464
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and mental health outcomes in firefighters: A cross-sectional study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 88-105 | Received 01 Nov 2022, Accepted 11 Mar 2023, Published online: 17 Mar 2023

References

  • Achmat, G., Leach, L., & Onagbiye, S. O. (2019). Prevalence of the risk factors for cardiometabolic disease among firefighters in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(9), 1577–1583. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09137-0
  • Assis, M. A. d., Mello, M. F. d., Scorza, F. A., Cadrobbi, M. P., Schooedl, A. F., Silva, S. G. d., … Arida, R. M. (2008). Evaluation of physical activity habits in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinics, 63(4), 473–478. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322008000400010
  • Ball, T. J., Joy, E. A., Gren, L. H., & Shaw, J. M. (2016). Peer reviewed: Concurrent validity of a self-reported physical activity “Vital Sign” questionnaire with adult primary care patients. Preventing Chronic Disease, 13, E16. doi:10.5888/pcd13.150228
  • Belgian Dictorate-General Civil Security (2020). Statistics Belgian Fire Departments 2020. Brussels, Belgium: Federal Public Service Home Affairs: Belgian Directorate-General Civil Security?
  • Berger, W., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I., Marques-Portella, C., Luz, M. P., Neylan, T. C., … Mendlowicz, M. V. (2012). Rescuers at risk: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(6), 1001–1011. doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0408-2
  • Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. doi:10.1002/jts.22059
  • Bos, J., Mol, E., Visser, B., & Frings-Dresen, M. H. (2004). The physical demands upon (Dutch) fire-fighters in relation to the maximum acceptable energetic workload. Ergonomics, 47(4), 446–460. doi:10.1080/00140130310001643283
  • Bruggeman, H., Smith, P., Berete, F., Demarest, S., Hermans, L., Braekman, E., … Gisle, L. (2022). Anxiety and depression in Belgium during the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 141. doi:10.3390/bs12050141
  • Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126.
  • Chappel, S. E., Aisbett, B., Vincent, G. E., & Ridgers, N. D. (2016). Firefighters’ physical activity across multiple shifts of planned burn work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(10), 973. doi:10.3390/ijerph13100973
  • Choi, B., Dobson, M., Schnall, P., & Garcia‐Rivas, J. (2016). 24‐Hour work shifts, sedentary work, and obesity in male firefighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 59(6), 486–500. doi:10.1002/ajim.22572
  • Clare, C., Au, C. T., Lee, F. Y., So, R. C., Wong, J. P., Mak, G. Y., … McManus, A. M. (2015). Association between leisure time physical activity, cardiopulmonary fitness, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular workload at work in firefighters. Safety and Health at Work, 6(3), 192–199.
  • Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge: London.
  • Constandt, B., Thibaut, E., De Bosscher, V., Scheerder, J., Ricour, M., & Willem, A. (2020). Exercising in times of lockdown: An analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on levels and patterns of exercise among adults in Belgium. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4144. doi:10.3390/ijerph17114144
  • Declercq, F., Meganck, R., Deheegher, J., & Van Hoorde, H. (2011). Frequency of and subjective response to critical incidents in the prediction of PTSD in emergency personnel. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 133–136. doi:10.1002/jts.20609
  • Del Ben, K. S., Scotti, J. R., Chen, Y.-C., & Fortson, B. L. (2006). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in firefighters. Work & Stress, 20(1), 37–48. doi:10.1080/02678370600679512
  • Durand, G., Tsismenakis, A. J., Jahnke, S. A., Baur, D. M., Christophi, C. A., & Kales, S. N. (2011). Firefighters’ physical activity: Relation to fitness and cardiovascular disease risk. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(9), 1752–1759. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318215cf25
  • Escarfulleri, S., Ellickson-Larew, S., Fein-Schaffer, D., Mitchell, K. S., & Wolf, E. J. (2021). Emotion regulation and the association between PTSD, diet, and exercise: A longitudinal evaluation among US military veterans. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1895515. doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1895515
  • Fahy, R. F. (2005). US firefighter fatalities due to sudden cardiac death, 1995-2004. National Fire Protection Association Quincy, MA.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. doi:10.3758/BF03193146
  • Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Wang, L. (2004). Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1370–1376. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1370
  • Greenwood, J. L., Joy, E. A., & Stanford, J. B. (2010). The physical activity vital sign: A primary care tool to guide counseling for obesity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 7(5), 571–576. doi:10.1123/jpah.7.5.571
  • Hallgren, M., Nguyen, T.-T.-D., Owen, N., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Lundin, A., … Lagerros, Y. T. (2020). Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of passive and mentally active sedentary behaviours and physical activity with depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(2), 413–419. doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.60
  • Hallgren, M., Nguyen, T.-T.-D., Owen, N., Vancampfort, D., Smith, L., Dunstan, D. W., … Ekblom-Bak, E. (2020). Associations of interruptions to leisure-time sedentary behaviour with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0810-1
  • Hallgren, M., Nguyen, T.-T.-D., Owen, N., Vancampfort, D., Dunstan, D. W., Wallin, P., … Ekblom-Bak, E. (2020). Associations of sedentary behavior in leisure and occupational contexts with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Preventive Medicine, 133, 106021. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106021
  • Hoerster, K. D., Campbell, S., Dolan, M., Stappenbeck, C. A., Yard, S., Simpson, T., & Nelson, K. M. (2019). PTSD is associated with poor health behavior and greater Body Mass Index through depression, increasing cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk among US veterans. Preventive Medicine Reports, 15, 100930. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100930
  • Kales, S. N., Soteriades, E. S., Christophi, C. A., & Christiani, D. C. (2007). Emergency duties and deaths from heart disease among firefighters in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356(12), 1207–1215.
  • Kales, S. N., Tsismenakis, A. J., Zhang, C., & Soteriades, E. S. (2009). Blood pressure in firefighters, police officers, and other emergency responders. American Journal of Hypertension, 22(1), 11–20. doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.296
  • Kandola, A., del Pozo Cruz, B., Osborn, D., Stubbs, B., Choi, K., & Hayes, J. (2021). Impact of replacing sedentary behaviour with other movement behaviours on depression and anxiety symptoms: A prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank. BMC Medicine, 19(1), 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02007-3
  • Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S.-L., … Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959–976. doi:10.1017/S0033291702006074
  • Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., … Walters, E. E. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184–189. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
  • Kling, H., Santiago, K., Benitez, L., Schaefer Solle, N., & Caban-Martinez, A. J. (2020). Characterizing Objective and Self-Reported Levels of Physical Activity Among Florida Firefighters Across Weight Status Category: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Workplace Health & Safety, 68(11), 513–518.
  • Koenen, K., Ratanatharathorn, A., Ng, L., McLaughlin, K., Bromet, E., Stein, D., … Scott, K. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the world mental health surveys. Psychological Medicine, 47(13), 2260–2274. doi:10.1017/S0033291717000708
  • Lara-Cabrera, M. L., Mundal, I. P., & De Las Cuevas, C. (2020). Patient-reported well-being: Psychometric properties of the world health organization well-being index in specialised community mental health settings. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113268. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113268
  • LeardMann, C. A., Kelton, M. L., Smith, B., Littman, A. J., Boyko, E. J., Wells, T. S., … Team, M. C. S. (2011). Prospectively assessed posttraumatic stress disorder and associated physical activity. Public Health Reports, 126(3), 371–383. doi:10.1177/003335491112600311
  • Long, N., Readdy, T., & Raabe, J. (2014). What motivates firefighters to exercise? A mixed-methods investigation of self-determination theory constructs and exercise behavior. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 3(3), 203–218. doi:10.1037/spy0000012
  • Martin, Z. T., Schlaff, R. A., Hemenway, J. K., Coulter, J. R., Knous, J. L., Lowry, J. E., & Ode, J. J. (2019). Cardiovascular disease risk factors and physical fitness in volunteer firefighters. International Journal of Exercise Science, 12(2), 764.
  • McKeon, G., Steel, Z., Wells, R., Newby, J., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Vancampfort, D., & Rosenbaum, S. (2021). A mental health–informed physical activity intervention for first responders and their partners delivered using facebook: Mixed methods pilot study. JMIR Formative Research, 5(4), e23432. doi:10.2196/23432
  • McKeon, G., Wells, R., Steel, Z., Moseley, V., & Rosenbaum, S. (2021). Self-Reported physical and mental health of informal caregivers of emergency service workers. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(6), 507–518. doi:10.1080/15325024.2020.1845020
  • Morrison, K., Su, S., Keck, M., & Beidel, D. C. (2021). Psychometric properties of the PCL-5 in a sample of first responders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 77, 102339. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102339
  • Pebole, M. M., & Hall, K. S. (2019). Physical activity promotion in women with PTSD: What we need for progress. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 41, 127–129.
  • Radomski, S. A., & Read, J. P. (2016). Mechanistic role of emotion regulation in the PTSD and alcohol association. Traumatology, 22(2), 113–121. doi:10.1037/trm0000068
  • Rosenbaum, S., Morell, R., Abdel-Baki, A., Ahmadpanah, M., Anilkumar, T. V., Baie, L., … Brand, S. (2020). Assessing physical activity in people with mental illness: 23-country reliability and validity of the simple physical activity questionnaire (SIMPAQ). BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2473-0
  • Schuch, F. B., Stubbs, B., Meyer, J., Heissel, A., Zech, P., Vancampfort, D., … Ward, P. B. (2019). Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. Depression and Anxiety, 36(9), 846–858. doi:10.1002/da.22915
  • Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., Silva, E. S., … Deslandes, A. C. (2018). Physical activity and incident depression: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(7), 631–648. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194
  • Short, N. A., Raines, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Insomnia and emotion dysregulation: Independent and interactive associations with posttraumatic stress symptoms among trauma-exposed smokers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 165, 159–165. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.069
  • Sothmann, M. S., Buckworth, J., Claytor, R. P., Cox, R. H., White-Welkley, J. E., & Dishman, R. K. (1996). Exercise training and the cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 24(1), 267–287.
  • Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2016). A systematic review of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among police officers, firefighters, EMTs, and paramedics. Clinical Psychology Review, 44, 25–44. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002
  • Tonnaer, C. (2019). Legal status of (on-call) volunteer firefighters in Europe. Zoetermeer: Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid.
  • Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A systematic review of the literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(3), 167–176. doi:10.1159/000376585
  • Tremblay, M. S., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Saunders, T. J., Carson, V., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., … Chinapaw, M. J. (2017). Sedentary behavior research network (SBRN)–terminology consensus project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 1–17. doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8
  • van den Berk-Clark, C., Secrest, S., Walls, J., Hallberg, E., Lustman, P. J., Schneider, F. D., & Scherrer, J. F. (2018). Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and lack of exercise, poor diet, obesity, and co-occuring smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 37(5), 407–416. doi:10.1037/hea0000593
  • Vlaamse Vereniging van Steden en Gemeenten. (2022). Gids voor de opstart van een conditiebeleid binnen een hulpverleningszone. Brussels: Vlaamse Vereniging van Steden en Gemeenten.
  • Wagner, S. L., McFee, J. A., & Martin, C. A. (2010). Mental health implications of fire service membership. Traumatology, 16(2), 26–32. doi:10.1177/1534765610362803
  • Whitworth, J. W., & Ciccolo, J. T. (2016). Exercise and post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans: A systematic review. Military Medicine, 181(9), 953–960. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00488
  • Whitworth, J. W., Craft, L. L., Dunsiger, S. I., & Ciccolo, J. T. (2017). Direct and indirect effects of exercise on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A longitudinal study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 49, 56–62. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.012
  • Whitworth, J. W., SantaBarbara, N. J., Nosrat, S., LaBrec, J. E., Louie, M. E., & Ciccolo, J. T. (2017). Exercise behavior and gender-related differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.07.008
  • Winning, A., Gilsanz, P., Koenen, K. C., Roberts, A. L., Chen, Q., Sumner, J. A., … Kubzansky, L. D. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder and 20-year physical activity trends among women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(6), 753–760. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.040
  • Zegel, M., Lebeaut, A., Healy, N., Tran, J. K., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2022). Mental health correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder, probable alcohol use disorder, and their co-occurrence among firefighters. Behavior Modification, 46(2), 395–421. doi:10.1177/01454455211033517

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.