Assessing the Effects of Polychromatic Light Exposure on Mood in Adults: A Systematic Review Contrasting α-opic Equivalent Daylight Illuminances

References

• Akaike H. 1987. Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika. 52:317–332. doi:10.1007/BF02294359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen AE, Hazelhoff EM, Martial FP, Cajochen C, Lucas RJ. 2018. Exploiting metamerism to regulate the impact of a visual display on alertness and melatonin suppression independent of visual appearance. Sleep. 41(8):1–7. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aranda M, Schmidt TM. 2021. Diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: circuits and functions. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS. 78(3):889–907. doi:10.1007/s00018-020-03641-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailes HJ, Lucas RJ 2013. Human melanopsin forms a pigment maximally sensitive to blue light (λmax ≈ 479 nm) supporting activation of Gq/11 and Gi/o signalling cascades. Proc Royal Soc B. 280(1759).
   Google Scholar
• Baron KG, Reid KJ. 2014. Circadian misalignment and health. Int Rev Psychiatry. 26(2):139–154. doi:10.3109/09540261.2014.911149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates DM. 2020. lme4: mixed-effects modeling with R.
   Google Scholar
• Bedrosian TA, Nelson RJ. 2013. Influence of the modern light environment on mood. Mol Psychiatry. 18(7):751–757. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedrosian TA, Nelson RJ. 2017. Timing of light exposure affects mood and brain circuits. Nature Publishing Group 7.
   Google Scholar
• Belenky MA, Smeraski CA, Provencio I, Sollars PJ, Pickard GE. 2003. Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells receive bipolar and amacrine cell synapses. J Comp Neurol. 460:380–393. doi:10.1002/cne.10652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. 2002. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science. 295(5557):1070–1073. doi:10.1126/science.1067262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhmer MN, Hamers PCM, Bindels PJE, Oppewal A, van Someren EJW, Festen DAM. 2021. Are we still in the dark? A systematic review on personal daily light exposure, sleep-wake rhythm, and mood in healthy adults from the general population. Sleep Health. 7(5):610–630. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borisuit A, Linhart F, Scartezzini JL, Münch M. 2015. Effects of realistic office daylighting and electric lighting conditions on visual comfort, alertness and mood. Light Res Technol. 47(2):192–209. doi:10.1177/1477153514531518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borragán G, Deliens G, Peigneux P, Leproult R. 2017. Bright light exposure does not prevent the deterioration of alertness induced by sustained high cognitive load demands. J Environ Psychol. 51:95–103. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.03.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, Byrne B, Glickman G, Gerner E, Rollag MD. 2001. Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans evidence for.pdf. J Neurosci. 21(16):6405–6412. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06405.2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TM. 2020. Melanopic illuminance defines the magnitude of human circadian light responses under a wide range of conditions. J Pineal Res. 69(1). doi:10.1111/jpi.12655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TM, Thapan K, Arendt J, Revell VL, Skene DJ. 2021. S‐cone contribution to the acute melatonin suppression response in humans. J Pineal Res. 7:e12719. doi:10.1111/jpi.12719.
   Google Scholar
• Bullock B, McGlashan EM, Burns AC, Lu BS, Cain SW. 2019. Traits related to bipolar disorder are associated with an increased post-illumination pupil response. Psychiatry Res. 278:35–41. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns AC, Saxena R, Vetter C, Phillips AJ, Lane JM, Cain SW. 2021. Time spent in outdoor light is associated with mood, sleep, and circadian rhythm-related outcomes: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in over 400,000 UK biobank participants. J Affect Disord. 295:347–352. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cajochen C. 2007. Alerting effects of light. Sleep Med Rev. 11(6):453–464. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cajochen C, Freyburger M, Basishvili T, Garbazza C, Rudzik F, Renz C, Kobayashi K, Shirakawa Y, Stefani O, Weibel J. 2019. Effect of daylight LED on visual comfort, melatonin, mood, waking performance and sleep. Light Res Technol. 51(7):1044–1062. doi:10.1177/1477153519828419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang AM, Santhi N, St Hilaire M, Gronfier C, Bradstreet DS, Duffy JF, Lockley SW, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA. 2012. Human responses to bright light of different durations. J Physiol. 590(13):3103–3112. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.226555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang AM, Scheer FAJL, Czeisler CA. 2011. The human circadian system adapts to prior photic history. J Physiol. 589(5):1095–1102. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chellappa SL, Steiner R, Blattner P, Oelhafen P, Götz T, Cajochen C. 2011. Non-visual effects of light on melatonin, alertness and cognitive performance: can blue-enriched light keep us alert? PLoS ONE. 6(1):e16429. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [CIE] Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. 2015. Report on the first international workshop on circadian and neurophysiological photometry, 2013 (CIE TN 003:2015). Vienna (Austria).
