The unexplored role of surfers in drowning prevention: Aotearoa, New Zealand as a case study

References

• Attard, A., Brander, R. W., & Shaw, W. S. (2015). Rescues conducted by surfers on Australian beaches. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 82, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcala-Furelos, R., Graham, D., Abelairas-Gómez, C., & Rodríguez-Núñez, A. (2021). Lay-rescuers in drowning incidents: A scoping review. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 44, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, I., Haveman, B., Markovic, O., van de Schoot, D., Dikken, J., Goettinger, M., & Peden, A. E. (2021). Characteristics of surfers as bystander rescuers in Europe. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 49, 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.06.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branche, C. M., & Stewart, S. (2001). Lifeguard effectiveness: A report of the working group. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
   Google Scholar
• Brander, R. W., Warton, N., Franklin, R. C., Shaw, W. S., Rijksen, E. J. T., & Daw, S. (2019). Characteristics of aquatic rescues undertaken by bystanders in Australia. PLoS ONE, 14(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster, B. C., Gould, R. E., & Brander, R. W. (2019). Estimations of rip current rescues and drowning in the United States. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 19(2), 389–397. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-389-2019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coasts – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. (2005). https://teara.govt.nz/en/natural-environment/page-2
   Google Scholar
• De Oliveira, J., Lorenzo-Martínez, M., Barcala-Furelos, R., Queiroga, A. C., & Alonso-Calvete, A. (2023). Surfers as aquatics rescuers in Portugal and Spain: Characteristics of rescues and resuscitation knowledge. Heliyon, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutskens, E., Ruyter, K., Wetzels, M., & Oosterveld, P. (2004). Response rate and response quality of internet-based surveys: An experimental study. Marketing Letters, 15(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MARK.0000021968.86465.00
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, R. C., Peden, A. E., Brander, R. W., & Leggat, P. A. (2019). Who rescues who? Understanding aquatic rescues in Australia using coronial data and a survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Health, 477–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, R. C., Peden, A. E., Hamilton, E. B., Bisignano, C., Castle, C. D., Dingels, Z. V., Hay, S. I., Liu, Z., Mokdad, A. H., Roberts, N. L. S., Sylte, D. O., Vos, T., Abady, G. G., Abosetugn, A. E., Ahmed, R., Alahdab, F., Andrei, C. L., Antonio, C. A., Arabloo, J., … James, S. L. (2020). The burden of unintentional drowning: Global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the global burden of disease 2017 study. Injury Prevention. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillard, J. C., & Mercer, J. (2013). From knowledge to action bridging gaps in disaster risk reduction. Progress in Human Geography, 37(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512446717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeritz, A. S. (2004). The impact of material incentives on response quantity, response quality, sample composition, survey outcome, and cost in online access panels. International Journal of Market Research, 46(3), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530404600307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groce-Niehoff, S. (2002). The effect of a lottery incentive on response rate for an online survey. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num = osu1391675230
   Google Scholar
• Heijmans, A. (2009). The social life of community-based disaster risk reduction: Origins, politics and framing. Aon Benfield University College London Hazard Research Centre. Disaster studies working paper 20.
   Google Scholar
• Işın, A., Turgut, A., & Peden, A. E. (2021). Descriptive epidemiology of rescue-related fatal drowning in Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koon, W., Peden, A., Lawes, J. C., & Brander, R. W. (2021, February 2). Coastal drowning: A scoping review of burden, risk factors, and prevention strategies. PLoS ONE, 16(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawes, J. C., Rijksen, E. J. T., Brander, R. W., Franklin, R. C., & Daw, S. (2020, September 9). Dying to help: Fatal bystander rescues in Australian coastal environments. PLoS ONE, 15(9), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, G., & Mcgregor, J. (2016). Top-down assessment of disaster resilience: A conceptual framework using coping and adaptive capacities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskrey, A. (2011). Revisiting community-based disaster risk management. Environmental Hazards, 10(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2011.0005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Transport. (2020). Social cost of road crashes and injuries 2020 update. Accessible at: www.transport.govt.nz
   Google Scholar
• Moran, K. (2010). Risk of drowning: The “iceberg phenomenon” Re-visited. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.04.02.03
   Google Scholar
• Moran, K. (2014). Will they sink or swim? New Zealand youth water safety knowledge and skills. IJARE. https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.02.02.04
   Google Scholar
• Pearn, J. H., & Franklin, R. C. (2018). The impulse to rescue “: rescue altruism and the challenge of saving the rescuer. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 6(4), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.06.04.07
   Google Scholar
• Peden, A., Franklin, R. C., & Leggat, P. A. (2018). Preventing river drowning deaths: Lessons from coronial recommendations. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 29(2), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, C. (2020). Wai puna: An indigenous model of Māori water safety and health Māori in Aotearoa, New Zealand. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.25035/IJARE.12.03.07
   Google Scholar
• Pitman, S. J., Thompson, K., Hart, D. E., Moran, K., Gallop, S. L., Brander, R. W., & Wooler, A. (2021). Beachgoers’ ability to identify rip currents at a beach in situ. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 21(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-115-2021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, A. D., & Hogan, C. L. (1994). Rip currents and beach hazards: Their impact on public safety and implications for coastal management. Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue NO, 12, Coastal Hazards. 197–209. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25735599
   Google Scholar
• Singer, E., & Ye, C. (2013). The Use and effects of incentives in surveys. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 645(1), 112–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716212458082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sport Research Group. (2005). National surfing survey conducted on behalf of surfing New Zealand. www.surf.co.nz
   Google Scholar
• Surfing New South Wales. (2022). About – surfers Rescue. https://www.surfersrescue247.com/about
   Google Scholar
• Surfing New Zealand. (2022). Surfing New Zealand. https://surfingnz.co.nz/
   Google Scholar
• Surf Life Saving New Zealand. (2021). National beach and coastal safety report.
   Google Scholar
• Szpilmana, D., Webberb, J., Quanc, L., Bierensd, J., Morizot-Leitee, L., Langendorferf, S. J., Beermanh, S., & Løfgren, B. (2014). Creating a drowning chain of survival. Resuscitation, 85(9), 1149–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.05.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipton, M., & Montgomery, H. (2022). The experience of drowning. The Medico-Legal Journal, 90(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/00258172211053127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uebelhoer, L., Koon, W., Harley, M. D., Lawes, J. C., & Brander, R. W. (2021). Characteristics and beach safety knowledge of beachgoers on unpatrolled surf beaches in Australia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22(3), 909–926. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-909-2022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly. (2021). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 28 April 2021 75/273. Global drowning prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Van Niekerk, D., Nemakonde, L., Kruger, L., & Forbes-Genade, K. (2017). Community-based disaster risk management. In H. Rodríguez, W. Donner, & J. Trainor (Eds.), Handbook of disaster research (pp. 411–429). Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Venema, A. M., Groothoff, J. W., & Bierens, J. J. L. M. (2010). The role of bystanders during rescue and resuscitation of drowning victims. Resuscitation, 81(4), 434–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigginton, J., Pepe, P., Mann, D., Persse, D., & Sirbaugh, P. (2006). The critical role of lay persons and their actions in drowning incidents. In J. J. L. M. Bierens (Ed.), Handbook on drowning; prevention, rescue, treatment (pp. 323–327). Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Willcox-Pidgeon, S., Kool, B., & Moran, K. (2018). Perceptions of the risk of drowning at surf beaches among New Zealand Youth. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 25(4), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2018.1431939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2014). Global report on drowning: preventing a leading killer. World Health Organisation, pp. 59. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-report-on-drowning-preventing-a-leading-killer
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2017). Preventing drowning: an implementation guide. pp. 116. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241511933
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021). Drowning. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drowning
   Google Scholar