3,466
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Coastline extraction using remote sensing: a review

, , , , , & show all
Article: 2243671 | Received 25 Aug 2022, Accepted 28 Jul 2023, Published online: 10 Aug 2023

References

  • Abessolo Ondoa, G., R. Almar, E. Kestenare, A. Bahini, G. Houngue, J. Jouanno, Y. Du Penhoat, B. Castelle, A. Melet, and B. Meyssignac. 2016. “Potential of Video Cameras in Assessing Event and Seasonal Coastline Behaviour: Grand Popo, Benin (Gulf of Guinea).” Journal of Coastal Research 75 (10075): 442–26. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI75-089.1.
  • Alesheikh, A. A., A. Ghorbanali, and N. Nouri. 2007. “Coastline Change Detection Using Remote Sensing.” International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology 4 (1): 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325962.
  • Al-Nasrawi, A. K., S. M. Hamylton, and B. G. Jones. 2018. “An Assessment of Anthropogenic and Climatic Stressors on Estuaries Using a Spatio-Temporal GIS-Modelling Approach for Sustainability: Towamba Estuary, Southeastern Australia.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 190 (7): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6720-5.
  • Alonso, M. T., C. López-Martínez, J. J. Mallorquí, and P. Salembier. 2010. “Edge Enhancement Algorithm Based on the Wavelet Transform for Automatic Edge Detection in SAR Images.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 49 (1): 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2010.2052814.
  • Aly, M. H., J. R. Giardino, A. G. Klein, and H. A. Zebker. 2012. “InSar Study of Shoreline Change Along the Damietta Promontory, Egypt.” Journal of Coastal Research 28 (5): 1263–1269. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-11-00182.1.
  • Amani, M., A. Ghorbanian, S. A. Ahmadi, M. Kakooei, A. Moghimi, S. M. Mirmazloumi, S. H. A. Moghaddam, S. Mahdavi, M. Ghahremanloo, and S. Parsian. 2020. “Google Earth Engine Cloud Computing Platform for Remote Sensing Big Data Applications: A Comprehensive Review.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 13:5326–5350. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2020.3021052.
  • Angnuureng, D. B., R. Almar, K. Appeaning Addo, B. Castelle, N. Senechal, S. W. Laryea, and G. Wiafe. 2016. “Video Oberservation of Waves and Shoreline Change on the Microtidal James Town Beach in Ghana.” Journal of Coastal Research 75 (10075): 1022–1026. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI75-205.1.
  • Angulo, R. J., G. C. Lessa, and M. C. de Souza. 2006. “A Critical Review of Mid-To Late-Holocene Sea-Level Fluctuations on the Eastern Brazilian Coastline.” Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (5–6): 486–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.03.008.
  • Ankrah, J., A. Monteiro, and H. Madureira. 2022. “Bibliometric Analysis of Data Sources and Tools for Shoreline Change Analysis and Detection.” Sustainability 14 (9): #4895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094895.
  • BaMasoud, A., and M.-L. Byrne. 2011. “Analysis of Shoreline Changes (1959–2004) in Point Pelee National Park, Canada.” Journal of Coastal Research 27 (5): 839–846. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00160.1.
  • Baselice, F., and G. Ferraioli. 2013. “Unsupervised Coastal Line Extraction from SAR Images.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 10 (6): 1 350–1354. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2013.2241013.
  • Bayram, B., D. Z. Seker, U. Acar, Y. Yuksel, H. A. A. Guner, and I. Cetin. 2013. “An Integrated Approach to Temporal Monitoring of the Shoreline and Basin of Terkos Lake.” Journal of Coastal Research 29 (6): 1427–1435. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00084.1.
  • Bell, P. S., C. O. Bird, and A. J. Plater. 2016. “A Temporal Waterline Approach to Mapping Intertidal Areas Using X-Band Marine Radar.” Coastal Engineering 107:84–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2015.09.009.
  • Bera, R., and R. Maiti. 2019. “Quantitative Analysis of Erosion and Accretion (1975–2017) Using DSAS—A Study on Indian Sundarbans.” Regional Studies in Marine Science 28:#100583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100583.
  • Billa, L., and B. Pradhan. 2011. “Semi-Automated Procedures for Shoreline Extraction Using Single RADARSAT-1 SAR Image.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 95 (4): 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.10.009.
  • Bini, M., N. Casarosa, and M. Luppichini. 2021. “Exploring the Relationship Between River Discharge and Coastal Erosion: An Integrated Approach Applied to the Pisa Coastal Plain (Italy).” Remote Sensing 13 (2): #226. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020226.
  • Bishop-Taylor, R., R. Nanson, S. Sagar, and L. Lymburner. 2021. “Mapping Australia’s Dynamic Coastline at Mean Sea Level Using Three Decades of Landsat Imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment 267:#112734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112734.
  • Boak, E. H., and I. L. Turner. 2005. “Shoreline Definition and Detection: A Review.” Journal of Coastal Research 21 (4): 688–703. https://doi.org/10.2112/03-0071.1.
  • Bracs, M. A., I. L. Turner, K. D. Splinter, A. D. Short, C. Lane, M. A. Davidson, I. D. Goodwin, T. Pritchard, and D. Cameron. 2016. “Evaluation of Opportunistic Shoreline Monitoring Capability Utilizing Existing “Surfcam” Infrastructure.” Journal of Coastal Research 32 (3): 542–554.
  • Brock, J. C., C. W. Wright, A. H. Sallenger, W. B. Krabill, and R. N. Swift. 2002. “Basis and Methods of NASA Airborne Topographic Mapper Lidar Surveys for Coastal Studies.” Journal of Coastal Research 18 (1): 1–13.
  • Buono, A., F. Nunziata, L. Mascolo, and M. Migliaccio. 2014. “A Multipolarization Analysis of Coastline Extraction Using X-Band COSMO-Skymed SAR Data.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 7 (7): 2811–2820. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2320366.
  • Cai, H., C. Li, X. Luan, B. Ai, L. Yan, and Z. Wen. 2022. “Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Coastline of Jiaozhou Bay and Its Driving Factors.” Ocean & Coastal Management 226:#106246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106246.
  • Cao, W., Y. Zhou, R. Li, and X. Li. 2020. “Mapping Changes in Coastlines and Tidal Flats in Developing Islands Using the Full Time Series of Landsat Images.” Remote Sensing of Environment 239:#111665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111665.
  • Caselles, V., R. Kimmel, and G. Sapiro. 1997. “Geodesic Active Contours.” International Journal of Computer Vision 22 (1): 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007979827043.
  • Cenci, L., L. Disperati, L. P. Sousa, M. Phillips, and F. L. Alve. 2013. “Geomatics for Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Multitemporal Shoreline Analysis and Future Regional Perspective for the Portuguese Central Region.” Journal of Coastal Research 65 (10065): #1349–1354. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI65-228.1.
  • Central Intelligence Agency. 1977. WDB II General Users Guide. Washington, DC: July PB 271869
  • Chen, C., J. Bu, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhuang, Y. Chu, J. Hu, and B. Guo. 2019. “The Application of the Tasseled Cap Transformation and Feature Knowledge for the Extraction of Coastline Information from Remote Sensing Images.” Advances in Space Research 64 (9): 1780–1791.
  • Chen, C., Y. Chen, H. Jin, L. Chen, Z. Liu, H. Sun, J. Hong, H. Wang, S. Fang, and X. Zhang. 2023. “3D Model Construction and Ecological Environment Investigation on a Regional Scale Using UAV Remote Sensing.” Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 37 (2): 1655–1672. https://doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2023.039057.
  • Chen, C., H. Chen, J. Liang, W. Huang, W. Xu, B. Li, and J. Wang. 2022. “Extraction of Water Body Information from Remote Sensing Imagery While Considering Greenness and Wetness Based on Tasseled Cap Transformation.” Remote Sensing 14:#3001. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133001.
  • Chen, H., C. Chen, Z. Zhang, C. Lu, L. Wang, X. He, Y. Chu, and J. Chen. 2021. “Changes of the Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Land-Use Landscape Patterns Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Satellite Data: A Case Study of Zhoushan Island, China.” Ocean & Coastal Management 213:#105842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105842.
  • Chen, C., J. Fu, S. Zhang, and X. Zhao. 2019. “Coastline Information Extraction Based on the Tasseled Cap Transformation of Landsat-8 OLI Images.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 217:281–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.10.021.
  • Chen, C., J. Liang, F. Xie, Z. Hu, W. Sun, G. Yang, J. Yu, et al. 2022. “Temporal and Spatial Variation of Coastline Using Remote Sensing Images for Zhoushan Archipelago, China.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 107:#102711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102711.
  • Chen, C., J. Liang, G. Yang, and W. Sun. 2023. “Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Harmful Algal Blooms and Their Correlations with Marine Hydrological Elements in Offshore Areas, China.” Ocean & Coastal Management 238:#106554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106554.
  • Chen, C., Q. Qin, N. Zhang, J. Li, L. Chen, J. Wang, X. Qin, and X. Yang. 2014. “Extraction of Bridges Over Water from High-Resolution Optical Remote-Sensing Images Based on Mathematical Morphology.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 35 (10): 3664–3682. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2014.915437.
  • Cho, D., C. Yoo, J. Im, Y. Lee, and J. Lee. 2020. “Improvement of Spatial Interpolation Accuracy of Daily Maximum Air Temperature in Urban Areas Using a Stacking Ensemble Technique.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 57 (5): 633–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2020.1766768.
  • Chu, Z., X. Yang, X. Feng, D. Fan, Y. Li, X. Shen, and A. Miao. 2013. “Temporal and Spatial Changes in Coastline Movement of the Yangtze Delta During 1974–2010.” Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 66:166–1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.01.002.
  • Crawford, T. W., M. S. Islam, M. K. Rahman, B. K. Paul, S. Curtis, M. G. Miah, and M. R. Islam. 2020. “Coastal Erosion and Human Perceptions of Revetment Protection in the Lower Meghna Estuary of Bangladesh.” Remote Sensing 12 (18): #3108. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12183108.
  • Dai, C., I. M. Howat, E. Larour, and E. Husby. 2019. “Coastline Extraction from Repeat High Resolution Satellite Imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment 229:260–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.010.
  • Dastgheib, A., C. Martinez, K. Udo, and R. Ranasinghe. 2022. “Climate Change Driven Shoreline Change at Hasaki Beach Japan: A Novel Application of the Probabilistic Coastline Recession (PCR) Model.” Coastal Engineering 172:#104079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.104079.
  • Defense Mapping Agency. 1988. Product Specification for World Vector Shoreline. PS/2GC/030, First Editor. Washington, DC.
  • Dervisoglu, A., B. B. Bilgilioğlu, and N. Yağmur. 2020. “Comparison of Pixel-Based and Object-Based Classification Methods in Determination of Wetland Coastline.” International Journal of Environment & Geoinformatics 7 (2): 213–220. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.713307.
  • de Vries, J., B. van Maanen, G. Ruessink, P. A. Verweij, and S. M. de Jong. 2021. “Unmixing Water and Mud: Characterizing Diffuse Boundaries of Subtidal Mud Banks from Individual Satellite Observations.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 95:#102252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2020.102252.
  • Dewi, R. S., W. Bijker, A. Stein, and M. A. Marfai. 2016. “Fuzzy Classification for Shoreline Change Monitoring in a Part of the Northern Coastal Area of Java, Indonesia.” Remote Sensing 8 (3): #190. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030190.
  • Dharampal, V. M. 2015. “Methods of Image Edge Detection: A Review.” Journal of Electrical & Electronic Systems 4 (2): #5.
  • Digital chart of the world [OL]. 2022. https://worldmap.harvard.edu/data/geonode:Digital_Chart_of_the_World.
  • Dong, J., X. Xiao, M. A. Menarguez, G. Zhang, Y. Qin, D. Thau, C. Biradar, and B. Moore III. 2016. “Mapping Paddy Rice Planting Area in Northeastern Asia with Landsat 8 Images, Phenology-Based Algorithm and Google Earth Engine.” Remote Sensing of Environment 185:142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.016.
