Publication Cover
Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict
Pathways toward terrorism and genocide
Volume 16, 2023 - Issue 3
97
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Should activism be treated as an indicator of attitudes towards political violence?

ORCID Icon

References

  • AndersonC. A. and BushmanB. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review Of Psychology, 53(1), 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
  • Apter, D. (1997). The legitimization of violence. NYU Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25258-9
  • Bosi, L., & Malthaner, S. (2015). Political violence. The Oxford Handbook Of Social Movements, 440–451. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199678402.013.50
  • BrubakerR. and LaitinD. D. (1998). Ethnic and nationalist violence. Annual Review Of Sociology, 24, 423–52. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.423
  • ChenF. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
  • Crowell, N. A., & Burgess, A. W. (1996). Understanding violence against women. National Academy Press.
  • De Coensel, S. (2018). Processual models of radicalization into terrorism: A best fit framework synthesis. JD. Journal for Deradicalization, 17, 89–127. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8587457/file/8587458
  • Diamantopoulos, A., Sarstedt, M., Fuchs, C., Wilczynski, P., & Kaiser, S. (2012). Guidelines for choosing between multi-item and single-item scales for construct measurement: A predictive validity perspective. J Acad Mark Sci, 40(3), 434–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0300-3
  • Driscoll, H., Campbell, A., & Muncer, S. (2005). Confirming the structure of a ten-item Expagg scale using confirmatory factor analysis. Curr Res Soc Psychol, 10(15), 222–234. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237364988_Confirming_the_structure_of_a_ten-item_Expagg_scale_using_confirmatory_factor_analysis
  • EmmelkampJ.; AsscherJ. J.; WissinkI. B. and StamsG. J. J. (2020). Risk factors for (violent) radicalization in juveniles: A multilevel meta-analysis. Aggression And Violent Behavior, 55, 101489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101489
  • Grover, T., & Mark, G. (2019, July). Detecting potential warning behaviors of ideological radicalization in an alt-right subreddit. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (Vol. 13, pp. 193–204). https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3221
  • Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano, J., Lagos, M., Norris, P., Ponarin, E., & Puranen, B. (2022). World values Survey: Round Seven - country-pooled Datafile Version 4.0. JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.14281/18241.18
  • HafezM. and MullinsC. (2015). The radicalization puzzle: A theoretical synthesis of empirical approaches to homegrown extremism. Studies In Conflict & Terrorism, 38(11), 958–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1051375
  • Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., Rosseel, Y., Miller, P., Quick, C., & Garnier-Villarreal, M. (2018). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R Package Version 0.5.4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools
  • Khalil, J., Horgan, J., & Zeuthen, M. (2022). The attitudes-behaviors corrective (ABC) model of violent extremism. Terror Political Violence, 34(3), 425–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1699793
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • MalthanerS. and WaldmannP. (2014). The radical milieu: Conceptualizing the supportive social environment of terrorist groups. Studies In Conflict & Terrorism, 37(12), 979–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.962441
  • McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terror Political Violence, 20(3), 415–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367
  • McCauleyC. and MoskalenkoS. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000062
  • McGregorI.; HayesJ. and PrenticeM. (2015). Motivation for aggressive religious radicalization: Goal regulation theory and a personality× threat× affordance hypothesis. Frontiers In Psychology, 6, 1325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01325
  • MillsapR. E. and Yun-TeinJ. (2004). Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(3), 479–515. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3903_4
  • MoghaddamF. M. (2005). The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration. American Psychologist, 60(2), 161–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.161
  • Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2009). Measuring political mobilization: The distinction between activism and radicalism. Terror Political Violence, 21(2), 239–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550902765508
  • Parcero, O. J., & Papyrakis, E. (2016). Income inequality and the oil resource curse. Resour Energy Econ, 45, 159–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2016.06.001
  • PascalM. (2022). The role of the civil society in the Catalan political process (2012–2021). American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221078761
  • Pavlović, T., Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2021). Bifactor analyses provide uncorrelated measures of activism intentions and radicalism intentions. Dyn Asymmetric Confl, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1980220
  • Pavlović, T., Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2022). Two classes of political activists: Evidence from surveys of US college students and US prisoners. Behav Sci Terror Political Aggress, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2022.2064894
  • Pettinger, T. (2017). De-radicalization and counter-radicalization: Valuable tools combating violent extremism, or harmful methods of subjugation? J Deradicalization, 12, 1–59. https://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/view/109/91
  • Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Dev Rev, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004
  • R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal Of Personality Assessment, 98(3), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249
  • RosseelY. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal Of Statistical Software, 48, 1–36. https://www.jstatsoft.org/v48/i02/
  • Schmid, A. P. (2013). Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature. ICCT Research Paper. https://www.icct.nl/app/uploads/download/file/ICCT-Schmid-Radicalisation-De-Radicalisation-Counter-Radicalisation-March-2013.pdf
  • Ver Steegh, N. (2004). Differentiating types of domestic violence: Implications for child custody. Louisiana Law Review, 65, 1379–1431. https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6104&context=lalrev
  • Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4
  • Wolfowicz, M., Litmanovitz, Y., Weisburd, D., & Hasisi, B. (2021). Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors. Campbell Syst Rev, 17(3), e1174. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1174
  • YzerbytV.; CastanoE.; LeyensJ. P. and PaladinoM. P. (2000). The primacy of the ingroup: The interplay of entitativity and identification. European Review Of Social Psychology, 11(1), 257–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792772043000059

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.