Assessing the role of depression in reducing intimate partner violence perpetration among young men living in urban informal settlements using a mediation analysis of the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention

References

• Corburn J, Sverdlik A. Informal settlements and human health. Integr Human Health Urban Transp Plann. 2019;155–8.
   Google Scholar
• UN Habitat. Slum almanac 2015–2016: tracking improvement in the lives of slum dwellers. Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme; 2016 [cited 2023 Feb 27]. Available from: https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-05/slum_almanac_2015-2016_psup.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cirolia LR, Görgens T, van D, Smit W, Drimie S. Upgrading informal settlements in South Africa: pursuing a partnership-based approach. Cape Town, South Africa: UCT Press; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Satterthwaite D, Sverdlik A, Brown D. Revealing and responding to multiple health risks in informal settlements in sub-saharan African cities. J Urban Health. 2019;96:112–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyekunle V, Tomita A, Gibbs A. High levels of poor mental health among young men in urban informal settlements in South Africa: a community-based study of social determinants. Psychol Health Med. 2022;1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs A, Jewkes R, Willan S, Washington L. Associations between poverty, mental health and substance use, gender power, and intimate partner violence amongst young (18-30) women and men in urban informal settlements in South Africa: a cross-sectional study and structural equation model. van Wouwe JP, editor. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0204956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voith LA, Lee H, Russell K. How trauma, depression, and gender roles lead to intimate partner violence perpetration among a sample of predominately low-income black, indigenous, men of color: a mixed methods study. J Interpers Viol. 2022;37:NP6487–6513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machisa M, Shamu S. Mental ill health and factors associated with men’s use of intimate partner violence in Zimbabwe. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu R, Nevado-Holgado AJ, Molero Y, D’onofrio BM, Larsson H, Howard LM, et al. Mental disorders and intimate partner violence perpetrated by men towards women: a Swedish population-based longitudinal study. PLOS Med. 2019;16:e1002995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulu E, Jewkes R, Roselli T, GarciaMoreno C. Prevalence of and factors associated with male perpetration of intimate partner violence: findings from the UN multicountry cross-sectional study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1:e187–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming PJ, McCleary-Sills J, Morton M, Levtov R, Heilman B, Barker G. Risk factors for men’s lifetime perpetration of physical violence against intimate partners: results from the international men and gender equality survey (IMAGES) in eight countries. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0118639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilchrist G, Radcliffe P, Noto AR, Flávia A. The prevalence and factors associated with ever perpetrating intimate partner violence by men receiving substance use treatment in Brazil and England: a cross-cultural comparison. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2017;36:34–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer C, Mallory AB, Cafferky BM, Kimmes JG, Beck AR, Stith SM. Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: a meta-analysis. Psychol Viol. 2019;9:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs A, Sikweyiya Y, Jewkes R. “Men value their dignity”: securing respect and identity construction in urban informal settlements in South Africa. Global Health Action. 2014;7:23676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Closson K, Hatcher A, Sikweyiya Y, Washington L, Mkhwanazi S, Jewkes R, et al. Gender role conflict and sexual health and relationship practices amongst young men living in urban informal settlements in South Africa. Cult Health Sex. 2020;22:31–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muluneh MD, Stulz V, Francis L, Agho K. Gender based violence against women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs A, Washington L, Abdelatif N, Chirwa E, Willan S, Shai N, et al. Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention to prevent intimate partner violence among young people: cluster randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc Health. 2020;66:323–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs A, Dunkle K, Ramsoomar L, Willan S, Shai J, Chatterji S, et al. New learnings on drivers of men’s physical and/or sexual violence against their female partners, and women’s experiences of this, and the implications for prevention interventions. Global Health Action. 2020;13:1739845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramjee G, Moonsamy S, Abbai NS, Wand H. Individual and population level impact of key HIV risk factors on HIV incidence rates in Durban, South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0153969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EThekwini Municipality. About EThekwini; 2018 [cited 2022 Jul 22]. Available from: https://www.durban.gov.za/pages/government/about-ethekwini
   Google Scholar
• The Housing Development Agency. South Africa: informal settlements Status; 2013 [cited 2022 Jul 22]. Available from: http://www.thehda.co.za/uploads/files/HDA_South_Africa_Report_lr.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs A, Washington L, Willan S, Ntini N, Khumalo T, Mbatha N, et al. The stepping stones and creating futures intervention to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV-risk behaviours in Durban, South Africa: study protocol for a cluster randomized control trial, and baseline characteristics. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulu E, Warner X, Miedema S, Jewkes R, Roselli T, Lang J. Why do some men use violence against women and how can we prevent it? Quantitative findings from the United Nations multi-country study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific; 2013 [cited 2022 Aug 14]. Available from: https://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/974/Why%20do%20some%20men%20use%20violence%20against%20women_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes R, Gibbs A, JamaShai N, Willan S, Misselhorn A, Mushinga M, et al. Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention: shortened interrupted time series evaluation of a behavioural and structural health promotion and violence prevention intervention for young people in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff LS. The CESD scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs A, Govender K, Jewkes R. An exploratory analysis of factors associated with depression in a vulnerable group of young people living in informal settlements in South Africa. Glob Public Health. 2018;13:788–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher AM, Stöckl H, McBride R, Khumalo M, Christofides N. Pathways from food insecurity to intimate partner violence perpetration among peri-urban men in South Africa. Am J Preventive Med. 2019;56:765–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitchler M, Ballard T, Swindale A, Coates J. Validation of a measure of household hunger for cross-cultural use. Washington (DC): food and nurtrition technical assistance II Project (FANTA-2), acedemy for educational development; 2010. p. 2009–2017.
   Google Scholar
• Machisa MT, Christofides N, Jewkes R. Structural pathways between child abuse, poor mental health outcomes and maleperpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV). PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0150986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J. Childhood trauma questionnaire. Assessment of family violence: a handbook for researchers and practitioners. 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente Jr, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction. 1993;88:791–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Fairchild AJ, Fritz MS. Mediation analysis. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:593–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Elf Service. The Mental Elf. Intimate partner violence perpetrated by men towards women; 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 29]. Available from: https://www.nationalelfservice.net/mental-health/substance-misuse/mental-disorders-and-intimate-partner-violence-perpetrated-by-men-towards-women/#:~:text=Mental%20disorders%20in%20men%20were
   Google Scholar
• Kavanagh S, Graham M. How gender inequity impacts on men’s health. An exploration of theoretical pathways. Int J Men Soc Comm Health. 2019;2:e11–21.
   Google Scholar
• Cabrera-Ayers C. The one woman project. talk toxic: a guide to toxic masculinity for boys and men; 2021 [cited 2022 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.onewomanproject.org/gender/talk-toxic-a-guide-to-toxic-masculinity-for-boys-and-men
   Google Scholar
• Glass L. Toxic men: 10 ways to identify, deal with, and heal from the men who make your life miserable. Avon (MA): Adams Media; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Oliffe JL, Phillips MJ. Men, depression and masculinities: a review and recommendations. J Men Health. 2008;5:194–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne S. Poverty and mental health. In: Gordon D, Pantazis C, editors. Breadline Britain in the 1990s. London: Routledge; 2018. p. 159–176.
   Google Scholar
• Allen J, Balfour R, Bell R, Marmot M. Social determinants of mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26:392–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farré L, Fasani F, Mueller H. Feeling useless: the effect of unemployment on mental health in the great recession. IZA J Lab Eco. 2018;7:1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs A, Dunkle K, Jewkes R. Emotional and economic intimate partner violence as key drivers of depression and suicidal ideation: a cross-sectional study among young women in informal settlements in South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0194885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magaard JL, Seeralan T, Schulz H, Brütt AL. Factors associated with help-seeking behaviour among individuals with major depression: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0176730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mkhwanazi S, Gibbs A. Risk factors for generalized anxiety disorder among young women and men in informal settlements in South Africa: a cross-sectional study. SSM-Mental Health. 2021;1:100010.
   Google Scholar