   Google Scholar
• [CIE] Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. 2018. CIE system for metrology of optical radiation for ipRGC-influenced responses to light. No. CIE S026/E:2018.
   Google Scholar
• [CIE] Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. 2019. Position statement on non-visual effects of light - Recommending proper light at the proper time.
   Google Scholar
• [CIE] Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. 2020. What to document and report in studies of ipRGC-influenced responses to light. No. CIE TN 011:2020. Vienna.
   Google Scholar
• Correa Á, Barba A, Padilla F. 2016. Light effects on behavioural performance depend on the individual state of vigilance. PLoS ONE. 11(11):1–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dacey D, Liao HW, Peterson B, Robinson F, Smith V, Pokorny J, Yau KW, Gamlin P. 2005. Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN. Nature. 433(7027):741–745. doi:10.1038/nature03387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWeerdt S. 2022. Can resetting the body clock help with depression? Nature. 608(7924):S50–S51. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02211-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duffy JF, Czeisler CA. 2009. Effect of light on human circadian physiology. Sleep Med Clin. 4(2):165–177. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.01.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez DC, Fogerson PM, Lazzerini Ospri L, Thomsen MB, Layne RM, Severin D, Zhan J, Singer JH, Kirkwood A, Zhao H, et al. 2018. Light affects mood and learning through distinct retina-brain pathways. Cell. 175:71–84.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finan PH, Quartana PJ, Smith MT. 2015. The effects of sleep continuity disruption on positive mood and sleep architecture in healthy adults. Sleep. 38(11):1735–1742. doi:10.5665/sleep.5154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geoffroy PA, Schroder CM, Reynaud E, Bourgin P. 2019. Efficacy of light therapy versus antidepressant drugs, and of the combination versus monotherapy, in major depressive episodes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 48:101213. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glickman G, Byrne B, Pineda C, Hauck WW, Brainard GC. 2006. Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder with blue narrow-band light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Biol Psychiatry. 59(6):502–507. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glickman G, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, Wang J, Cooper H, Brainard GC. 2003. Inferior retinal light exposure is more effective than superior retinal exposure in suppressing melatonin in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 18(1):71–79. doi:10.1177/0748730402239678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, Hamer RM, Jacobsen FM, Suppes T, Wisner KL, Nemeroff CB. 2005. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 162(4):656–662. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannibal J, Christiansen AT, Heegaard S, Fahrenkrug J, Kiilgaard JF. 2017. Melanopsin expressing human retinal ganglion cells: subtypes, distribution, and intraretinal connectivity. J Comp Neurol. 525(8):1934–1961. doi:10.1002/cne.24181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattar S, Kumar M, Park A, Tong P, Tung J, Yau KW, Berson DM. 2006. Central projections of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the mouse. J Comp Neurol. 497(3):326–349. doi:10.1002/cne.20970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert M, Martin S, Lee C, Eastman C. 2002. The effects of prior light history on the suppression of melatonin by light in humans. J Pineal Res. 33(4):198–203. doi:10.1034/j.1600-079X.2002.01885.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savović J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JAC. 2011. The Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Online). 343(7829):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh M. 2015. Effects of illuminance distribution, color temperature and illuminance level on positive and negative moods. J Asian Archit Build Eng. 14(3):709–716. doi:10.3130/jaabe.14.709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Xi Y, Peng Y, Yang Y, Huang X, Fu Y, Tao Q, Xiao J, Yuan T, An K. 2019. A visual circuit related to habenula underlies the antidepressive effects of light therapy. Neuron. 102(1):128–142. e8. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huiberts LM, Smolders KCHJ, de Kort YAW. 2015. Shining light on memory: effects of bright light on working memory performance. Behav Brain Res. 294:234–245. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huiberts LM, Smolders KCHJ, De Kort YAW. 2017. Seasonal and time-of-day variations in acute non-image forming effects of illuminance level on performance, physiology, and subjective well-being. Chronobiol Int. 34(7):827–844. doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1324471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iskra-Golec IM, Wazna A, Smith L. 2012. Effects of blue-enriched light on the daily course of mood, sleepiness and light perception: a field experiment. Light Res Technol. 44(4):506–513. doi:10.1177/1477153512447528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasser SA, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, Brainard GC. 2006. Dim light adaptation attenuates acute melatonin suppression in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 21(5):394–404. doi:10.1177/0748730406292391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jusuf PR, Lee SCS, Hannibal J, Grünert U. 2007. Characterization and synaptic connectivity of melanopsin-containing ganglion cells in the primate retina. Eur J Neurosci. 26:2906–2921. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05924.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn-Greene ET, Killgore DB, Kamimori GH, Balkin TJ, Killgore WDS. 2007. The effects of sleep deprivation on symptoms of psychopathology in healthy adults. Sleep Med. 8(3):215–221. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalsa SBS, Jewett ME, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA. 2003. A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. The Journal of Physiology. 549:945–952. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.040477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaier R, Klenk C, Königstein K, Hinrichs T, Rossmeissl A, Infanger D, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. 2018. Morning bright light exposure has no influence on self-chosen exercise intensity and mood in overweight individuals–A randomized controlled trial. Chronobiol Int. 35(4):477–485. doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1414828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoop M, Broszio K, Diakite A, Liedtke C, Niedling M, Rothert I, Rudawski F, Weber N. 2019. Methods to describe and measure lighting conditions in experiments on non-image-forming aspects. Leukos. 15(2–3):163–179. doi:10.1080/15502724.2018.1518716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozaki T, Kubokawa A, Taketomi R, Hatae K. 2015. Effects of day-time exposure to different light intensities on light-induced melatonin suppression at night. J Physiol Anthropol. 34(1). doi:10.1186/s40101-015-0067-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsen RJ, Diener E. 1992. Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. Rev Pers Soc Psychol. 13:25–59.
   Google Scholar
• Lasko TA, Kripke DF, Elliot JA. 1999. Melatonin suppression by illumination of upper and lower visual fields. J Biol Rhythms. 14(2):122–125. doi:10.1177/074873099129000506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurenzo SA, Kardon R, Ledolter J, Poolman P, Schumacher AM, Potash JB, Full JM, Rice O, Ketcham A, Starkey C, et al. 2016. Pupillary response abnormalities in depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res. 246(Oct):492–499. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Legates TA, Altimus CM, Wang H, Lee HK, Yang S, Zhao H, Kirkwood A, Weber ET, Hattar S. 2012. Aberrant light directly impairs mood and learning through melanopsin-expressing neurons. Nature. 491:594–598. doi:10.1038/nature11673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legates TA, Fernandez DC, Hattar S. 2014. Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect. Nat Rev Neurosci. 15(7):443–455. doi:10.1038/nrn3743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichtfried V, Mair-Raggautz M, Schaeffer V, Hammerer-Lercher A, Mair G, Bartenbach C, Canazei M, Schobersberger W. 2015. Intense illumination in the morning hours improved mood and alertness but not mental performance. Appl Ergon. 46(Part A):54–59. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2014.07.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucas RJ, Peirson SN, Berson DM, Brown TM, Cooper HM, Czeisler CA, Figueiro MG, Gamlin PD, Lockley SW, O’Hagan JB, et al. 2014. Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age. Trends Neurosci. 37(1):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.10.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason IC, Grimaldi D, Reid KJ, Warlick CD, Malkani RG, Abbott SM, Zee PC. 2022. Light exposure during sleep impairs cardiometabolic function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 119(12). doi:10.1073/pnas.2113290119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan EM, Coleman MY, Vidafar P, Phillips AJK, Cain SW. 2019. Decreased sensitivity of the circadian system to light in current, but not remitted depression. J Affect Disord. 256(Nov 2018):386–392. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.076.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meesters Y, Duijzer WB, Hommes V. 2018. The effects of low-intensity narrow-band blue-light treatment compared to bright white-light treatment in seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 232(Jan):48–51. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meesters Y, Winthorst WH, Duijzer WB, Hommes V. 2016. The effects of low-intensity narrow-band blue-light treatment compared to bright white-light treatment in sub-syndromal seasonal affective disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 16(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0729-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mills PR, Tomkins SC, Schlangen LJM. 2007. The effect of high correlated colour temperature office lighting on employee wellbeing and work performance. J Circadian Rhythms. 5:1–9. doi:10.1186/1740-3391-5-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Münch M, Wirz-Justice A, Brown SA, Kantermann T, Martiny K, Stefani O, Vetter C, Wright KP, Wulff K, Skene DJ. 2020. The role of daylight for humans: gaps in current knowledge. Clocks & Sleep. 2(1):61–85. doi:10.3390/clockssleep2010008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nixon A, Strike MK, Feilds KL, Glozier N, Thatte S, Hickie IB, De Koninck J, Robillard R. 2021. Temporal dynamics of subjective sleep profiles predicting mood improvements during adjunctive light therapy combined with sleep rescheduling. J Affect Disord Rep. 4(Nov 2020):12–15. doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100106.
   Google Scholar
• Pachito DV, Eckeli AL, Desouky AS, Corbett MA, Partonen T, Rajaratnam SMW, Riera R. 2018. Workplace lighting for improving alertness and mood in daytime workers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018(3). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012243.pub2.
   Google Scholar
• Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, et al. 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 10(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partonen T, Lönnqvist J. 2000. Bright light improves vitality and alleviates distress in healthy people. J Affect Disord. 57(1–3):55–61. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00063-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag A, Münch M, Aeschbach D, Chellappa S, Gronfier C. 2019. Light Modulation of Human Clocks, Wake, and Sleep. Clocks Sleep. 1(1):193–208. doi:10.3390/clockssleep1010017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• R Core Team. 2021. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Roecklein K, Wong P, Ernecoff N, Miller M, Donofry S, Kamarck M, Wood-Vasey WM, Franzen P. 2013. The post illumination pupil response is reduced in seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res. 210(1):150–158. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ru T, de Kort YAW, Smolders KCHJ, Chen Q, Zhou G. 2019. Non-image forming effects of illuminance and correlated color temperature of office light on alertness, mood, and performance across cognitive domains. Build Environ. 149(Dec 2018):253–263. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.002.
   Google Scholar
• Rüger M, Gordijn MCM, Beersma DGM, De Vries B, Daan S. 2005. Nasal versus temporal illumination of the human retina: effects on core body temperature, melatonin, and circadian phase. J Biol Rhythms. 20(1):60–70. doi:10.1177/0748730404270539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüger M, St Hilaire MA, Brainard GC, Khalsa SBS, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. 2013. Human phase response curve to a single 6.5 h pulse of short-wavelength light. J Physiol. 591(1):353–363. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.239046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlangen LJM, Price LLA. 2021. The lighting environment, its metrology, and non-visual responses. Front Neurol. 12(Mar). doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.624861.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt TM, Kofuji P. 2010. Differential cone pathway influence on intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell subtypes. J Neurosci. 30:16262–16271. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3656-10.2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraji MA, Kalavally V, Schaefer A, Haque S. 2022. Effects of daytime electric light exposure on human alertness and higher cognitive functions: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 12(Jan):1–17. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.765750.
