References
- Allen, William L, and Bastian A Vollmer. 2018. “Clean Skins: Making the e-Border Security Assemblage.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36 (1): 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775817722565.
- Amoore, Louise, and Marieke De Goede. 2005. “Governance, Risk and Dataveillance in the War on Terror.” Crime, Law and Social Change 43 (2–3): 149–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-005-1717-8.
- Andrijasevic, Rutvica, and William Walters. 2010. “The International Organization for Migration and the International Government of Borders.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 28 (6): 977–999. https://doi.org/10.1068/d1509.
- Angwin, J., J. Larson, S. Mattu, and L. Kirchner. 2016. ‘Machine Bias’. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.
- Aradau, Claudia, and Tobias Blanke. 2017. “Politics of Prediction.” European Journal of Social Theory 20 (3): 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431016667623.
- Aygül, Cenk. 2013. “Visa Regimes as Power.” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 38 (4): 321–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0304375413519192.
- Bandy, Jack. 2021. “Problematic Machine Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review of Algorithm Audits.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 (CSCW1): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2102.04256.
- Benjamin, R. 2020. Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Reprinted. Polity.
- Berlant, Lauren. 2016. “The Commons: Infrastructures for Troubling Times*.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 34 (3): 393–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775816645989.
- Bivins, Roberta E. 2015. Contagious Communities: Medicine, Migration, and the NHS in Post-War Britain. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Broeders, Dennis. 2007. “The New Digital Borders of Europe.” International Sociology 22 (1): 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580907070126.
- Broussard, M. 2019. Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World. The MIT Press.
- Buolamwini, J., and T. Gebru. 2018. “Gender Shades.” Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency 81 (1): 1–15. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a/buolamwini18a.pdf.
- Campbell, Denis. 2018. ‘NHS Will No Longer Have to Share Immigrants’ Data with Home Office’. The Guardian, 9 May 2018, sec. Society. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/may/09/government-to-stop-forcing-nhs-to-share-patients-data-with-home-office.
- Chouliaraki, Lilie, and Myria Georgiou. 2022. The Digital Border: Migration, Technology, Power. Critical Cultural Communication. New York: New York University Press.
- Comptroller and Auditor General. 2020. Digital Services at the Border. National Audit Office. https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Digital-Services-at-the-Border.pdf
- De Genova, Nicholas. 2013. “Spectacles of Migrant ‘Illegality’: The Scene of Exclusion, the Obscene of inclusion.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (7): 1180–1198. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.783710.
- D’Ignazio, C., and L. F. Klein. 2020. Data Feminism. The MIT Press.
- Dijstelbloem, Huub. 2021. “Borders as Infrastructure: The Technopolitics of Border Control.” In Infrastructures Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
- El-Enany, Nadine. 2020. (B)Ordering Britain: Law, Race and Empire. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Foxglove, JCWI, and Liberty. 2021. ‘Briefing: Resisting the Digital Hostile Environment’. https://www.jcwi.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=482918e1-74e8-4f9d-abef-6b884f84c01a.
- Gentleman, Amelia. 2019. The Windrush Betrayal: Exposing the Hostile Environment. London: Guardian Faber.
- Glouftsios, Georgios. 2019. “Designing Digital Borders The Visa Information System (VIS.” In Technology and Agency in International Relations, edited by M. Hoijtink, and M. Leese, 164–188. Routledge.
- Griffiths, Melanie, and Colin Yeo. 2021. “The UK’s Hostile Environment: Deputising Immigration Control.” Critical Social Policy 41 (4): 521–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018320980653.
- Grondin, David. 2020. “Biometric Algorithms as Border Infrastructures.” Public 30 (60): 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1386/public_00006_7.
- Hill, Amelia. 2017. ‘“Hostile Environment”: The Hardline Home Office Policy Tearing Families Apart’. The Guardian, 28 November 2017, sec. UK news. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/28/hostile-environment-the-hardline-home-office-policy-tearing-families-apart.
- Home Office. 2022. ‘Proc680 – Atlas Caseworking – DOD and Interfaces’. ContractFinder. 12 May 2022. https://bidstats.uk/tenders/2022/W19/774570070.
- Home Office Enterprise Services. 2021. ‘The Use of C - a Freedom of Information Request to Home Office’, 24 November 2021. https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/the_use_of_c#incoming-1940001.
- JCWI. 2020. ‘We Won! Home Office to Stop Using Racist Visa Algorithm’. https://www.jcwi.org.uk/news/we-won-home-office-to-stop-using-racist-visa-algorithm.
- Johnson, Corey, Reece Jones, Anssi Paasi, Louise Amoore, Alison Mountz, Mark Salter, and Chris Rumford. 2011. “Interventions on Rethinking ‘the Border’ in Border Studies.” Political Geography 30 (2): 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.01.002.
- Jones, Hannah, Yasmin Gunaratnam, Gargi Bhattacharyya, William Davies, Sukhwant Dhaliwal, Kirsten Forkert, Emma Jackson, and Roiyah Saltus. 2017. Go Home?: The Politics of Immigration Controversies.
- Kolossov, Vladimir, and James Scott. 2013. ‘Selected Conceptual Issues in Border Studies’. https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.10532
- Larkin, Brian. 2013. “The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure.” Annual Review of Anthropology 42 (1): 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155522.
- Lum, Kristian, and William Isaac. 2016. “To Predict and Serve?” Significance 13 (5): 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00960.x.
- Maguire, Mark. 2012. “Biopower, Racialization and New Security Technology.” Social Identities 18 (5): 593–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2012.692896.
- Manji, A., P. Asquith, H. Bailey, D. Hope-Jones, and N. Westcott. 2019. Visa Problems for African Visitors to the UK. A Joint All-Party Parliamentary Group Report by the APPG for Africa, the APPG for Diaspora’. Development & Migration and the APPG for Malaw, July. https://royalafricansociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/APPG-Report-on-Visa-problems-for-African-visitors-to-the-UK_v1.58web.pdf.
- Moffette, David, and William Walters. 2018. “Flickering Presence: Theorizing Race and Racism in the Governmentality of Borders and Migration.” Studies in Social Justice 12 (1): 92–110. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v12i1.1630.
- Morozov, Evgeny. 2014. To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism. Paperback 1. publ. New York, NY: PublicAffairs.
- Neal, D. 2021. ‘An Inspection of Asylum Casework’. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6194e64f8fa8f50380e90241/An_inspection_of_asylum_casework_August_2020_to_May_2021.pdf.
- Neal, David. 2023. ‘An Inspection of the Home Office’s Operations to Effect the Removal of Foreign National Offenders’. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1166304/An_inspection_of_the_Home_Office_s_operations_to_effect_the_removal_of_Foreign_National_Offenders_Oct_2022_to_Feb_2023.pdf.
- O’Neil, C. 2016. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Allen Lane.
- Ozkul, Derya. 2023. Automating Immigration and Asylum. Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford University.
- Parmar, Alpa. 2019. “Policing Migration and Racial Technologies.” The British Journal of Criminology 59 (4): 938–957. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz006.
- Parmar, Alpa. 2020. “Arresting (Non)Citizenship: The Policing Migration Nexus of Nationality, Race and Criminalization.” Theoretical Criminology 24 (1): 28–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480619850800.
- Public Accounts Committee. 2018. ‘Windrush Generation and the Home Office’. December 17. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmpubacc/1518/1518.pdf.
- Star, Susan Leigh. 1999. “The Ethnography of Infrastructure.” American Behavioral Scientist 43 (3): 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027649921955326.
- Torpey, John. 1999. The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press.
- Valdivia, Ana, Claudia Aradau, Tobias Blanke, and Sarah Perret. 2022. Neither Opaque nor Transparent: A Transdisciplinary Methodology to Investigate Datafication at the EU Borders’. July 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221124586
- Valdivia, Ana, and Martina Tazzioli. 2023. “Datafication Genealogies Beyond Algorithmic Fairness: Making Up Racialised Subjects.” In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, FAccT ‘23, 840–850. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594047
- Wemyss, G. 2018. “Compliant Environment”: Turning Ordinary People Into Border Guards Should Concern Everyone in the UK’. The Conversation, November. https://theconversation.com/compliant-environment-turning-ordinary-people-into-border-guards-should-concern-everyone-in-the-uk-107066.
- Williams, Wendy. 2020. ‘Windrush Lessons Learned Review’. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5e74984fd3bf7f4684279faa/6.5577_HO_Windrush_Lessons_Learned_Review_WEB_v2.pdf.
- Yuval-Davis, Nira, Georgie Wemyss, and Kathryn Cassidy. 2018. “Everyday Bordering, Belonging and the Reorientation of British Immigration Legislation.” Sociology 52 (2): 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038517702599.