  • Duan, P., J. Li, M. Wang, and J. Wu. 2021. “Spatial-Temporal Analysis of the Coastline Changes in Fujian Province, China from 1995 to 2015.” Journal of Environmental Science and Management 24 (2): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2021_2/01.
  • Duarte, C. R., F. P. de Miranda, L. Landau, M. V. S. Souto, J. A. B. Sabadia, C. Â. D. S. Neto, L. I. D. C. Rodrigues, and A. M. Damasceno. 2018. “Short-Time Analysis of Shoreline Based on RapidEye Satellite Images in the Terminal Area of Pecém Port, Ceará, Brazil.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (13): 4376–4389. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1457229.
  • Du, Y., Y. Zhang, F. Ling, Q. Wang, W. Li, and X. Li. 2016. “Water bodies’ Mapping from Sentinel-2 Imagery with Modified Normalized Difference Water Index at 10-M Spatial Resolution Produced by Sharpening the SWIR Band.” Remote Sensing 8 (4): #354. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040354.
  • El-Asmar, H., and M. Hereher. 2011. “Change Detection of the Coastal Zone East of the Nile Delta Using Remote Sensing.” Environmental Earth Sciences 62 (4): 769–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0564-9.
  • Fabris, M. 2021. “Monitoring the Coastal Changes of the Po River Delta (Northern Italy) Since 1911 Using Archival Cartography, Multi-Temporal Aerial Photogrammetry and LiDar Data: Implications for Coastline Changes in 2100 AD.” Remote Sensing 13 (3): #529. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030529.
  • Fan, C., X. Hou, Q. Zheng, H. Xu, D. Li, S. Donnici, and C. Tang. 2023. “Emerging Signals of Coastal System Changes Under Rapid Anthropogenic Disturbance in Hangzhou Bay, China.” Ecological Indicators 146:#109816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109816.
  • Feng, K., D. Mao, Z. Qiu, Y. Zhao, and Z. Wang. 2022. “Can Time-Series Sentinel Images Be Used to Properly Identify Wetland Plant Communities?” GIScience & Remote Sensing 59 (1): 2202–2216. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2022.2156064.
  • Fisher, P. 1997. “The Pixel: A Snare and a Delusion.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 18 (3): 679–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/014311697219015.
  • Ford, M. 2013. “Shoreline Changes Interpreted from Multi-Temporal Aerial Photographs and High Resolution Satellite Images: Wotje Atoll, Marshall Islands.” Remote Sensing of Environment 135:130–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.027.
  • Gašparović, M., and T. Jogun. 2018. “The Effect of Fusing Sentinel-2 Bands on Land-Cover Classification.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (3): 822–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1392640.
  • Gens, R. 2010. “Remote Sensing of Coastlines: Detection, Extraction and Monitoring.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 31 (7): 1819–1836. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160902926673.
  • Ghassemian, H. 2016. “A Review of Remote Sensing Image Fusion Methods.” Information Fusion 32:75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2016.03.003.
  • Ghosh, M. K., L. Kumar, and C. Roy. 2015. “Monitoring the Coastline Change of Hatiya Island in Bangladesh Using Remote Sensing Techniques.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 101:137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.12.009.
  • Goffin, B. D., R. Thakur, S. D. C. Carlos, D. Srsic, C. Williams, K. Ross, F. Neira-Román, C. C. Cortés-Monroy, and V. Lakshmi. 2022. “Leveraging Remotely-Sensed Vegetation Indices to Evaluate Crop Coefficients and Actual Irrigation Requirements in the Water-Stressed Maipo River Basin of Central Chile.” Sustainable Horizons 4:#100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.horiz.2022.100039.
  • Graham, D., M. Sault, and C. J. Bailey. 2003. “National Ocean Service Shoreline—Past, Present, and Future.” Journal of Coastal Research 14–32.
  • Green, E., P. Mumby, A. Edwards, and C. Clark. 1996. “A Review of Remote Sensing for the Assessment and Management of Tropical Coastal Resources.” Coastal Management 24 (1): 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920759609362279.
  • Hamylton, S., and H. East. 2012. “A Geospatial Appraisal of Ecological and Geomorphic Change on Diego Garcia Atoll, Chagos Islands (British Indian Ocean Territory).” Remote Sensing 4 (11): 3444–3461. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4113444.
  • Han, D., M. Choo, J. Im, Y. Shin, J. Lee, and S. Jung. 2023. “Precipitation Nowcasting Using Ground Radar Data and Simpler Yet Better Video Prediction Deep Learning.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 60 (1): #2203363. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2023.2203363.
  • Hardy, S., W. Wu, and M. S. Peterson. 2021. “Analyzing Spatial Variability of Drivers of Coastal Wetland Loss in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Using Bayesian Multi-Level Models.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 58 (6): 831–851. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.1943212.
  • Hereher, M. E. 2011. “Mapping Coastal Erosion at the Nile Delta Western Promontory Using Landsat Imagery.” Environmental Earth Sciences 64 (4): 1117–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-0928-9.
  • Hereher, M. E. 2015. “Assessment of Egypt’s Red Sea Coastal Sensitivity to Climate Change.” Environmental Earth Sciences 74 (4): 2831–2843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4304-z.
  • He, D., Q. Shi, X. Liu, Y. Zhong, G. Xia, and L. Zhang. 2022. “Generating Annual High Resolution Land Cover Products for 28 Metropolises in China Based on a Deep Super-Resolution Mapping Network Using Landsat Imagery.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 59 (1): 2036–2067. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2022.2142727.
  • Hou, X., L. Feng, J. Tang, X.-P. Song, J. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Xu, Y. Dai, and Y. Zheng. 2020. “Anthropogenic Transformation of Yangtze Plain Freshwater Lakes: Patterns, Drivers and Impacts.” Remote Sensing of Environment 248:#111998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111998.
  • Hou, T., W. Sun, C. Chen, G. Yang, X. Meng, and J. Peng. 2022. “Marine Floating Raft Aquaculture Extraction of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images Based Decision Tree Algorithm.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observations & Geoinformation 111:#102846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102846.
  • Hou, X., T. Wu, W. Hou, Q. Chen, Y. Wang, and L. Yu. 2016. “Characteristics of Coastline Changes in Mainland China Since the Early 1940s.” Science China Earth Sciences 59 (9): 1791–1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5317-5.
  • Hu, R., L. Yao, J. Yu, P. Chen, and D. Wang. 2021. “Remote Sensing of the Coastline Variation of the Guangdong–Hongkong–Macao Greater Bay Area in the Past Four Decades.” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9 (12): #1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121318.
  • Im, J. 2020. “Earth Observations and Geographic Information Science for Sustainable Development Goals.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 57 (5): 591–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2020.1763041.
  • Im, J., H. Park, and W. Takeuchi. 2019. “Advances in Remote Sensing-Based Disaster Monitoring and Assessment.” Remote Sensing 11 (18): #2181. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182181.
  • Jayakumar, K., and S. Malarvannan. 2016. “Assessment of Shoreline Changes Over the Northern Tamil Nadu Coast, South India Using WebGis Techniques.” Journal of Coastal Conservation 20 (6): 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-016-0461-9.
  • Jia, M., Z. Wang, D. Mao, C. Ren, C. Wang, and Y. Wang. 2021. “Rapid, Robust, and Automated Mapping of Tidal Flats in China Using Time Series Sentinel-2 Images and Google Earth Engine.” Remote Sensing of Environment 255:#112285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112285.
  • Kang, Y., E. Jang, J. Im, and C. Kwon. 2022. “A Deep Learning Model Using Geostationary Satellite Data for Forest Fire Detection with Reduced Detection Latency.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 59 (1): 2019–2035. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2022.2143872.
  • Kanwal, S., X. Ding, M. Sajjad, and S. Abbas. 2019. “Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989–2018): A Geospatial Assessment.” Remote Sensing 12 (1): #8. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010008.
  • Karsli, F., A. Guneroglu, and M. Dihkan. 2011. “Spatio-Temporal Shoreline Changes Along the Southern Black Sea Coastal Zone.” Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 5 (1): #053545. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3624520.
  • Kass, M., A. Witkin, and D. Terzopoulos. 1988. “Snakes: Active Contour Models.” International Journal of Computer Vision 1 (4): 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00133570.
  • Kelly, J. T., and A. M. Gontz. 2018. “Using GPS-Surveyed Intertidal Zones to Determine the Validity of Shorelines Automatically Mapped by Landsat Water Indices.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 65:92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.10.007.
  • Kim, G., S. Lee, J. Im, C. K. Song, J. Kim, and M. I. Lee. 2021. “Aerosol Data Assimilation and Forecast Using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager Aerosol Optical Depth and in-Situ Observations During the KORUS-AQ Observing Period.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 58 (7): 1175–1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.1972714.
  • Klemas, V. 2012. “Remote Sensing of Coastal and Ocean Currents: An Overview.” Journal of Coastal Research 28 (3): 576–586.
  • Konko, Y., A. Okhimambe, P. Nimon, J. Asaana, J. Rudant, and K. Kokou. 2020. “Coastline Change Modelling Induced by Climate Change Using Geospatial Techniques in Togo (West Africa).” Advances in Remote Sensing 9 (2): 85–100. https://doi.org/10.4236/ars.2020.92005.
  • Kotaridis, I., and M. Lazaridou. 2021. “Remote Sensing Image Segmentation Advances: A Meta-Analysis.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 173:309–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.01.020.
  • Kroon, A., M. A. de Schipper, P. H. van Gelder, and S. G. Aarninkhof. 2020. “Ranking Uncertainty: Wave Climate Variability versus Model Uncertainty in Probabilistic Assessment of Coastline Change.” Coastal Engineering 158:#103673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2020.103673.
  • Kuleli, T. 2010. “Quantitative Analysis of Shoreline Changes at the Mediterranean Coast in Turkey.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 167 (1): 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1057-8.
  • Lee, S., C. Yoo, J. Im, D. Cho, Y. Lee, and D. Bae. 2023. “A Hybrid Machine Learning Approach to Investigate the Changing Urban Thermal Environment by Dynamic Land Cover Transformation: A Case Study of Suwon, Republic of Korea.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 122:#103408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103408.
  • Liang, C., B. Cheng, B. Xiao, C. He, X. Liu, N. Jia, and J. Chen. 2021. “Semi-/weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation Method and Its Application for Coastal Aquaculture Areas Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Images—Taking the Fujian Coastal Area (Mainly Sanduo) as an Example.” Remote Sensing 13 (6): #1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061083.
  • Liang, J., C. Chen, Y. Song, W. Sun, and G. Yang. 2023. “Long-Term Mapping of Land Use and Cover Changes Using Landsat Images on the Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform in Bay Area-A Case Study of Hangzhou Bay, China.” Sustainable Horizons 7:#100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.horiz.2023.100061.
  • Li, X., and M. C. Damen. 2010. “Coastline Change Detection with Satellite Remote Sensing for Environmental Management of the Pearl River Estuary, China.” Journal of Marine Systems 82:S54–S61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2010.02.005.
  • Li, W., and P. Gong. 2016. “Continuous Monitoring of Coastline Dynamics in Western Florida with a 30-Year Time Series of Landsat Imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment 179:196–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.03.031.
  • Li, J., D. Hong, L. Gao, J. Yao, K. Zheng, B. Zhang, and J. Chanussot. 2022. “Deep Learning in Multimodal Remote Sensing Data Fusion: A Comprehensive Review.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 112:#102926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102926.
  • Li, R., W. Liu, L. Yang, S. Sun, W. Hu, F. Zhang, and W. Li. 2018. “DeepUnet: A Deep Fully Convolutional Network for Pixel-Level Sea-Land Segmentation.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 11 (11): 3954–3962. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2833382.
  • Li, D., D. Lu, N. Li, M. Wu, and X. Shao. 2019. “Quantifying Annual Land-Cover Change and Vegetation Greenness Variation in a Coastal Ecosystem Using Dense Time-Series Landsat Data.” GIScience &remote Sensing 56 (5): 769–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2019.1565104.
  • Lin, Y.-C., Y.-T. Cheng, T. Zhou, R. Ravi, S. M. Hasheminasab, J. E. Flatt, C. Troy, and A. Habib. 2019. “Evaluation of UAV LiDar for Mapping Coastal Environments.” Remote Sensing 11 (24): #2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242893.
  • Li, Y., and Z. Niu. 2022. “Systematic Method for Mapping Fine-Resolution Water Cover Types in China Based on Time Series Sentinel-1 and 2 Images.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 106:#102656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102656.
  • Liu, C., J. Chang, M. Chen, and T. Zhang. 2020. “Dynamic Monitoring and Its Influencing Factors Analysis of Coastline in the Laizhou Bay Since 1985.” Journal of Coastal Research 105 (SI): 18–22. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCR-SI105-004.1.
  • Liu, Y., H. Huang, Z. Qiu, and J. Fan. 2013b. “Detecting Coastline Change from Satellite Images Based on Beach Slope Estimation in a Tidal Flat.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 23:165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.12.005.
  • Liu, H., and K. Jezek. 2004. “Automated Extraction of Coastline from Satellite Imagery by Integrating Canny Edge Detection and Locally Adaptive Thresholding Methods.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 25 (5): 937–958. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000139890.
  • Liu, C., R. Shi, Y. Zhang, Y. Shen, J. Ma, L. Wu, W. Chen, et al. 2019. “2015: How Many Islands (Isles, Rocks), How Large Land Areas, and How Long of Shorelines in the World?—Vector Data Based on Google Earth Images.” Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery 3 (2): 124–148. https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2019.02.03.
  • Liu, X., J. C. Xia, M. Kuhn, G. Wright, and L. Arnold. 2013a. “Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations of High Water Mark Indicators.” Ocean & Coastal Management 85:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.09.009.
  • Liu, L., W. Xu, Q. Yue, X. Teng, and H. Hu. 2018. “Problems and Countermeasures of Coastline Protection and Utilization in China.” Ocean & Coastal Management 153:124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.12.016.
  • Li, K., L. Zhang, B. Chen, J. Zuo, F. Yang, and L. Li. 2023. “Analysis of China’s Coastline Changes During 1990–2020.” Remote Sensing 15 (4): #981. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040981.
  • Macarringue, L. S., É. L. Bolfe, and P. R. M. Pereira. 2022. “Developments in Land Use and Land Cover Classification Techniques in Remote Sensing: A Review.” Journal of Geographic Information System 14 (1): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2022.141001.
  • Mahdavi, S., B. Salehi, J. Granger, M. Amani, B. Brisco, and W. Huang. 2018. “Remote Sensing for Wetland Classification: A Comprehensive Review.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 55 (5): 623–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2017.1419602.
  • Mahdianpari, M., H. Jafarzadeh, J. E. Granger, F. Mohammadimanesh, B. Brisco, B. Bsalehi, S. Homayouni, and Q. Weng. 2020. “A Large-Scale Change Monitoring of Wetlands Using Time Series Landsat Imagery on Google Earth Engine: A Case Study in Newfoundland.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 57 (8): 1102–1124. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2020.1846948.
  • Maiti, S., and A. K. Bhattacharya. 2011. “A Three-Unit-Based Approach in Coastal-Change Studies Using Landsat Images.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 32 (1): 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160903439965.
  • Meng, X., H. Shen, H. Li, L. Zhang, and R. Fu. 2019. “Review of the Pansharpening Methods for Remote Sensing Images Based on the Idea of Meta-Analysis: Practical Discussion and Challenges.” Information Fusion 46:102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2018.05.006.
  • Meng, X., H. Shen, Q. Yuan, H. Li, L. Zhang, and W. Sun. 2018. “Pansharpening for Cloud-Contaminated Very High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 57 (5): 2840–2854. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2018.2878007.
  • Meng, X., Y. Xiong, F. Shao, H. Shen, W. Sun, G. Yang, Q. Yuan, R. Fu, and H. Zhang. 2020. “A Large-Scale Benchmark Data Set for Evaluating Pansharpening Performance: Overview and Implementation.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine 9 (1): 18–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2020.2976696.
  • Meyer, E. L., N. J. Matzke, and S. J. Williams. 2015. “Remote Sensing of Intertidal Habitats Predicts West Indian Topsnail Population Expansion but Reveals Scale-Dependent Bias.” Journal of Coastal Conservation 19 (2): 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-014-0371-7.
  • Mimura, N. 2013. “Sea-Level Rise Caused by Climate Change and Its Implications for Society.” Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 89 (7): 281–301. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.89.281.
  • Modava, M., and G. Akbarizadeh. 2017. “Coastline Extraction from SAR Images Using Spatial Fuzzy Clustering and the Active Contour Method.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 38 (2): 355–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1266104.
  • Mondal, I., S. Thakur, M. Juliev, J. Bandyopadhyay, and T. K. De. 2020. “Spatio-Temporal Modelling of Shoreline Migration in Sagar Island, West Bengal, India.” Journal of Coastal Conservation 24 (4): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-020-00768-2.
  • Morton, R. A., T. Miller, and T. Moore. 2005. “Historical Shoreline Changes Along the US Gulf of Mexico: A Summary of Recent Shoreline Comparisons and Analyses.” Journal of Coastal Research 21 (4): 704–709. https://doi.org/10.2112/04-0230.1.
  • Moussa, R. M., L. Fogg, F. Bertucci, M. Calandra, A. Collin, A. Aubanel, S. Polti, A. Benet, B. Salvat, and R. Galzin. 2019. “Long-Term Coastline Monitoring on a Coral Reef Island (Moorea, French Polynesia).” Ocean & Coastal Management 180:#104928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104928.
  • Mujabar, P. S., and N. Chandrasekar. 2013. “Shoreline Change Analysis Along the Coast Between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of India Using Remote Sensing and GIS.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6 (3): 647–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0394-4.
  • Murali, R. M., R. Dhiman, R. Choudhary, J. K. Seelam, D. Ilangovan, and P. Vethamony. 2015. “Decadal Shoreline Assessment Using Remote Sensing Along the Central Odisha Coast, India.” Environmental Earth Sciences 74 (10): 7201–7213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4698-7.
  • Murray, N. J., S. R. Phinn, R. S. Clemens, C. M. Roelfsema, and R. A. Fuller. 2012. “Continental Scale Mapping of Tidal Flats Across East Asia Using the Landsat Archive.” Remote Sensing 4 (11): 3417–3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4113417.
  • Mutanga, O., and L. Kumar. 2019. “Google Earth Engine Applications.” Remote Sensing 11 (5): #591.
  • Nandi, S., M. Ghosh, A. Kundu, D. Dutta, and M. Baksi. 2016. “Shoreline Shifting and Its Prediction Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Sagar Island, West Bengal (India).” Journal of Coastal Conservation 20 (1): 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-015-0418-4.
  • NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION/NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (NASA/NGA). 2003. SRTM Water Body Data Product Specific Guidance, Version 2.0, 4. Washington: NASA/NGA.
  • Osher, S., and J. A. Sethian. 1988. “Fronts Propagating with Curvature-Dependent Speed: Algorithms Based on Hamilton-Jacobi Formulations.” Journal of Computational Physics 79 (1): 12–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(88)90002-2.
  • Ouyang, Y., J. Chong, and Y. Wu. 2010. “Two Coastline Detection Methods in Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery Based on Level Set Algorithm.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 31 (17–18): 4957–4968. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.485142.
  • Pawlowicz, R., B. Beardsley, and S. Lentz. 2002. “Classical Tidal Harmonic Analysis Including Error Estimates in MATLAB Using T_TIDE.” Computers and Geosciences 28 (8): 929–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00013-4.
  • Pradhan, B., H. M. Rizeei, and A. Abdulle. 2018. “Quantitative Assessment for Detection and Monitoring of Coastline Dynamics with Temporal RADARSAT Images.” Remote Sensing 10 (11): #1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111705.
  • Qiu, L., M. Zhang, B. Zhou, Y. Cui, Z. Yu, T. Liu, and S. Wu. 2021. “Economic and Ecological Trade-Offs of Coastal Reclamation in the Hangzhou Bay, China.” Ecological Indicators 125:#107477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107477.
  • Raju, P. D. R., and G. Neelima. 2012. “Image Segmentation by Using Histogram Thresholding.” International Journal of Computer Science Engineering and Technology 2 (1): 776–779.
  • Ribas, F., G. Simarro, J. Arriaga, and P. Luque. 2020. “Automatic Shoreline Detection from Video Images by Combining Information from Different Methods.” Remote Sensing 12 (22): #3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223717.
  • Robertson, W., D. Whitman, K. Zhang, and S. P. Leatherman. 2004. “Mapping Shoreline Position Using Airborne Laser Altimetry.” Journal of Coastal Research 20 (3): 884–892. https://doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036(2004)20[884:MSPUAL]2.0.CO;2.
  • Rossetto, D. 2023. “The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: What Does It Mean for Steel Recycling?” Sustainable Horizons 5:#100048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.horiz.2023.100048.
  • Saranathan, E., R. Chandrasekaran, D. Soosai Manickaraj, and M. Kannan. 2011. “Shoreline Changes in Tharangampadi Village, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India—A Case Study.” Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 39 (1): 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-010-0052-4.
  • Sayre, R., S. Noble, S. Hamann, R. Smith, D. Wright, S. Breyer, K. Butler, et al. 2019. “A New 30 Meter Resolution Global Shoreline Vector and Associated Global Islands Database for the Development of Standardized Ecological Coastal Units.” Journal of Operational Oceanography 12 (S2): S47–S56. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2018.1529714.
  • Seale, C., T. Redfern, P. Chatfield, C. Luo, and K. Dempsey. 2022. “Coastline Detection in Satellite Imagery: A Deep Learning Approach on New Benchmark Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 278:278 #113044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113044.
  • Sekar, C. S., R. S. Kankara, and P. Kalaivanan. 2022. “Pixel-Based Classification Techniques for Automated Shoreline Extraction on Open Sandy Coast Using Different Optical Satellite Images.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences 15 (10): 939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10239-7.
  • Sheng, G., W. Yang, X. Deng, C. He, Y. Cao, and H. Sun. 2012. “Coastline Detection in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Images by Integrating Watershed Transformation and Controllable Gradient Vector Flow (GVF) Snake Model.” IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 37 (3): 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2012.2191998.
  • Shin, M., Y. Kang, S. Park, J. Im, C. Yoo, and L. J. Quackenbush. 2020. “Estimating Ground-Level Particulate Matter Concentrations Using Satellite-Based Data: A Review.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 57 (2): 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2019.1703288.
  • Shu, Y., J. Li, and G. Gomes. 2010. “Shoreline Extraction from RADARSAT-2 Intensity Imagery Using a Narrow Band Level Set Segmentation Approach.” Marine Geodesy 33 (2–3): 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2010.496681.
  • Silveira, M., and S. Heleno. 2009. “Separation Between Water and Land in SAR Images Using Region-Based Level Sets.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 6 (3): 471–475. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2009.2017283.
  • Sletten, M. A., and P. A. Hwang. 2011. “The Effect of Wind-Wave Growth on SAR-Based Waterline Maps.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 49 (12): 5140–5149. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2154362.
  • Small, C., and R. J. Nicholls. 2003. “A Global Analysis of Human Settlement in Coastal Zones.” Journal of Coastal Research 19 (3): 584–599.
  • Smith, K. E. L., J. F. Terrano, J. L. Pitchford, and M. J. Archer. 2021. “Coastal Wetland Shoreline Change Monitoring: A Comparison of Shorelines from High-Resolution WorldView Satellite Imagery, Aerial Imagery, and Field Surveys.” Remote Sensing 13 (15): #3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13153030.
  • Soluri, E. A., and V. A. Woodson. 1990. “World Vector Shoreline.” International Hydrographic Review LXVII (1): 27–35.
  • Sornette, D., and K. Wu. 2023. “Coupled System Approach to Healthy Earth Environments and Individual Human Resilience.” Sustainable Horizons 5:#100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.horiz.2023.100050.
  • Su, L., and J. Gibeaut. 2017. “Using UAS Hyperspatial RGB Imagery for Identifying Beach Zones Along the South Texas Coast.” Remote Sensing 9 (2): #159. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9020159.
  • Sun, W., and Q. Du. 2019. “Hyperspectral Band Selection: A Review.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine 7 (2): 118–139. https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2019.2911100.
  • Sun, W., K. Liu, G. Ren, W. Liu, G. Yang, X. Meng, and J. Peng. 2021. “A Simple and Effective Spectral-Spatial Method for Mapping Large-Scale Coastal Wetlands Using China ZY1-02D Satellite Hyperspectral Images.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 104:#102572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102572.
  • Sun, W., J. Peng, G. Yang, and Q. Du. 2020. “Fast and Latent Low-Rank Subspace Clustering for Hyperspectral Band Selection.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 58 (6): 3906–3915. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2019.2959342.
  • Suo, A., and M. Zhang. 2015. “Sea Areas Reclamation and Coastline Change Monitoring by Remote Sensing in Coastal Zone of Liaoning in China.” Journal of Coastal Research 73 (10073): 725–729. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI73-124.1.
  • Tien Dat, P., N. Yokoya, T. T. T. Nguyen, N. N. Le, T. H. Nam, J. Xia, W. Takeuchi, and T. D. Pham. 2021. “Improvement of Mangrove Soil Carbon Stocks Estimation in North Vietnam Using Sentinel-2 Data and Machine Learning Approach.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 58 (1): 68–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2020.1857623.
  • Tsiakos, C. A. D., and C. Chalkias. 2023. “Use of Machine Learning and Remote Sensing Techniques for Shoreline Monitoring: A Review of Recent Literature.” Applied Sciences 13 (5): #3268. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053268.
  • Vassilakis, E., and K. Papadopoulou-Vrynioti. 2014. “Quantification of Deltaic Coastal Zone Change Based on Multi-Temporal High Resolution Earth Observation Techniques.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 3 (1): 18–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3010018.
  • Viaña-Borja, S. P., and M. Ortega-Sánchez. 2019. “Automatic Methodology to Detect the Coastline from Landsat Images with a New Water Index Assessed on Three Different Spanish Mediterranean Deltas.” Remote Sensing 11 (18): #2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182186.
  • Virdis, S. G., G. Oggiano, and L. Disperati. 2012. “A Geomatics Approach to Multitemporal Shoreline Analysis in Western Mediterranean: The Case of Platamona-Maritza Beach (Northwest Sardinia, Italy).” Journal of Coastal Research 28 (3): 624–640.
  • Vos, K., M. D. Harley, K. D. Splinter, J. A. Simmons, and I. L. Turner. 2019. “Sub-Annual to Multi-Decadal Shoreline Variability from Publicly Available Satellite Imagery.” Coastal Engineering 150:160–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.04.004.
  • Wang, L., C. Chen, F. Xie, Z. Hu, Z. Zhang, H. Chen, X. He, and Y. Chu. 2021. “Estimation of the Value of Regional Ecosystem Services of an Archipelago Using Satellite Remote Sensing Technology: A Case Study of Zhoushan Archipelago, China.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 105:#102616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102616.
  • Wang, X., X. Hou, and Y. Wang. 2017. “Spatiotemporal Variations and Regional Differences of Extreme Precipitation Events in the Coastal Area of China from 1961 to 2014.” Atmospheric Research 197:94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.022.
  • Wang, L., M. Jia, D. Yin, and J. Tian. 2019a. “A Review of Remote Sensing for Mangrove Forests: 1956-2018.” Remote Sensing of Environment 231:#1112223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111223.
  • Wang, B., L. Liang, F. Hui, X. Cheng, P. Gong, Z. Chen, and H. Huang. 2019b. “Spatiotemporal Changes of the Chinese Coastlines: Landsat Imagery from 1975 to 2015.” Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science) 55 (1): 83–100.
  • Wang, X., Y. Liu, F. Ling, Y. Liu, and F. Fang. 2017. “Spatio-Temporal Change Detection of Ningbo Coastline Using Landsat Time-Series Images During 1976–2015.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 6 (3): #68. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6030068.
  • Wang, X., F. Yan, and F. Su. 2021. “Changes in Coastline and Coastal Reclamation in the Three Most Developed Areas of China, 1980–2018.” Ocean & Coastal Management 204:#105542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105542.
  • Wang, C., J. Zhang, and Y. Ma. 2010. “Coastline Interpretation from Multispectral Remote Sensing Images Using an Association Rule Algorithm.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 31 (24): 6409–6423. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160903413739.
  • Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith. 1996. “A Global Self-Consistent, Hierarchical, High-Resolution Geography Database.” Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (B4): 8741–8743. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00104.
  • Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith. 2017. “A Global Self-Consistent, Hierarchical, High-Resolution Geography Database (Web Online)”. Version 2.3.7 Accessed June 15, 2017, from http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pwessel/gshhg/.
  • Wu, T., X. Hou, and X. Xu. 2014. “Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of the Mainland Coastline Utilization Degree Over the Last 70 Years in China.” Ocean & Coastal Management 98:150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.06.016.
  • Wulder, M. A., D. P. Roy, V. C. Radeloff, T. R. Loveland, M. C. Anderson, D. M. Johnson, S. Healey, et al. 2022. “Fifty Years of Landsat Science and Impacts.” Remote Sensing of Environment 280 #113195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113195.
  • Wu, X., C. Liu, and G. Wu. 2017. “Spatial-Temporal Analysis and Stability Investigation of Coastline Changes: A Case Study in Shenzhen, China.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 11 (1): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2755444.
  • Wu, Y., S. Wang, J. Yang, S. Wu, H. You, and Y. Wang. 2020. “Impact of Land Use on Coastline Change of Island Cities: A Case of Zhoushan Island, China.” Island Studies Journal 15 (2): 335–351. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.125.
  • Xhardé, R., B. F. Long, and D. L. Forbes. 2011. “Short-Term Beach and Shoreface Evolution on a Cuspate Foreland Observed with Airborne Topographic and Bathymetric LIDAR.” Journal of Coastal Research 62:50–61. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI_62_6.
  • Xu, N., Z. Gao, and J. Ning. 2016. “Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Coastline Variation in the Bohai Rim (1980–2010).” Environmental Earth Sciences 75 (8): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5452-5.
  • Xu, N., and P. Gong. 2018. “Significant Coastline Changes in China During 1991–2015 Tracked by Landsat Data.” Science Bulletin 63 (14): 883–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2018.05.032.
  • Xu, C., and J. L. Prince. 1997. “Gradient Vector Flow: A New External Force for Snakes.” Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Juan, PR, USA, 66–71.
  • Yang, G., K. Huang, W. Sun, X. Meng, D. Ma, and Y. Ge. 2022. “Enhanced Mangrove Vegetation Index Based on Hyperspectral Images for Mapping Mangrove.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 189:236–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2022.05.003.
  • Yang, X., S. Qiu, Z. Zhu, C. Rittenhouse, D. Riordan, and M. Cullerton. 2023. “Mapping Understory Plant Communities in Deciduous Forests from Sentinel-2 Time Series.” Remote Sensing of Environment 293:#113601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113601.
  • Yang, Z., L. Wang, W. Sun, W. Xu, B. Tian, Y. Zhou, G. Yang, and C. Chen. 2022. “A New Adaptive Remote Sensing Extraction Algorithm for Complex Muddy Coast Waterline.” Remote Sensing 14 (4): #861. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040861.
  • Yang, X., Z. Zhu, S. Qiu, K. D. Kroeger, Z. Zhu, and S. Covington. 2022. “Detection and Characterization of Coastal Tidal Wetland Change in the Northeastern US Using Landsat Time Series.” Remote Sensing of Environment 276:#113047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113047.
  • Yasir, M., H. Sheng, H. Fan, S. Nazir, A. J. Niang, M. Salauddin, and S. Khan. 2020. “Automatic Coastline Extraction and Changes Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology.” IEEE Access 8:180156–180170. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3027881.
  • Yoo, C., D. Han, J. Im, and B. Bechtel. 2019. “Comparison Between Convolutional Neural Networks and Random Forest for Local Climate Zone Classification in Mega Urban Areas Using Landsat Images.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 157:155–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.09.009.
  • Yu, Y., Z. Zhang, M. Shokr, F. Hui, X. Cheng, Z. Chi, P. Heil, and Z. Chen. 2019. “Automatically Extracted Antarctic Coastline Using Remotely-Sensed Data: An Update.” Remote Sensing 11 (16): #1844. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161844.
  • Zhang, J. 2010. “Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data Fusion: Status and Trends.” International Journal of Image and Data Fusion 1 (1): 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19479830903561035.
  • Zhang, Y. 2011a. “Coastal Environmental Monitoring Using Remotely Sensed Data and GIS Techniques in the Modern Yellow River Delta, China.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 179 (1): 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1716-9.
  • Zhang, Y. 2011b. “Environmental Monitoring of Spatial-Temporal Changes Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in the Abandoned Yellow River Delta Coast, China.” International Journal of Environment and Pollution 45 (4): 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEP.2011.040278.
  • Zhang, Y., and X. Hou. 2020. “Characteristics of Coastline Changes on Southeast Asia Islands from 2000 to 2015.” Remote Sensing 12 (3): #519. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030519.
  • Zhang, Y., D. Li, C. Fan, H. Xu, and X. Hou. 2021. “Southeast Asia Island Coastline Changes and Driving Forces from 1990 to 2015.” Ocean & Coastal Management 215:#105967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105967.
  • Zhang, X., D. Pan, J. Chen, J. Zhao, Q. Zhu, and H. Huang. 2014. “Evaluation of Coastline Changes Under Human Intervention Using Multi-Temporal High-Resolution Images: A Case Study of the Zhoushan Islands, China.” Remote Sensing 6 (10): 9930–9950.
  • Zhang, L., B. Wu, K. Yin, X. Li, K. Kia, and L. Zhu. 2015. “Impacts of Human Activities on the Evolution of Estuarine Wetland in the Yangtze Delta from 2000 to 2010.” Environmental Earth Sciences 73 (1): 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3565-2.
  • Zhang, T., X. Yang, S. Hu, and F. Su. 2013. “Extraction of Coastline in Aquaculture Coast from Multispectral Remote Sensing Images: Object-Based Region Growing Integrating Edge Detection.” Remote Sensing 5 (9): 4470–4487. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5094470.
  • Zhao, X., P. Wang, C. Chen, T. Jiang, Z. Yu, and B. Guo. 2017. “Waterbody Information Extraction from Remote-Sensing Images After Disasters Based on Spectral Information and Characteristic Knowledge.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 38 (5): 1404–1422. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1278284.
  • Zhu, Q., X. Guo, Z. Li, and D. Li. 2022. “A Review of Multi-Class Change Detection for Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery.” Geo-Spatial Information Science 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2022.2128902.
  • Zimmerman, T., K. Jansen, and J. Miller. 2020. “Analysis of UAS Flight Altitude and Ground Control Point Parameters on DEM Accuracy Along a Complex, Developed Coastline.” Remote Sensing 12 (14): #2305. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142305.
  • Ziou, D., and S. Tabbone. 1998. “Edge Detection Techniques-An Overview.” Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis: Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications 8 (4): 537–559.
  • Zollini, S., M. Alicandro, M. Cuevas-González, V. Baiocchi, D. Dominici, and P. M. Buscema. 2019. “Shoreline Extraction Based on an Active Connection Matrix (ACM) Image Enhancement Strategy.” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8 (1): #9. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010009.
  • Zou, Z., C. Chen, Z. Liu, Z. Zhang, J. Liang, H. Chen, and L. Wang. 2022. “Extraction of Aquaculture Ponds Along Coastal Region Using U2-Net Deep Learning Model from Remote Sensing Images.” Remote Sensing 14 (16): #4001. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14164001.