What can AI see? The image of the ‘migrant’ in the era of AI post-visualization

References

• Beduschi, Ana. 2020. “International Migration Management in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.” Migration Studies 9 (3): 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bircan, Tuba, and Emre Eren Korkmaz. 2021. “Big Data for Whose Sake? Governing Migration Through Artificial Intelligence.” Humanities & Social Sciences Communications 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00910-x.
   Google Scholar
• Bleiker, Roland. 2009. Aesthetics and World Politics. 1st ed. Vol. Book, Whole. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Bleiker, Roland. 2018. Visual Global Politics. 1st ed. Vol. Book, Whole. London: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Bleiker, Roland, David Campbell, Emma Hutchison, and Xzarina Nicholson. 2013. “The Visual Dehumanisation of Refugees.” Australian Journal of Political Science 48 (4): 398–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2013.840769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottici, Chiara. 2011. “Imaginal Politics.” Thesis Eleven 106 (1): 56–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513611407446.
   Google Scholar
• Bottici, Chiara. 2014. Imaginal Politics: Images Beyond Imagination and the Imaginary. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christian, Brian. 2020. The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values. New York: WW Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• De Genova, Nicholas P. 2002. “Migrant “Illegality” and Deportability in Everyday Life.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (1): 419–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, Ren Bin Lee. 2023. “A Principled Governance for Emerging AI Regimes: Lessons from China, the European Union, and the United States.” AI and Ethics 3 (3): 793–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00205-0.
   Google Scholar
• Gover, Angela R, Shannon B Harper, and Lynn Langton. 2020. “Anti-Asian Hate Crime During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Reproduction of Inequality.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 45: 647–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09545-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillén, Andrea, and Emma Teodoro. 2023. “Embedding Ethical Principles Into AI Predictive Tools for Migration Management in Humanitarian Action.” Social Sciences 12 (2): 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020053.
   Google Scholar
• Hensell, Stephan. 2022. “Getting Cozy, or How the European Commission Produces Legitimacy in the EU.” International Studies Perspectives 23 (2): 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekab011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, Alexandra. 2013. On Looking: Eleven Walks with Expert Eyes. New York: Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Inda, Jonathan Xavier. 2008. Targeting Immigrants: Government, Technology, and Ethics. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Krzyżanowski, Michał. 2020. “Discursive Shifts and the Normalisation of Racism: Imaginaries of Immigration, Moral Panics and the Discourse of Contemporary Right-Wing Populism.” Social Semiotics 30 (4): 503–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2020.1766199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Kai-Fu, and Chen Qiufan. 2021. AI 2041: Ten Visions for our Future. Sydney: Currency.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, David M, and Sandra J Peart. 2004. “Statistical Prejudice: From Eugenics to Immigrants.” European Journal of Political Economy 20 (1): 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.01.003.
   Google Scholar
• Macklin, Audrey. 2004. “Disappearing Refugees: Reflections on the Canada-US Safe Third Country Agreement.” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 36: 365.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzocchi, Fulvio. 2015. “Could Big Data be the End of Theory in Science? A Few Remarks on the Epistemology of Data-Driven Science.” EMBO Reports 16 (10): 1250–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miceli, Milagros, and Julian Posada. 2021. “Wisdom for the crowd: discoursive power in annotation instructions for computer vision.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.10990.
   Google Scholar
• Miceli, Milagros, Julian Posada, and Tianling Yang. 2022. “Studying Up Machine Learning Data: Why Talk About Bias When We Mean Power?” Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact 6 (GROUP): Article 34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3492853.
   Google Scholar
• Michalowski, Jennifer. 2023. When Computer Vision Works More like a Brain, it Sees More like People Do. In MIT News: MIT.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, W. J. T. 2018. “Pictorial Turn.” In Visual Global Politics. 1st ed, edited by Roland Bleiker, 230–232. London: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Molnar, Petra. 2019. “Technology on the Margins: AI and Global Migration Management from a Human Rights Perspective.” Cambridge International Law Journal 8 (2): 305–330. https://doi.org/10.4337/cilj.2019.02.07.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar, Petra, and Lex Gill. 2018. Bots at the Gate: A Human Rights Analysis of Automated Decision-Making in Canada’s Immigration and Refugee System.
   Google Scholar
• Morris-Reich, Amos. 2016. Race and Photography: Racial Photography as Scientific Evidence, 1876-1980. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nalbandian, Lucia. 2022. “An Eye for an ‘I:’ A Critical Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Tools in Migration and Asylum Management.” Comparative Migration Studies 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-022-00305-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NPR. 2022. “This American Life. My Lying Eyes.” In How the Other Side Leaves. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/770/my-lying-eyes/act-two-11.
   Google Scholar
• Oltermann, Philip. 2017. “German Court Rules Against Syrian Refugee in Facebook Case.” The Guardian, 7 March 2017, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/07/anas-modamani-syrian-refugee-facebook.
   Google Scholar
• Ott, Stephanie. 2017. “How a Selfie with Merkel Changed Syrian Refugee’s Life.” ALJAZEERA, 21 February 2017. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/2/21/how-a-selfie-with-merkel-changed-syrian-refugees-life.
   Google Scholar
• Rancière, Jacques. 2013a. Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics. Vol. Book, Whole. London, New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Rancière, Jacques. 2013b. The Politics of Aesthetics. Rev. ed. Vol. Book, Whole. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Rassin, Royi, Shauli Ravfogel, and Yoav Goldberg. 2022. “DALLE-2 is Seeing Double: Flaws in Word-to-Concept Mapping in Text2Image models.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.10606.
   Google Scholar
• Reinhardt, Mark, Holly Edwards, and Erina Dugganne. 2007. Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain. Vol. Book, Whole. Williamstown, MA; Chicago: Williams College Museum of Art.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, Huw, Josh Cowls, Emmie Hine, Jessica Morley, Vincent Wang, Mariarosaria Taddeo, and Luciano Floridi. 2023. “Governing Artificial Intelligence in China and the European Union: Comparing Aims and Promoting Ethical Outcomes.” The Information Society 39 (2): 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2022.2124565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Monedero, Javier, and Lina Dencik. 2022. “The Politics of Deceptive Borders: ‘Biomarkers of deceit’and the Case of iBorderCtrl.” Information, Communication & Society 25 (3): 413–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1792530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz, Edward, and Rachel Silvey. Forthcoming. Seeing China’s BRI.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan, Matt. 2023. “China’s AI Regulations and How they Get Made.”
   Google Scholar
• Skees, Murray. 2022. “A New Traditional Theory: Fetishizing Big Data Analytics.” Constellations 29 (2): 146–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturken, Marita, and Lisa Cartwright. 2009. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture. Vol. Book, Whole. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Theobald, Oliver. 2017. Machine Learning for Absolute Beginners: A Plain English Introduction. Vol. 157. London, UK: Scatterplot press.
   Google Scholar
• Trafton, Anne. 2018. Testing the Limits of Artificial Visual Recognition Systems. Cambridge, MA: McGovern Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Sherry C, and Bianca Marie C Santos. 2022. “‘Go Back to China with Your (Expletive) Virus’: A Revelatory Case Study of Anti-Asian Racism During COVID-19.” Asian American Journal of Psychology 13 (3): 220–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Michael C. 2018. “International Relations in the Age of the Image.” International Studies Quarterly 62 (4): 880–891. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqy030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Joyce P, Emily R Nhan, and Elizabeth L Tung. 2022. “COVID-19 Anti-Asian Racism and Race-Based Stress: A Phenomenological Qualitative Media Analysis.” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 14 (8): 1374. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Kaiyu, Klint Qinami, Li Fei-Fei, Jia Deng, and Olga Russakovsky. 2020. “Towards Fairer Datasets: Filtering and Balancing the Distribution of the People Subtree in the ImageNet Hierarchy.” Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Barcelona, Spain., https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3375709.
   Google Scholar