Women Leadership at the Apex. The Distinctiveness of Urban Women Mayors in Europe

References

• Alberti, C., D. Diaz-Rioseco, and G. Visconti. 2021. “Gendered Bureaucracies: Women Mayors and the Size and Composition of Local Governments.” Governance 35 (3): 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, J. E. A. 2014. Matching Voters with Parties and Candidates: Voting Advice Applications in Comparative Perspective. Colchester: Ecpr Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bäck, H. 2006 H. Heinelt, and A. Magnier.Does Recruitment Matter? Selecting Path and Role Definition. Berlin: The European Mayor, VS Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, T. D., and M. M. Taylor-Robinson. 2018. “Women Cabinet Ministers in Highly Visible Posts and Empowerment of Women: Are the Two Related? In Measuring Women’s Political Empowerment Across the Globe, edited byAlexander, Amy C., Bolzendhal, Catherine, Jalalzai, Farida. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bratton, K., and L. Ray. 2002. “Descriptive Representation, Policy Outcomes and Municipal Day-Care Coverage in Norway.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (2): 428–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caul, M. 1999. “Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties.” Party Politics 5 (1): 79–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celis, K. 2008. “Studying Women’s Substantive Representation in Legislatures: When Representative Acts, Contexts and Women’s Interests Become Important.” Representation 44 (2): 111–123. doi:10.1080/00344890802079516.
   Google Scholar
• Childs, S., and M. L. Krook. 2009. “Analysing Women’s Substantive Representation: From Critical Mass to Critical Actors.” Government and Opposition 44 (2): 125–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claveria, S. 2014. “Still a ‘Male Business’? Explaining Women’s Presence in Executive Office.” West European Politics 37 (5): 1156–1176. doi:10.1080/01402382.2014.911479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotta, M., and H. Best. 2000. ”Between Professionalization and Democratization: A Synoptic View on the Making of the European Representative.” In Parliamentary Representatives in Europe, 1848-2000: Legislative Recruitment and Careers in Eleven European Countries, edited by M. Cotta and H. Best, 493–526. Oxford/ New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlerup, D., and M. Leyenaar. 2013. Breaking Male Dominance in Old Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar-Lemmon, M. C., and K. D. Funk.2018.”Women’s Representation in Subnational Governments”In Gender and Representation in Latin America, edited by L. Schwindt-Bayer, 99–120. New York: NY Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar-Lemmon, M., and M. M. Taylor-Robinson.2018.”How Do Candidate Recruitment and Selection Processes Affect the Representation of Women?”In P. Siavelis and S. Morgenstern.Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America.Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press 345–368
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, F., and J. Gyourko. 2014. “Does Gender Matter for Political Leadership? The Case of US Mayors.” Journal of Public Economics 112: 24–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortin-Rittberger, J., C. Eder, C. Kroeber, and V. Marent. 2017. “How Party Systems Shape Local–National Gender Gaps.” Government and Opposition 1: 52–74. doi:10.1017/gov.2017.30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, K. D., and A. Q. Philips. 2018. “Representative Budgeting: Women Mayors and the Composition of Spending in Local Governments.” Political Research Quarterly 72 (1): 19–33. doi:10.1177/1065912918775237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, K. D., T. Silva, and M. Escobar-Lemmon. 2019. “Leading Toward Equality: The Effect of Women Mayors on Gender Equality in Local Bureaucracies.” Politics, Groups and Identities 7 (3): 554–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerring, J., E. Oncel, K. Morrison, and D. Pemstein. 2019. “Who Rules the World? A Portrait of the Global Leadership Class.” Perspectives on Politics 17 (4): 1079–1097. doi:10.1017/S1537592719000744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinelt, H., and A. Magnier. 2018. “Analysing Governance Through Local Leaders’ Perceptions: Comparative Surveys, Academic Networks, and Main Results (Review Article).” Revista Española De Ciencia Política 46: 157–172. doi:10.21308/recp.46.07.
   Google Scholar
• Heinelt, H., A. Magnier, M. Cabria, and H. Reynaert. 2018. Political Leaders and Changing Local Democracy. The European Mayor. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Holman, M. R. 2014. “Sex and the City: Female Leaders and Spending on Social Welfare Programs in US Municipalities.” Journal of Urban Affairs 36 (4): 701–715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2018. http://archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
   Google Scholar
• Iversen, T., and F. Rosenbluth. 2008. “Work and Power: The Connection Between Female Labor Force Participation and Political Representation.” Annual Review of Political Science 11: 479–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalalzai, F. 2013. Shattered, Cracked, or Firmly Intact? Women and the Executive Glass Ceiling Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kittilson, M. C. 2006. Challenging Parties, Changing Parliaments: Women and Elected Office in Contemporary Western Europe. Columbus: Ohio State Uni- versity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kjaer, U., K. Dittmar, and S. J. Carroll. 2018. “Council Size Matters: Filling Blanks in Women’s Municipal Representation in New Jersey.” State and Local Government Review 50 (4): 215–229. doi:10.1177/0160323X18824387.
   Google Scholar
• Krook, M. L., and D. Z. O’Brien. 2012. “All the President’s Men? The Appointment of Female Cabinet Ministers Worldwide.” The Journal of Politics 74 (3): 840–855. doi:10.1017/S0022381612000382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, T. H., D. Dunn, and R. E. Deen. 2001. “A View from the Top: Gender Differences in Legislative Priorities Among State Legislative Leaders.” Women & Politics 22: 29–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, S. J. S., and L. A. Banaszak. 2017. “Do Government Positions Held by Women Matter? A Cross-National Examination of Female Ministers’ Impacts on Women’s Political Participation.” Politics & Gender 13 (1): 132–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansbridge, J. 1999. “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent“yes”.” The Journal of Politics 61 (3): 628–657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateo-Diaz, M. 2005. Representing Women? Female Legislators in West European Parliaments. Colchester: ECPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matland, R. E. 1998. “Women’s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 1 (Feb, 1998): 109–125.
   Google Scholar
• Meier, K. J., and K. D. Funk. 2017. “Women and Public Administration in a Comparative Perspective: The Case of Representation in Brazilian Local Governments.” Administration & Society 49 (1): 121–142. doi:10.1177/0095399715626201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouritzen, P. E., and J. H. Svara. 2002. Leadership at the Apex: Politicians and Administrators in Western Local Governments. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Müller-Rommel, F., and M. Vercesi. 2017. “Prime Ministerial Careers in the European Union: Does Gender Make a Difference?” European Politics and Society 18 (2): 245–262. doi:10.1080/23745118.2016.1225655.
   Google Scholar
• Navarro, C., and L. Medir. 2015. “Patterns of Gender Representation in Councils at the Second Tier of Local Government. Assessing the Gender Gap in an Unexplored Institutional Setting.” In Policy Making at the Second Tier of Local Government in Europe, edited by X. Bertrana, B. Egner, and H. Heinelt, 133–154. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Oñate, P. 2014. “The Effectiveness of Quotas: Vertical and Horizontal Discrimina- Tion in Spain.” Representation 50 (3): 351–364.
   Google Scholar
• Paxton, P., and M. Hughes. 2013. Women, Politics, and Power: A Global Perspective. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, A. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pini, B., and P. McDonald, edited by. 2013. Women and Representation in Local Government: International Case Studies. Vol. 39. Abingdon: Routledge Research in Comparative Politics.
   Google Scholar
• Pitkin, H. F. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Poggione, S. 2004. “Exploring Gender Differences in State Legislators’ Policy Preferences.” Political Research Quarterly 57 (2): 305–314. doi:10.1177/106591290405700211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-Housholder, C. 2016. “Presidentas Rise: Consequences for Women in Cabinets?” Latin American Politics and Society 58 (3): 3–25. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00316.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, A. 1999. “Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling.” World Politics 51 (4): 547–572. doi:10.1017/S0043887100009254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbluth, F., R. Salmond, and M. F. Thies. 2006. “Welfare Works: Explaining Female Legislative Representation.” Politics & Gender 2 (2): 165–192. doi:10.1017/S1743923X06060065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rule, W. 1987. “Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors, and Women’s Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-Three Democracies.” The Western Political Quarterly 40: 477–498.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., B. Pini, and K. Brown. 2005. “Beyond Stereotypes: An Exploratory Profile of Australian Women Mayors.” Local Government Studies 31 (4): 433–448. doi:10.1080/03003930500136808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santana, A., and S. Aguilar. 2019. “Bringing Party Ideology Back In: Do Left-Wing Parties Enhance the Share of Women MPs?” Politics & Gender 15 (3): 547–571. doi:10.1017/S1743923X1800048X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyvers, K, and L Medir. 2018. “From the Few are Still Chosen the Few? Continuity and Change in the Social Background of European Mayors.“ In Political Leaders and Changing Local Democracy: The European Mayor, edited by Heinelt, H, Magnier, A, Cabria, M, Reynaert, H, 79–108. Cham:Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67410-0_3.
   Google Scholar
• Steyvers, K., and H. Reynaert 2006. “‘From the Few are Chosen the Few…’. On the Social Background of European Mayors.” In The European Mayor, edited by H. Bäck, 43–73. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Sundström, A., and D. Stockemer. 2015. “What Determines Women’s Political Representation at the Local Level? A Fine-Grained Analysis of the European Regions.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 56 (3–4): 254–274. doi:10.1177/0020715215595691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundström, A, and L Wängnerud. 2018. ”Women’s Empowerment at the Local Level. In Measuring Women’s Political Empowerment Across the Globe, edited by Sundström, A and Wängnerud, L, 117–137. Cham:Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Svaleryd, H. 2009. “Women’s Representation and Public Spending.” European Journal of Political Economy 25 (2): 186–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, S., and C. Wilcox. 2005. Women and Elected Office: Past, Present, and Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Verge, T., N. Wiesehomeier, and A. Espírito-Santo. 2020. “Framing Symbolic Representation: Exploring How Women’s Political Presence Shapes Citizens’ Political Attitudes.” European Journal of Politics and Gender 3 (2): 257–276. doi:10.1332/251510819X15698538164156.
   Google Scholar
• Wängnerud, L. 2009. “Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 51–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wängnerud, L., and A. Sundell. 2012. “Do Politics Matter? Women in Swedish Local Elected Assemblies 1970–2010 and Gender Equality in Outcomes.” European Political Science Review 4 (1): 97–120. doi:10.1017/S1755773911000087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar