Exploring mental health stigma among Indonesian healthcare students towards individuals with mental illnesses: a qualitative study

References

• Al-Adawi, S. (2017). Mental health services in Oman: The need for more cultural relevance. Oman Medical Journal, 32(2), 83–11. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2017.17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alahmed, S., Anjum, I., & Masuadi, E. (2018). Perceptions of mental illness etiology and treatment in Saudi Arabian healthcare students: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Medicine, 6, 2050312118788095. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118788095
   Google Scholar
• Al-Alawi, M., Al-Sinawi, H., Al-Adawi, S., Jeyaseelan, L., & Murthi, S. (2017). Public perception of mental illness in Oman: A cross sectional study. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 10(4), 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2017.1325916
   Google Scholar
• Al Omari, O., Khalaf, A., Al Sabei, S., Wynaden, D., Ballad, C. A., Al Dameery, K., & Al Qadire, M. (2022). Associated factors of stigma toward people with mental illness among university and school students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(4), 1736–1743. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaechi, I. A., Nwani, P. O., & Akadieze, A. O. (2023). Stigmatizing attitude towards mental illness, disabilities, emotional and behavioural disorders, among healthcare students in a Tropical University college of health sciences. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 12(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_730_22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anagnostopoulos, F., & Hantzi, A. (2011). Familiarity with and social distance from people with mental illness: Testing the mediating effects of prejudiced attitudes. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 21(5), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.1082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., Nock, M. K., & Kessler, R. C. (2018). Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buechter, R., Pieper, D., Ueffing, E., & Zschorlich, B. (2013). Interventions to reduce experiences of stigma and discrimination of people with mental illness and their caregivers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd010400
   Google Scholar
• Campo-Arias, A., & Herazo, E. (2015). The stigma-discrimination complex associated with mental disorder as a risk factor for suicide. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria, 44(4), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2015.04.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campos, L., Dias, P., Duarte, A., Veiga, E., Dias, C. C., & Palha, F. (2018). Is it possible to “find space for mental health” in young people? Effectiveness of a school-based mental health literacy promotion program. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiovitti, R. F., & Piran, N. (2003). Rigour and grounded theory research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44(4), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0309-2402.2003.02822.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley, C. S., Durlak, J. A., & Dickson, D. A. (2013). An evaluative review of outcome research on universal mental health promotion and prevention programs for higher education students. Journal of American College Health, 61(5), 286–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.802237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connaughton, J., & Gibson, W. (2016). Physiotherapy students’ attitudes toward psychiatry and mental health: A cross-sectional study. Physiotherapy Canada, 68(2), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.2015-18E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W. (2014). The stigma of disease and disability: Understanding causes and overcoming injustices. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Sokol, K. A., & Rüsch, N. (2013). The impact of self-stigma and mutual help programs on the quality of life of people with serious mental illnesses. Community Mental Health Journal, 49(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-011-9445-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, N. D., & Chavda, P. D. (2018). Attitudes of undergraduate medical students toward mental illnesses and psychiatry. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_87_17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farina, A. (1998). Stigma. In K. T. Mueser & N. Tarrier (Eds.), Handbook of social functioning in schizophrenia (pp. 247–279). Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Funkhouser, C., Zakriski, A., & Spoltore, J. D. (2017). Evaluating peer-peer depression outreach: College students helping peers approach and respond to students in crisis. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 22(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn22.1.19
   Google Scholar
• Gallego, J., Cangas, A. J., Aguilar, J. M., Trigueros, R., Navarro, N., Galván, B., Smyshnov, K., & Gregg, M. (2020). Education students’ stigma toward mental health problems: A cross-cultural comparison. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 587321. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.587321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadera, E., Salelew, E., Girma, E., Dehning, S., Adorjan, K., & Tesfaye, M. (2019). Magnitude and associated factors of perceived stigma among adults with mental illness in Ethiopia. Psychiatry Journal, 2019, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8427561
   Google Scholar
• Halsall, T., Garinger, C., Dixon, K., & Forneris, T. (2019). Evaluation of a social media strategy to promote mental health literacy and help‐ seeking in youth. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 23(1), 13–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2019.1571301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, L. M., Morgan, A. J., Rossetto, A., Kelly, C. M., Mackinnon, A., & Jorm, A. F. (2018). Helping adolescents to better support their peers with a mental health problem: A cluster-randomised crossover trial of teen mental health first aid. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(7), 638–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417753552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, C., Noblett, J., Parke, H., Clement, S., Caffrey, A., Gale-Grant, O., Schulze, B., Druss, B., & Thornicroft, G. (2014). Mental health-related stigma in health care and mental health-care settings. The Lancet: Psychiatry, 1(6), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00023-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao, C., Lu, H., & Tsai, Y. (2015). Factors influencing mental health nurses’ attitudes towards people with mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 24(3), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, D., Yang, L. H., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2019). Understanding the public’s profile of mental health literacy in China: A nationwide study. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1980-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadhav, S., Littlewood, R., Ryder, A., Chakraborty, A., Jain, S., & Barua, M. (2007). Stigmatization of severe mental illness in India: Against the simple industrialization hypothesis. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(3), 189–194. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.37320
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaushik, A., Kostaki, E., & Kyriakopoulos, M. (2016). The stigma of mental illness in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 243, 469–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaak, S., Mantler, E., & Szeto, A. (2017). Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare: Barriers to access and care and evidence-based solutions. Healthcare Management Forum, 30(2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470416679413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kutcher, S., Bagnell, A., & Wei, Y. (2015). Mental health literacy in secondary schools: A Canadian approach. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(2), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2014.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lally, J., ó Conghaile, A., Quigley, S., Bainbridge, E., & McDonald, C. (2013). Stigma of mental illness and help-seeking intention in university students. The Psychiatrist, 37(8), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.112.041483
   Google Scholar
• Lam, A. Y., Jorm, A. F., & Wong, D. F. (2010). Mental health first aid training for the Chinese community in Melbourne, Australia: Effects on knowledge about and attitudes toward people with mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 4(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-4-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Stuart, H. (2017). On revisiting some origins of the stigma concept as it applies to mental illnesses, the stigma of mental illness‐end of the story?. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, N., & Johnston, V. A. (2007). Time for Action: Tackling Stigma and Discrimination. Mental Health Commission of Canada: Available from https://multiculturalmentalhealth.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Stigma_TimeforAction_MHCommission.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Merhej, R. (2019). Stigma on mental illness in the Arab world: Beyond the socio‐cultural barriers. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 12(4), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-03-2019-0025
   Google Scholar
• Mohammadzadeh, M., Awang, H., & Mirzaei, F. (2020). Mental health stigma among middle eastern adolescents: A protocol for a systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 27(6), 829–837. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, E., Chen, T. F., & O’Reilly, C. L. (2012). Evaluating the impact of direct and indirect contact on the mental health stigma of pharmacy students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(7), 1087–1098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0413-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oexle, N., & Corrigan, P. W. (2018). Understanding mental illness stigma toward persons with multiple stigmatized conditions: Implications of intersectionality theory. Psychiatric Services, 69(5), 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picco, L., Chang, S., Abdin, E., Chua, B. Y., Yuan, Q., Vaingankar, J. A., Ong, S., Yow, K. L., Chua, H. C., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2019). Associative stigma among mental health professionals in Singapore: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 9(7), e028179. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poreddi, V., Thimmaiah, R., & BadaMath, S. (2017). Medical and nursing students’ attitudes toward mental illness: An Indian perspective. Investigación Y Educación En Enfermería, 35(1), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v35n1a10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poreddi, V., Thimmaiah, R., Pashupu, D., Ramachandra, S., & Badamath, S. (2014). Undergraduate nursing students′ attitudes towards mental illness: Implications for specific academic education. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 36(4), 368–372. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.140701
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radmanović, M. B., & Burgić, S. (2017). Stigma and mental disorders in developmental age. Psychiatria Danubina, 29(Suppl 5), 906–909.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rafal, G., Gatto, A., & DeBate, R. (2018). Mental health literacy, stigma, and help-seeking behaviors among male college students. Journal of American College Health: J of ACH, 66(4), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1434780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, T., Leitch, J., Collins, K. S., Frey, J. J., & Osteen, P. J. (2019). Effectiveness of youth mental health first aid USA for social work students. Research on Social Work Practice, 29(3), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731517729039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rössler, W. (2016). The stigma of mental disorders: A millennia-long history of social exclusion and prejudices. EMBO Reports, 17(9), 1250–1253. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201643041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüsch, N., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Henderson, C., Flach, C., & Thornicroft, G. (2011). Knowledge and attitudes as predictors of intentions to seek help for and disclose a mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 62(6), 675–678. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.62.6.pss6206_0675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saridi, M., Kordosi, A., Toska, A., Peppou, L. E., Economou, M., & Souliotis, K. (2017). Attitudes of health professionals towards the stigma surrounding depression in times of economic crisis. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 63(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764016685348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman, N., Tang, S., Brown, A. D., & Ing, A. (2016). World survey of mental illness stigma. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamsaei, F., Cheraghi, F., & Esmaeilli, R. (2015). The family challenge of caring for the chronically mentally Ill: A phenomenological study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 9(3), e1898. https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-1898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, M. (2015). Changing the tide: Stigma, school youth, and mental illness’. NASN School Nurse, 30(2), 130–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X14553307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sousa, S. D., Marques, A., Rosário, C., & Queirós, C. (2012). Stigmatizing attitudes in relatives of people with schizophrenia: A study using the attribution questionnaire AQ-27. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 34(4), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2237-60892012000400004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stefanovics, E., Rosenheck, R., He, H., Ofori-Atta, A., Cavalcanti, M., & Chiles, C. (2016). Medical student belief and attitudes toward mental illness across five nations. Evaluation Practices, 204(12), 909–915. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000610
   Google Scholar
• Stuart, H., Sartorius, N., & Thornicroft, G. (2019). Fighting mental illness‐ related stigma: What we have learned advances in psychiatry. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Stuber, J. P., Rocha, A., Christian, A., & Link, B. G. (2014). Conceptions of mental illness: Attitudes of mental health professionals and the general public. Psychiatric Services, 65(4), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subu, M. A., Holmes, D., Arumugam, A., Al-Yateem, N., Maria Dias, J., Rahman, S. A., Waluyo, I., Ahmed, F. R., & Abraham, M. S. (2022). Traditional, religious, and cultural perspectives on mental illness: A qualitative study on causal beliefs and treatment use. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 17(1), 2123090. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2022.2123090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subu, M. A., Wati, D. F., Al-Yateem, N., Netrida, N., Priscilla, V., Dias, J. M., & Slewa-Younan, S. (2023). ‘Family stigma’ among family members of people with mental illness in Indonesia: A grounded theory approach. International Journal of Mental Health, 52(2), 102–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2021.1891363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tognazzini, P., Davis, C., Kean, A. M., Osborne, M., & Wong, K. K. (2008). Reducing the stigma of mental illness. The Canadian Nurse, 104(8), 30–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wada, M., Suto, M. J., Lee, M., Sanders, D., Sun, C., Le, T. N., Goldman-Hasbun, J., & Chauhan, S. (2019). University students’ perspectives on mental illness stigma. Mental Health & Prevention, 14, 200159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mph.2019.200159
   Google Scholar
• Wahl, O., & Aroesty-Cohen, E. (2010). Attitudes of mental health professionals about mental illness: A review of the recent literature. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y., Hayden, J. A., Kutcher, S., Zygmunt, A., & McGrath, P. (2013). The effectiveness of school mental health literacy programs to address knowledge, attitudes and help seeking among youth. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization [WHO]. (2019). Mental Disorders Affect One in Four People. Available from https://www.who.int/whr/2001/media_centre/press_release/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization [WHO]. (2022). Mental Disorders. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi, S., Wu, S.-I., Biswas, M., Yate, M., Aoki, Y., Barley, E. A., & Thornicroft, G. (2013). Effects of short-term interventions to reduce mental health–related stigma in university or college students. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(6), 490–503. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31829480df
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar