1,120
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Navigating autonomous demand responsive transport: stakeholder perspectives on deployment and adoption challenges

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2297848 | Received 09 May 2023, Accepted 17 Dec 2023, Published online: 26 Dec 2023

References

  • Alessandrini, A., R. Alfonsi, P. D. Site, and D. Stam. 2014. “Users’ Preferences Towards Automated Road Public Transport: Results from European Surveys.” Transportation Research Procedia 3: 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.10.099.
  • Alessandrini, A., P. Delle Site, Q. Zhang, E. Marcucci, and V. Gatta. 2016. Investigating User’ Attitudes Towards Conventional and Automated Buses in Twelve European Cities, 413–436.
  • Alyavina, E., A. Nikitas, and E. T. Njoya. 2020. “Mobility as a Service and Sustainable Travel Behaviour: A Thematic Analysis Study.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 73: 362–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.07.004.
  • Amann, V. 2017. Consumer Acceptance, Barriers and Success Factors of Peer-to-Peer Carsharing in Perspective of Connected Car Services and Autonomous Vehicles. WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
  • Arbib, J., and T. Seba. 2017. “Rethinking Transportation 2020-2030.” RethinkX, May 143: 144.
  • Beerepoot, M., and N. Beerepoot. 2007. “Government Regulation as an Impetus for Innovation: Evidence from Energy Performance Regulation in the Dutch Residential Building Sector.” Energy Policy 35 (10): 4812–4825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.04.015.
  • Beirão, G., and J. S. Cabral. 2007. “Understanding Attitudes Towards Public Transport and Private Car: A Qualitative Study.” Transport Policy 14: 478–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.04.009.
  • Bengtsson, M. 2016. “How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis.” NursingPlus Open, 2, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
  • Biernacki, P., and D. Waldorf. 1981. “Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling.” Sociological Methods & Research 10 (2): 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/004912418101000205.
  • Bierstedt, J., A. Gooze, C. Gray, J. Peterman, L. Raykin, and J. Walters. 2014. “Effects of Next-Generation Vehicles on Travel Demand and Highway Capacity.” FP Think Working Group 8: 10–11.
  • Bolger, F., and G. Wright. 2011. “Improving the Delphi Process: Lessons from Social Psychological Research.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(9), 1500–1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2011.07.007
  • Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2013. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. London, England: Sage.
  • Butler, L., T. Yigitcanlar, and A. Paz. 2020. “Smart urban mobility innovations: A comprehensive review and evaluation.” IEEE Access 8, 196034–196049.
  • Butler, L., T. Yigitcanlar, and A. Paz. 2021a. “Barriers and Risks of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) Adoption in Cities: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Cities 109: 103036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103036
  • Butler, L., T. Yigitcanlar, and A. Paz. 2021b. “Factors influencing public awareness of autonomous vehicles: Empirical evidence from Brisbane.” Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 82: 256–267.
  • Chen, J., R. Li, M. Gan, Z. Fu, and F. Yuan. 2020. “Public Acceptance of Driverless Buses in China: An Empirical Analysis Based on an Extended UTAUT Model.” Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020: 1–13.
  • Claybrook, J., and S. Kildare. 2018. “Autonomous Vehicles: No Driver … no Regulation?” Science 361 (6397): 36–37. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2715.
  • Creswell, J. W., and V. L. P. Clark. 2017. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Sage Publications.
  • Cunningham, M. L., M. A. Regan, S. A. Ledger, and J. M. Bennett. 2019. “To Buy or Not to Buy? Predicting Willingness to Pay for Automated Vehicles Based on Public Opinion.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 65: 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.012.
  • Currie, G., and N. Fournier. 2020. “Why Most DRT/Micro-Transits Fail – What the Survivors Tell us About Progress.” Research in Transportation Economics 83: 100895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100895.
  • Davidson, P., and A. Spinoulas. 2016. “Driving Alone Versus Riding Together-How Shared Autonomous Vehicles Can Change the way we Drive.” Road & Transport Research: A Journal of Australian and New Zealand Research and Practice 25 (3): 51–66.
  • Davison, L., M. Enoch, T. Ryley, M. Quddus, and C. Wang. 2014. “A Survey of Demand Responsive Transport in Great Britain.” Transport Policy 31: 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.11.004.
  • Dichabeng, P., N. Merat, and G. Markkula. 2021. “Factors That Influence the Acceptance of Future Shared Automated Vehicles – A Focus Group Study with United Kingdom Drivers.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 82: 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.08.009.
  • Docherty, I. 2018. “New Governance Challenges in the Era of ‘Smart’ Mobility.” In Governance of the Smart Mobility Transition, edited by G. in Marsden, and L. Reardon, 19–32. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Docherty, I., G. Marsden, and J. Anable. 2018. “The Governance of Smart Mobility.” Transportation Research Part A 115: 114–125.
  • Drew, H. 2014. “Overcoming Barriers: Qualitative Interviews with German Elites.” Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods 12 (2).
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. “Building Theories from Case Study Research.” The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550. https://doi.org/10.2307/258557
  • Enoch, M., S. Potter, G. Parkhurst, and M. Smith. 2006. Why Do Demand Responsive Transport Systems Fail?
  • Erlingsson, C., and P. Brysiewicz. 2017. “A Hands-on Guide to Doing Content Analysis.” African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 7(3), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2017.08.001
  • Esmaeilpoorarabi, N., T. Yigitcanlar, M. Guaralda, and M. D. Kamruzzaman. 2018. “Evaluating place quality in innovation districts: A Delphic hierarchy process approach.” Land use policy 76: 471–486.
  • Faisal, A., T. Yigitcanlar, M. Kamruzzaman, and A. Paz. 2021. “Mapping two Decades of Autonomous Vehicle Research: A Systematic Scientometric Analysis.” Journal of Urban Technology 28 (3-4): 45–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2020.1780868.
  • Fernandes, P., and U. Nunes. 2012. “Platooning with IVC-Enabled Autonomous Vehicles: Strategies to Mitigate Communication Delays, Improve Safety and Traffic Flow.” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13 (1): 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2011.2179936.
  • Ferreira, A., K. C. von Schönfeld, W. Tan, and E. Papa. 2020. “Maladaptive Planning and the Pro-Innovation Bias: Considering the Case of Automated Vehicles.” Urban Science 4 (3): 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4030041.
  • Firoozi Yeganeh, S., N. Khademi, H. Farahani, and M. A. Besharat. 2022. “A Qualitative Exploration of Factors Influencing Women’s Intention to use Shared Taxis: A Study on the Characteristics of Urban Commuting Behavior in Iran.” Transport Policy 129: 90–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.10.001.
  • Fishman, E., S. Washington, and N. Haworth. 2012. “Barriers and Facilitators to Public Bicycle Scheme use: A Qualitative Approach.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 15: 686–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2012.08.002.
  • Fraedrich, E., D. Heinrichs, F. J. Bahamonde-Birke, and R. Cyganski. 2019. “Autonomous Driving, the Built Environment and Policy Implications.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 122: 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.02.018.
  • Freemark, Y., A. Hudson, and J. Zhao. 2019. “Are Cities Prepared for Autonomous Vehicles? Planning for Technological Change by US Local Governments.” Journal of the American Planning Association 85 (2): 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1603760.
  • Gardner, B., and C. Abraham. 2007. “What Drives Car Use? A Grounded Theory Analysis of Commuters’ Reasons for Driving.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 10: 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2006.09.004.
  • Glaser, B., and A. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago, USA: Aldine Publishing Co.
  • Golbabaei, F., T. Yigitcanlar, and J. Bunker. 2021. “The Role of Shared Autonomous Vehicle Systems in Delivering Smart Urban Mobility: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 15 (10): 731–748. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1798571.
  • Golbabaei, F., T. Yigitcanlar, A. Paz, and J. Bunker. 2020. “Individual Predictors of Autonomous Vehicle Public Acceptance and Intention to Use: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6 (4): 106–127. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040106.
  • Golbabaei, F., T. Yigitcanlar, A. Paz, and J. Bunker. 2022. “Understanding Autonomous Shuttle Adoption Intention: Predictive Power of Pre-Trial Perceptions and Attitudes.” Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 22 (23): 9193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239193.
  • Golbabaei, F., T. Yigitcanlar, A. Paz, and J. Bunker. 2023. “Perceived Opportunities and Challenges of Autonomous Demand-Responsive Transit Use: What Are the Socio-Demographic Predictors?” Sustainability 15 (15): 11839. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511839.
  • Gössling, S., S. A. Cohen, and A. Hares. 2016. “Inside the Black Box: Eu Policy Officers’ Perspectives on Transport and Climate Change Mitigation.” Journal of Transport Geography 57: 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.10.002.
  • Grimsley, M., and A. Meehan. 2007. “e-Government Information Systems: Evaluation-led Design for Public Value and Client Trust.” European Journal of Information Systems 16: 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000674.
  • Guest, G., A. Bunce, and L. Johnson. 2006. “How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability.” Field Methods 18: 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903.
  • Haboucha, C. J., R. Ishaq, and Y. Shiftan. 2015. User Preferences Regarding Autonomous Vehicles: Giving up Your Private car. IATBR 2015-WINDSOR.
  • Hafner, R. J., I. Walker, and B. Verplanken. 2017. “Image, Not Environmentalism: A Qualitative Exploration of Factors Influencing Vehicle Purchasing Decisions.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 97: 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.01.012.
  • Hennink, M. M., B. N. Kaiser, and V. C. Marconi. 2017. “Code Saturation Versus Meaning Saturation: How Many Interviews Are Enough?” Qualitative Health Research 27 (4): 591–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316665344.
  • Hensher, D. A. 2017. “Future bus Transport Contracts Under a Mobility as a Service (MaaS) Regime in the Digital age: Are They Likely to Change?” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 98: 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.02.006.
  • Herrenkind, B., A. B. Brendel, I. Nastjuk, M. Greve, and L. M. Kolbe. 2019. “Investigating end-user acceptance of autonomous electric buses to accelerate diffusion.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 74: 255–276.
  • Hilgarter, K., and P. Granig. 2020. “Public Perception of Autonomous Vehicles: A Qualitative Study Based on Interviews After Riding an Autonomous Shuttle.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 72: 226–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.05.012.
  • Holloway, I., and L. Todres. 2003. “The Status of Method: Flexibility, Consistency and Coherence.” Qualitative Research, 3(3), 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794103033004
  • Kamruzzaman, M. D., J. Hine, and T. Yigitcanlar. 2015. “Investigating the Link Between Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Transport-Related Social Exclusion in Rural Northern Ireland.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12: 3463–3478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0771-8.
  • Lee, D., and D. J. Hess. 2020. “Regulations for on-Road Testing of Connected and Automated Vehicles: Assessing the Potential for Global Safety Harmonization.” Transportation Research Part A 136: 85–98.
  • Li, S., P. C. Sui, J. Xiao, and R. Chahine. 2019. “Policy Formulation for Highly Automated Vehicles: Emerging Importance, Research Frontiers and Insights.” Transportation Research Part A 124: 573–586.
  • Liu, N., A. Nikitas, and S. Parkinson. 2020. “Exploring Expert Perceptions About the Cyber Security and Privacy of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Thematic Analysis Approach.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 75: 66–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.09.019.
  • Lune, H., and B. L. Berg. 2017. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. England: Pearson.
  • Manivasakan, H., R. Kalra, S. O’Hern, Y. Fang, Y. Xi, and N. Zheng. 2021. “Infrastructure Requirement for Autonomous Vehicle Integration for Future Urban and Suburban Roads –Current Practice and a Case Study of Melbourne, Australia.” Transportation Research Part A 152: 36–53.
  • Mars, L., R. Arroyo, and T. Ruiz. 2016. “Qualitative Research in Travel Behavior Studies.” Transportation Research Procedia 18: 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.12.057.
  • Marshall, B., P. Cardon, A. Poddar, and R. Fontenot. 2013. Does Sample Size Matter in Qualitative Research? A Review of Qualitative Interviews in is Research.
  • Mladenovic, M. N. 2019. “How Should We Drive Self-Driving Vehicles? Anticipation and Collective Imagination in Planning Mobility Futures.” In The Governance of Smart Transportation Systems, edited by M. Finger, and M. Audouin, 103–124. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
  • Moon, M. J., and S. Bretschneider. 1997. “Can State Government Actions Affect Innovation and its Diffusion?: An Extended Communication Model and Empirical Test.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 54 (1): 57–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(96)00121-7.
  • Mordue, G., A. Yeung, and F. Wu. 2020. “The Looming Challenges of Regulating High Level Autonomous Vehicles.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 132: 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.11.007.
  • Mouratidis, K., and V. Cobeña Serrano. 2021. “Autonomous Buses: Intentions to Use, Passenger Experiences, and Suggestions for Improvement.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 76: 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.12.007.
  • National Transport Commission. 2020. Lessons Learned from Automated Vehicle Trials in Australia: Research Report. Melbourne: NTC.
  • Nguyen-Phuoc, D. Q., G. Currie, C. De Gruyter, and W. Young. 2018. “How do Public Transport Users Adjust Their Travel Behaviour if Public Transport Ceases? A Qualitative Study.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 54: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.01.009.
  • Nielsen, J. R., H. Hovmøller, P. L. Blyth, and B. K. Sovacool. 2015. “Of “White Crows” and “Cash Savers:” A Qualitative Study of Travel Behavior and Perceptions of Ridesharing in Denmark.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 78: 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.033.
  • Nikitas, A., E. Avineri, and G. Parkhurst. 2018. “Understanding the Public Acceptability of Road Pricing and the Roles of Older Age, Social Norms, pro-Social Values and Trust for Urban Policy-Making: The Case of Bristol.” Cities 79: 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.024.
  • Nikitas, A., J. Y. Wang, and C. Knamiller. 2019. “Exploring Parental Perceptions About School Travel and Walking School Buses: A Thematic Analysis Approach.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 124: 468–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.04.011.
  • Nordhoff, S., J. de Winter, R. Madigan, N. Merat, B. van Arem, and R. Happee. 2018. “User Acceptance of Automated Shuttles in Berlin-Schöneberg: A Questionnaire Study.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 58: 843–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.06.024.
  • Nowell, L. S., J. M. Norris, D. E. White, and N. J. Moules. 2017. “Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria.” International Journal of Travel Behavior and Perceptions of Ridesharing in Denmark. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 78: 113–123.
  • Palmer, K., M. Dessouky, and T. Abdelmaguid. 2004. “Impacts of Management Practices and Advanced Technologies on Demand Responsive Transit Systems.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 38 (7): 495–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2004.05.002.
  • Papadima, G., E. Genitsaris, I. Karagiotas, A. Naniopoulos, and D. Nalmpantis. 2020. “Investigation of Acceptance of Driverless Buses in the City of Trikala and Optimization of the Service Using Conjoint Analysis.” Utilities Policy 62: 100994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2019.100994.
  • Papanikolaou, A., S. Basbas, G. Mintsis, and C. Taxiltaris. 2017. “A Methodological Framework for Assessing the Success of Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) Services.” Transportation Research Procedia 24: 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.095.
  • Parsons, K., A. McCormac, M. Pattinson, M. Butavicius, and C. Jerram. 2014. “A Study of Information Security Awareness in Australian Government Organisations.” Information Management & Computer Security.
  • Perera, S., C. Ho, and D. Hensher. 2020. “Resurgence of Demand Responsive Transit Services – Insights from BRIDJ Trials in Inner West of Sydney, Australia.” Research in Transportation Economics 83: 100904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100904.
  • Perveen, S., M. Kamruzzaman, and T. Yigitcanlar. 2017. “Developing Policy Scenarios for Sustainable Urban Growth Management: A Delphi Approach.” Sustainability 9 (10): 1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101787.
  • Pettigrew, S., S. L. Cronin, and R. Norman. 2019. “Brief Report: The Unrealized Potential of Autonomous Vehicles for an Aging Population.” Journal of Aging & Social Policy 31 (5): 486–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2018.1500860.
  • Pettigrew, S., L. Fritschi, and R. Norman. 2018. “The potential implications of autonomous vehicles in and around the workplace.” International journal of environmental research and public health 15 (9): 1876.
  • Pinkse, J., R. Bohnsack, and A. Kolk. 2014. “The Role of Public and Private Protection in Disruptive Innovation: The Automotive Industry and the Emergence of low-Emission Vehicles.” Journal of Product Innovation Management 31 (1): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12079.
  • Porter, L. 2018. “The Autonomous Vehicle Revolution: Implications for Planning.” Planning Theory & Practice 19 (5): 753–778. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2018.1537599.
  • Qu, S. Q., and J. Dumay. 2011. “The Qualitative Research Interview.” Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 8 (3): 238–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766091111162070.
  • Quiring, O. 2006. “Methodische Aspekte der Akzeptanzforschung bei Interaktiven Medientechnologien.” Munchener Beitrage zur Kommun, 1–29.
  • Robson, C. 2002. Real World Research. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Roche-Cerasi, I. 2019. “Public Acceptance of Driverless Shuttles in Norway.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 66: 162–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.09.002.
  • Salmenkaita, J. P., and A. Salo. 2002. “Rationales for Government Intervention in the Commercialization of new Technologies.” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 14 (2): 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320220133857.
  • Sandelowski, M., and J. Barroso. 2006. Handbook for Synthesizing Qualitative Research. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Saunders, M., P. Lewis, and A. Thornhill. 2007. Research Methods for Business Students 4th ed. England: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Schepis, D., S. Purchase, N. Ellis, D. Olaru, and B. Smith. 2023. How Governments Influence Autonomous Vehicle (Av) Innovation. Available at SSRN 4013442.
  • Seidman, I. 2013. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. Teachers College Press.
  • Sherwin, H., K. Chatterjee, and J. Jain. 2014. “An Exploration of the Importance of Social Influence in the Decision to Start Bicycling in England.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 68: 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.05.001.
  • Shladover, S. E., and C. Nowakowski. 2019. “Regulatory Challenges for Road Vehicle Automation: Lessons from the California Experience.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 122: 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.10.006.
  • Simons, D., P. Clarys, I. De Bourdeaudhuij, B. de Geus, C. Vandelanotte, and B. Deforche. 2014. “Why Do Young Adults Choose Different Transport Modes? A Focus Group Study.” Transport Policy 36: 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.08.009.
  • Sindi, S., and R. Woodman. 2021. “Implementing Commercial Autonomous Road Haulage in Freight Operations: An Industry Perspective.” Transportation Research Part A 152: 235–253.
  • Skeete, J. P. 2018. “Level 5 Autonomy: The New Face of Disruption in Road Transport.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 134: 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.05.003.
  • Smith, J. A., P. Flowers, and M. Larkin. 2009. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. London, UK: Sage.
  • Sperling, D., E. van der Meer, and E. Pike. 2018. “Vehicle Automation: Our Best Shot at a Transportation do-Over?” In Three Revolutions: Steering Automated, Shared, and Electric Vehicles to a Better Future, edited by D. Sperling, 77–108. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  • Steinhilber, S., P. Wells, and S. Thankappan. 2013. “Socio-technical Inertia: Understanding the Barriers to Electric Vehicles.” Energy Policy 60: 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.076.
  • Stone, J., C. Legacy, and C. Curtis. 2018. “The Driverless City?” Planning Theory & Practice 19 (5): 756–761.
  • Taylor, M. R., E. S. Rubin, and D. A. Hounshell. 2005. “Regulation as the Mother of Innovation: The Case of SO2 Control.” Law & Policy 27 (2): 348–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2005.00203.x.
  • Vaismoradi, M., H. Turunen, H., and T. Bondas. 2013. “Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis: Implications for Conducting a Qualitative Descriptive Study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048
  • Vintila, P. 1996. Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport: Can We Afford Not to Have Them?. Institute for Science and Technology Policy, Murdoch University.
  • Wallendorf, M., and R. W. Belk. 1989. “Assessing Trustworthiness in Naturalistic Consumer Research.” In Interpretive Consumer Research, edited by E. Hirschman, 69–84. Provo, UT, USA: Association for Consumer Research.
  • Wang, N., Y. Pei, and H. Fu. 2022. “Public Acceptance of Last-Mile Shuttle Bus Services with Automation and Electrification in Cold-Climate Environments.” Sustainability 14 (21): 14383. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114383.
  • Webb, J., C. Wilson, and T. Kularatne. 2019. “Will People Accept Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles? A Survey Before and After Receipt of the Costs and Benefits.” Economic Analysis and Policy 61: 118–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2018.12.004.
  • Wu, P. F. 2011. “A Mixed Methods Approach to Technology Acceptance Research.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 13: 172–187.
  • Yigitcanlar, T., and M. Bulu. 2015. “Dubaization of Istanbul: Insights from the knowledge-based urban development journey of an emerging local economy.” Environment and Planning A 47 (1): 89–107.
  • Yigitcanlar, T., K. Degirmenci, L. Butler, and K. C. Desouza. 2022. “What are the key factors affecting smart city transformation readiness? Evidence from Australian cities.” Cities 120: 103434.
  • Yigitcanlar, T., J. Dodson, B. Gleeson, and N. Sipe. 2007. “Travel Self-Containment in Master Planned Estates: Analysis of Recent Australian Trends.” Urban Policy and Research 25 (1): 129–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111140701255823.
  • Yigitcanlar, T., and F. Dur. 2013. “Making space and place for knowledge communities: lessons for Australian practice.” Australasian Journal of Regional Studies 19 (1): 36–63.
  • Yigitcanlar, T., A. Mohamed, M. Kamruzzaman, and A. Piracha. 2019. “Understanding Transport-Related Social Exclusion: A Multidimensional Approach.” Urban Policy and Research 37 (1): 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2018.1533461.