   Google Scholar
• Smolders KCHJ, de Kort YAW. 2014. Bright light and mental fatigue: effects on alertness, vitality, performance and physiological arousal. J Environ Psychol. 39:77–91. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.12.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders KCHJ, de Kort YAW, Cluitmans PJM. 2012. A higher illuminance induces alertness even during office hours: findings on subjective measures, task performance and heart rate measures. Physiol Behav. 107(1):7–16. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders KCHJ, De Kort YAW, Cluitmans PJM. 2016. Higher light intensity induces modulations in brain activity even during regular daytime working hours. Light Res Technol. 48(4):433–448. doi:10.1177/1477153515576399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders KCHJ, De Kort YAW, van den Berg SM. 2013. Daytime light exposure and feelings of vitality: results of a field study during regular weekdays. J Environ Psychol. 36:270–279. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souman J, Borra T, de Goijer I, Schlangen L, Vlaskamp BNS, Lucassen MP. 2018a. Spectral tuning of white light allows for strong reduction in melatonin suppression without changing illumination level or color temperature. J Biol Rhythms. 33(4):420–431. doi:10.1177/0748730418784041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souman J, Tinga AM, te Pas SF, van Ee R, Vlaskamp BNS. 2018b. Acute alerting effects of light: a systematic literature review. Behav Brain Res. 337(Sept 2017):228–239. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitschan M, Stefani O, Blattner P, Gronfier C, Lockley S, Lucas R. 2019. How to report light exposure in human chronobiology and sleep research experiments. Clocks Sleep. 1(3):280–289. doi:10.3390/clockssleep1030024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• St Hilaire MA, Gooley JJ, Khalsa SBS, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. 2012. Human phase response curve to a 1 h pulse of bright white light. J Physiol. 590(13):3035–3045. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.227892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• te Kulve M, Schlangen LJM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. 2019. Early evening light mitigates sleep compromising physiological and alerting responses to subsequent late evening light. Sci Rep. 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52352-w.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thapan K, Arendt J, Skene DJ. 2001. An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J Physiol. 535(1):261–267. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00261.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandewalle G, Collignon O, Hull J, Daneault V, Albouy G, Lepore F, Phillips C, Doyon J, Czeisler C, Dumont M, et al. 2013. Blue light stimulates cognitive brain activity in visually blind individuals. J Cogn Neurosci. 25(12):2072–2085. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandewalle G, Schwartz S, Grandjean D, Wuillaume C, Balteau E, Degueldre C, Schabus M, Phillips C, Luxen A, Dijk DJ, et al. 2010. Spectral quality of light modulates emotional brain responses in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107(45):19549–19554. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010180107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veitch JA. 1997. Revisiting the performance and mood effects of information about lighting and fluorescent lamp type. J Environ Psychol. 17(3):253–262. doi:10.1006/jevp.1997.0059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veitch JA, Dikel EE, Burns GJ, Mancini S. 2012. Office light source spectrum: effects of individual control on perception, cognition, and comfort. Ottawa (ON): NRC Institute for Research in Construction. NRCC-RR-386. doi:10.4224/23001157.
   Google Scholar
• Veitch JA, Stokkermans MGM, Newsham GR. 2013. Linking lighting appraisals to work behaviors. Environ Behav. 45(2):198–214. doi:10.1177/0013916511420560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viola AU, James LM, Schlangen LJM, Dijk DJ. 2008. Blue-enriched white light in the workplace improves self-reported alertness, performance and sleep quality. Scand J Work Environ Health. 34(4):297–306. doi:10.5271/sjweh.1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser EK, Beersma DGM, Daan S. 1999. Melatonin suppression by light in humans is maximal when the nasal part of the retina is illuminated. J Biol Rhythms. 14(2):116–121. doi:10.1177/074873099129000498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson D, Clark LA. 1988. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 54(6):1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil T, Daly KM, Castillo HY, Thomsen MB, Wang H, Mercau ME, Hattar S, Tejeda H, Fernandez DC. 2022. Daily changes in light influence mood via inhibitory networks within the thalamic perihabenular nucleus. Sci Adv. 8(23):1–14. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn3567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong KY, Dunn FA, Graham DM, Berson DM. 2007. Synaptic influences on rat ganglion-cell photoreceptors. J Physiol. 582:279–296. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.133751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao H, Cai H, Li X. 2021. Non-visual effects of indoor light environment on humans: a review. Physiol Behav. 228(1):113195. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zandi B, Stefani O, Herzog A, Schlangen LJM, Trinh QV, Khanh TQ. 2021. Optimising metameric spectra for integrative lighting to modulate the circadian system without affecting visual appearance. Sci Rep. 11(1):1–14. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02136-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitzer JM, Friedman L, Yesavage JA. 2011. Effectiveness of evening phototherapy for insomnia is reduced by bright daytime light exposure. Sleep Med. 12(8):805–807. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar