du, T. Ma, W. Lin, M. Cong, H. Yang, and Z. Yu. 2020. Numerical studies on ejector structure optimization and performance prediction based on a novel pressure drop model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell anode. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45:23343–52. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., W. Shi, J. Chang, and W. Bao. 2015. Maximum thrust for the rocket-ejector mode if the hydrogen fueled rocket-based combined cycle engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40:3771–76. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.01.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, J., S. Li, and Z. Liu. 2020. Numerical investigation on optimization of ejector primary nozzle geometries with fixed/varied nozzle exit position. Applied Thermal Engineering 175:115426. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, J., and H. Wen. 2022. Multi-round optimization of an ejector with different mixing chamber geometries at various liquid volume fractions of inlet fluids. Applied Thermal Engineering 200:117709. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, Y., M. Fan, K. Jiao, Q. Du, and Y. Qin. 2016. Numerical investigation of an ejector for anode recirculation in proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. Energy Conv Manag 126:1106–17. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, G., S. Dykas, S. Yang, X. Zhang, H. Li, and J. Wang. 2020. Optimization of the primary nozzle based on a modified condensation model in a steam ejector. Applied Thermal Engineering 171:115090. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, L., H. Hu, W. Wang, Y. Zhang, and L. Wang. 2022. Study on flow distribution and structure optimization in a mix chamber and diffuser of a CO2 two-phase ejector. Mathematics 10:693. doi:10.3390/math10050693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, L., W. Wang, Y. Zhang, L. Wang, and W. Lu. 2022. Optimization analysis of the mixing chamber and diffuser of ejector based on Fano Flow Model. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 133:153–70. doi:10.32604/cmes.2022.021235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., W. Cai, C. Wen, and Y. Li. 2009. Numerical investigation of geometry parameters for design of high performance ejectors. Applied Thermal Engineering 29:898–905. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.04.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., P. Jiang 2011. Geometry optimization study of ejector in anode recirculation solid oxygen fuel cell system. 2011 6th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 21-23 June 2011, Piscataway, NJ, USA, IEEE, 51–55. 10.1109/ICIEA.2011.5975549.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., C. Li, F. Zhang, and P.-X. Jiang. 2017. Comprehensive experimental study on a transcritical CO2 ejector-expansion refrigeration system. Energy Conv Manag 151:98–106. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, H., T. Yang, M. Tang, C. Tian, and D. Butrymowicz. 2022. Ejector optimization and performance analysis of electric vehicle CO2 heat pump with dual ejectors. Energy 239:122452. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.122452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar