700
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Enhancing mountainous permafrost mapping by leveraging a rock glacier inventory in northeastern Tibetan Plateau

, , , , &
Article: 2304077 | Received 16 Aug 2023, Accepted 06 Jan 2024, Published online: 17 Jan 2024

References

  • Angillieri, María Yanina Esper. 2017. “Permafrost Distribution map of San Juan Dry Andes (Argentina) Based on Rock Glacier Sites.” Journal of South American Earth Sciences 73: 42–49. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2016.12.002.
  • Azócar, G., A. Brenning, and X. Bodin. 2017. “Permafrost Distribution Modelling in the Semi-Arid Chilean Andes.” The Cryosphere 11 (2): 877–890. doi:10.5194/tc-11-877-2017.
  • Baral, P., and M. Haq. 2020. “Spatial Prediction of Permafrost Occurrence in Sikkim Himalayas Using Logistic Regression, Random Forests, Support Vector Machines and Neural Networks.” Geomorphology 371: 107331. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107331.
  • Biskaborn, B. K., S. L. Smith, J. Noetzli, H. Matthes, G. Vieira, D. A. Streletskiy, P. Schoeneich, et al. 2019. “Permafrost is Warming at a Global Scale.” Nature Communications 10 (1): 264. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4.
  • Boeckli, L., A. Brenning, S. Gruber, and J. Noetzli. 2012. “A Statistical Approach to Modelling Permafrost Distribution in the European Alps or Similar Mountain Ranges.” The Cryosphere 6 (1): 125–140. doi:10.5194/tc-6-125-2012.
  • Brardinoni, Francesco, R. Scotti, R. Sailer, and V. Mair. 2019. “Evaluating Sources of Uncertainty and Variability in Rock Glacier Inventories.” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 44 (12): 2450–2466. doi:10.1002/esp.4674.
  • Breiman, L. 2001. “Random Forests.” Machine Learning 45 (1): 5–32. doi:10.1023/A:1010933404324.
  • Campbell, S., M. Briggs, S. Roy, T. Douglas, and S. Saari. 2021. “Ground-Penetrating Radar, Electromagnetic Induction, Terrain, and Vegetation Observations Coupled with Machine Learning to map Permafrost Distribution at Twelvemile Lake, Alaska.” Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 32 (3): 407–426. doi:10.1002/ppp.2100.
  • Cao, B., S. Gruber, T. Zhang, L. Li, X. Peng, K. Wang, L. Zheng, W. Shao, and H. Guo. 2017. “Spatial Variability of Active Layer Thickness Detected by Ground-Penetrating Radar in the Qilian Mountains, Western China.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 122 (3): 574–591. doi:10.1002/2016JF004018.
  • Cao, B., T. Zhang, Q. Wu, Y. Sheng, L. Zhao, and D. Zou. 2019. “Brief Communication: Evaluation and Inter-Comparisons of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Permafrost Maps Based on a new Inventory of Field Evidence.” The Cryosphere 13 (2): 511–519. doi:10.5194/tc-13-511-2019.
  • Chen, F., L. Ding, S. Piao, T. Zhou, B. Xu, T. Yao, and X. Li. 2021. “The Tibetan Plateau as the Engine for Asian Environmental Change: The Tibetan Plateau Earth System Research Into a new era.” Science Bulletin (Beijing) 66 (13): 1263–1266. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2021.04.017.
  • Cheng, G., and H. Jin. 2012. “Permafrost and Groundwater on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in Northeast China.” Hydrogeology Journal 21 (1): 5–23. doi:10.1007/s10040-012-0927-2.
  • Cheng, G., S. Li, Z. Nan, and B. Tong. 2011. “Map of Permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (1: 3,000,000)(1983-1996).” National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, doi:10.11888/Geocry.tpdc.270014.
  • Cheng, G., and T. Wu. 2007. “Responses of Permafrost to Climate Change and Their Environmental Significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 112 (F2), doi:10.1029/2006JF000631.
  • Cutler, D. R., T. C. Edwards, Jr., K. H. Beard, A. Cutler, K. T. Hess, J. Gibson, and J. J. Lawler. 2007. “Random Forests for Classification in Ecology.” Ecology 88 (11): 2783–2792. doi:10.1890/07-0539.1.
  • Deluigi, N., C. Lambiel, and M. Kanevski. 2017. “Data-driven Mapping of the Potential Mountain Permafrost Distribution.” Science of The Total Environment 590-591: 370–380. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.041.
  • Dorogush, A., V. Ershov, and A. Gulin. 2018. “CatBoost: gradient boosting with categorical features support.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.11363. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1810.11363.
  • Fick, Stephen E., and Robert J. Hijmans. 2017. “WorldClim 2: New 1-km Spatial Resolution Climate Surfaces for Global Land Areas.” International Journal of Climatology 37 (12): 4302–4315. doi:10.1002/joc.5086.
  • Grosse, G., S. Goetz, A. D. McGuire, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, and Edward A. G. Schuur. 2016. “Changing Permafrost in a Warming World and Feedbacks to the Earth System.” Environmental Research Letters 11 (4): 040201. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/040201.
  • Gruber, S. 2012. “Derivation and Analysis of a High-Resolution Estimate of Global Permafrost Zonation.” The Cryosphere 6 (1): 221–233. doi:10.5194/tc-6-221-2012.
  • Gruber, S., and W. Haeberli. 2009. “Mountain Permafrost.” In Permafrost Soils, edited by Rosa Margesin, 33–44. Soil Biology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69371-0_3.
  • Haeberli, W., B. Hallet, L. Arenson, R. Elconin, O. Humlum, A. Kääb, V. Kaufmann, et al. 2006. “Permafrost Creep and Rock Glacier Dynamics.” Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 17 (3): 189–214. doi:10.1002/ppp.561.
  • Hancock, J. T., and T. M. Khoshgoftaar. 2020. “CatBoost for big Data: An Interdisciplinary Review.” Journal of Big Data 7 (1): 94. doi:10.1186/s40537-020-00369-8.
  • Hassan, J., X. Chen, S. Muhammad, and N. A. Bazai. 2021. “Rock Glacier Inventory, Permafrost Probability Distribution Modeling and Associated Hazards in the Hunza River Basin, Western Karakoram, Pakistan.” Science of The Total Environment 782: 146833. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146833.
  • Hjort, J., D. A. Streletskiy, G. Doré, Q. Wu, K. Bjella, and M. Luoto. 2022. “Impacts of Permafrost Degradation on Infrastructure.” Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 3 (1): 24–38. doi:10.1038/s43017-021-00247-8.
  • Immerzeel, W. W., A. F. Lutz, M. Andrade, A. Bahl, H. Biemans, T. Bolch, S. Hyde, et al. 2020. “Importance and Vulnerability of the World's Water Towers.” Nature 577 (7790): 364–369. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y.
  • Jin, H., R. He, G. Cheng, Q. Wu, S. Wang, L. Lü, and X. Chang. 2009. “Changes in Frozen Ground in the Source Area of the Yellow River on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China, and Their eco-Environmental Impacts.” Environmental Research Letters 4 (4): 045206. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045206.
  • Jones, D. B., S. Harrison, K. Anderson, H. L. Selley, J. L. Wood, and R. A. Betts. 2018. “The Distribution and Hydrological Significance of Rock Glaciers in the Nepalese Himalaya.” Global and Planetary Change 160: 123–142. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.11.005.
  • Jones, D. B., S. Harrison, K. Anderson, and W. B. Whalley. 2019. “Rock Glaciers and Mountain Hydrology: A Review.” Earth-Science Reviews 193: 66–90. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.001.
  • Jordan, M. I., and T. M. Mitchell. 2015. “Machine Learning: Trends, Perspectives, and Prospects.” Science 349 (6245): 255–260. doi:10.1126/science.aaa8415.
  • Ke, G., Q. Meng, T. Finley, T. Wang, W. Chen, W. Ma, Q. Ye, and T. Liu. 2017. “Lightgbm: A Highly Efficient Gradient Boosting Decision Tree.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30.
  • Lafrenière, Melissa J., and Scott F. Lamoureux. 2019. “Effects of Changing Permafrost Conditions on Hydrological Processes and Fluvial Fluxes.” Earth-Science Reviews 191: 212–223. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.02.018.
  • Marcer, M., X. Bodin, Alexander Brenning, Philippe Schoeneich, R. Charvet, and F. Gottardi. 2017. “Permafrost Favorability Index: Spatial Modeling in the French Alps Using a Rock Glacier Inventory.” Frontiers in Earth Science 5: 105. doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00105.
  • Matthews, John A., A. Nesje, and H. Linge. 2013. “Relict Talus-Foot Rock Glaciers at Øyberget, Upper Ottadalen, Southern Norway: Schmidt Hammer Exposure Ages and Palaeoenvironmental Implications.” Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 24 (4): 336–346. doi:10.1002/ppp.1794.
  • Miner, Kimberley R., Merritt R. Turetsky, Edward Malina, Annett Bartsch, Johanna Tamminen, A. David McGuire, Andreas Fix, Colm Sweeney, Clayton D. Elder, and Charles E. Miller. 2022. “Permafrost Carbon Emissions in a Changing Arctic.” Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 3 (1): 55–67. doi:10.1038/s43017-021-00230-3.
  • Muller, Siemon William. 1945. … Permafrost, Or Permanently Frozen Ground: And Related Engineering Problems: Army map Service, US Army.
  • Nan, Z., S. Li, and Y. Liu. 2002. “Mean Annual Ground Temperature Distribution on the Tibetan Plateau: Permafrost Distribution Mapping and Further Application.” Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 24 (2): 142–148. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.02.006.
  • Ni, J., T. Wu, X. Zhu, G. Hu, D. Zou, X. Wu, R. Li, et al. 2021. “Simulation of the Present and Future Projection of Permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with Statistical and Machine Learning Models.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126 (2): e2020JD033402. doi:10.1029/2020jd033402.
  • Niu, F., G. Yin, J. Luo, Z. Lin, and M. Liu. 2018. “Permafrost Distribution Along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor, China Using High-Resolution Statistical Mapping and Modeling Integrated with Remote Sensing and GIS.” Remote Sensing 10 (2): 215. doi:10.3390/rs10020215.
  • Obu, Jaroslav, Sebastian Westermann, Annett Bartsch, Nikolai Berdnikov, Hanne H. Christiansen, Avirmed Dashtseren, Reynald Delaloye, et al. 2019. “Northern Hemisphere Permafrost map Based on TTOP Modelling for 2000–2016 at 1 km2 Scale.” Earth-Science Reviews 193: 299–316. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.023.
  • Peng, C., Y. Sheng, J. Wu, W. Cao, and B. He. 2021. “Simulation of the Permafrost Distribution in the Qilian Mountains.” Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 43, doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2020.0091.
  • Pfeffer, W. Tad, Anthony A. Arendt, Andrew Bliss, Tobias Bolch, J. Graham Cogley, Alex S. Gardner, Jon-Ove Hagen, et al. 2017. “The Randolph Glacier Inventory: A Globally Complete Inventory of Glaciers.” Journal of Glaciology 60 (221): 537–552. doi:10.3189/2014JoG13J176.
  • Qin, Y., T. Wu, L. Zhao, X. Wu, R. Li, C. Xie, Q. Pang, et al. 2017. “Numerical Modeling of the Active Layer Thickness and Permafrost Thermal State Across Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122 (21): 11,604–611,620. doi:10.1002/2017jd026858.
  • Ran, Y., and X. Li. 2019. “Progress, Challenges and Opportunities of Permafrost Mapping in China.” Advances in Earth Science 34 (10): 1015. doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.10.1015.
  • Ran, Y., X. Li, and G. Cheng. 2018. “Climate Warming Over the Past Half Century has led to Thermal Degradation of Permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.” The Cryosphere 12 (2): 595–608. doi:10.5194/tc-12-595-2018.
  • Ran, Y., X. Li, G. Cheng, J. Che, J. Aalto, O. Karjalainen, J. Hjort, et al. 2022. “New High-Resolution Estimates of the Permafrost Thermal State and Hydrothermal Conditions Over the Northern Hemisphere.” Earth System Science Data 14 (2): 865–884. doi:10.5194/essd-14-865-2022.
  • Ran, Y., X. Li, G. Cheng, Z. Nan, J. Che, Y. Sheng, Q. Wu, et al. 2020. “Mapping the Permafrost Stability on the Tibetan Plateau for 2005–2015.” Science China Earth Sciences 64 (1): 62–79. doi:10.1007/s11430-020-9685-3.
  • RGIK. 2022. “Towards Standard Guidelines for Inventorying Rock Glaciers: Baseline Concepts (Version 4.2. 2).” In: IPA Action Group Rock glacier inventories and kinematics (Ed.).
  • Schmid, M. O., P. Baral, S. Gruber, S. Shahi, T. Shrestha, D. Stumm, and P. Wester. 2015. “Assessment of Permafrost Distribution Maps in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region Using Rock Glaciers Mapped in Google Earth.” The Cryosphere 9 (6): 2089–2099. doi:10.5194/tc-9-2089-2015.
  • Schuur, E. A. G., A. D. McGuire, C. Schädel, G. Grosse, J. W. Harden, D. J. Hayes, G. Hugelius, et al. 2015. “Climate Change and the Permafrost Carbon Feedback.” Nature 520 (7546): 171–179. doi:10.1038/nature14338.
  • Shi, Y., F. Niu, C. Yang, T. Che, Z. Lin, and J. Luo. 2018. “Permafrost Presence/Absence Mapping of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data.” Remote Sensing 10 (2): 309. doi:10.3390/rs10020309.
  • Smith, M. W., and D. W. Riseborough. 1996. “Permafrost Monitoring and Detection of Climate Change.” Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 7 (4): 301–309.
  • Wan, W., D. Long, Y. Hong, Y. Ma, Y. Yuan, P. Xiao, H. Duan, Z. Han, and X. Gu. 2016. “A Lake Data set for the Tibetan Plateau from the 1960s, 2005, and 2014.” Scientific Data 3 (1): 160039. doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.39.
  • Wang, Q., H. Jin, T. Zhang, B. Cao, X. Peng, K. Wang, X. Xiao, H. Guo, C. Mu, and L. Li. 2017. “Hydro-thermal Processes and Thermal Offsets of Peat Soils in the Active Layer in an Alpine Permafrost Region, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.” Global and Planetary Change 156: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.07.011.
  • Whalley, W. Brian, and Cheryl F. Palmer. 1998. “A Glacial Interpretation for the Origin and Formation of the Marinet Rock Glacier, Alpes Maritimes, France.” Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 80 (3-4): 221–236. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3676.1998.00039.x.
  • Wu, Q., Y. Hou, H. Yun, and Y. Liu. 2015. “Changes in Active-Layer Thickness and Near-Surface Permafrost Between 2002 and 2012 in Alpine Ecosystems, Qinghai–Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, China.” Global and Planetary Change 124: 149–155. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.09.002.
  • Wu, J., Y. Sheng, H. Yu, and J. Li. 2007. “Permafrost in the Middle-East Section of Qilian Mountains (I).” Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 29 (3): 418–425.
  • Wu, Q., W. Yu, and H. Jin. 2017. “No Protection of Permafrost due to Desertification on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 1544. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01787-0.
  • Wu, Q., and T. Zhang. 2010. “Changes in Active Layer Thickness Over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1995 to 2007.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 115 (D9), doi:10.1029/2009JD012974.
  • Wu, Q., T. Zhang, and Y. Liu. 2012. “Thermal State of the Active Layer and Permafrost Along the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Railway from 2006 to 2010.” The Cryosphere 6 (3): 607–612. doi:10.5194/tc-6-607-2012.
  • Yao, T., L. Thompson, V. Mosbrugger, F. Zhang, Y. Ma, T. Luo, B. Xu, et al. 2012. “Third Pole Environment (TPE).” Environmental Development 3: 52–64. doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2012.04.002.
  • Yin, G., F. Niu, Z. Lin, J. Luo, and M. Liu. 2017. “Effects of Local Factors and Climate on Permafrost Conditions and Distribution in Beiluhe Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.” Science of The Total Environment 581: 472–485. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.155.
  • Zakharov, M., S. Gadal, Y. Danilov, and J. Kamičaitytė. 2021. “Mapping Siberian Arctic Mountain Permafrost Landscapes by Machine Learning Multi-Sensors Remote Sensing: Example of Adycha River Valley.” Paper Presented at the 7th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management (GISTAM 2021).
  • Zhao, S., Z. Nan, Y. Huang, and L. Zhao. 2017. “The Application and Evaluation of Simple Permafrost Distribution Models on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.” Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 28 (2): 391–404. doi:10.1002/ppp.1939.
  • Zou, D., L. Zhao, Y. Sheng, J. Chen, G. Hu, T. Wu, J. Wu, et al. 2017. “A new map of Permafrost Distribution on the Tibetan Plateau.” The Cryosphere 11 (6): 2527–2542. doi:10.5194/tc-11-2527-2017.