Parallel algorithm for multi-viewpoint viewshed analysis on the GPU grounded in target cluster segmentation

References

• Alzubaidi, Laith, Jinglan Zhang, Amjad J. Humaidi, Ayad Al-Dujaili, Ye Duan, Omran Al-Shamma, J. Santamaría, Mohammed A. Fadhel, Muthana Al-Amidie, and Laith Farhan. 2021. “Review of Deep Learning: Concepts, CNN Architectures, Challenges, Applications, Future Directions.” Journal of Big Data 8 (1): 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00444-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Annoni, Alessandro, Stefano Nativi, Arzu Çöltekin, Cheryl Desha, Eugene Eremchenko, Caroline M. Gevaert, Gregory Giuliani, et al. 2023. “Digital Earth: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.” International Journal of Digital Earth 16 (1): 1022–1072. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2023.2187467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek, Jieun, and Yosoon Choi. 2018. “A New GIS-Based Algorithm to Support Initial Transmitter Layout Design in Open-Pit Mines.” Energies 11 (11): 3063. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao, Shitai, Ningchuan Xiao, Zehui Lai, Heyuan Zhang, and Changjoo Kim. 2015. “Optimizing Watchtower Locations for Forest Fire Monitoring Using Location Models.” Fire Safety Journal 71 (January): 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.11.016.
   Google Scholar
• Beer, Martin, Radim Rybár, and Ľubomíra Gabániová. 2023. “Visual Impact of Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Implications for Deployment and Public Perception.” Processes 11 (8): 2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauchi-Saunders, Aran J., and Ian J. Lewis. 2015. “GPU Enabled XDraw Viewshed Analysis.” Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 84 (October): 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2015.07.001.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, C. T., B. Gorissen, and S. Melchior. 2011. “Fast Oriented Bounding Box Optimization on the Rotation Group SO(3, R).” ACM TRANSACTIONS ON GRAPHICS 30 (5). https://doi.org/10.1145/2019627.2019641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, Fang, Yang Chongjun, Chen Zhuo, Yao Xiaojing, and Guo Hantao. 2011. “Parallel Algorithm for Viewshed Analysis on a Modern GPU.” International Journal of Digital Earth 4 (6): 471–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2011.555565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Yuxuan, and Jing Chen. 2021. “A Parallel Multipoint Viewshed Analysis Method for Urban 3D Building Scenes.” Transactions in GIS 25 (4): 2010–2028. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12759.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimburova, Zofie, and Stefan Blumentrath. 2022. “Viewshed-Based Modelling of Visual Exposure to Urban Greenery – An Efficient GIS Tool for Practical Planning Applications.” Landscape and Urban Planning 222 (June): 104395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104395.
   Google Scholar
• De Floriani, Leila, Paola Marzano, and Enrico Puppo. 1994. “Line-of-Sight Communication on Terrain Models.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 8 (4): 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799408902004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, Wang, Wang Gang, Pan Deji, Liu Yuan, Yang Liuzhong, and Wang Hongbo. 2015. “A Parallel Algorithm for Viewshed Analysis in Three-Dimensional Digital Earth.” Computers & Geosciences 75 (February): 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.10.012.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, Ron. 2002. “On the Algebraic and Geometric Foundations of Computer Graphics.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 21 (1): 52–86. https://doi.org/10.1145/504789.504792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Zhigang, Songnian Li, Caihui Cui, Hongquan Song, Yunfeng Kong, and Fen Qin. 2019. “Camera Planning for Area Surveillance: A New Method for Coverage Inference and Optimization Using Location-Based Service Data.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 78 (November): 101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101396.
   Google Scholar
• Henrico, I., S. Henrico, and S. Coetzee. 2020. “A Comparison Between Two Dem Products To Calculate A Visibility Analysis For Military Operations Using Fossgis.” Geografia Fisica E Dinamica Quaternaria 43 (1): 157–165. https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2020.43.6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikotun, Abiodun M., Absalom E. Ezugwu, Laith Abualigah, Belal Abuhaija, and Jia Heming. 2023. “K-Means Clustering Algorithms: A Comprehensive Review, Variants Analysis, and Advances in the Era of Big Data.” Information Sciences 622 (April): 178–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2022.11.139.
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, Romanos, and Demetris Koutsoyiannis. 2020. “A Review of Land Use, Visibility and Public Perception of Renewable Energy in the Context of Landscape Impact.” Applied Energy 276 (October): 115367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115367.
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, R., N. Mamassis, A. Efstratiadis, and D. Koutsoyiannis. 2022. “Reversing Visibility Analysis: Towards an Accelerated a Priori Assessment of Landscape Impacts of Renewable Energy Projects.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 161 (June): 112389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112389.
   Google Scholar
• Ismkhan, Hassan. 2018. “I-k-Means−+: An Iterative Clustering Algorithm Based on an Enhanced Version of the k-Means.” Pattern Recognition 79 (July): 402–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2018.02.015.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Eric E. 2006. “Using Viewshed Analysis to Explore Settlement Choice: A Case Study of the Onondaga Iroquois.” American Antiquity 71 (3): 523–538. https://doi.org/10.2307/40035363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, Seokchan, and Jiyeong Lee. 2019. “Improving Rendering Speed of 3D Geospatial Data Based on HTML5/WebGL Using Improved Arithmetic Operation Speed.” International Journal of Urban Sciences 23 (3): 303–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2018.1476175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Liu, LiQiang Zhang, JingTao Ma, Liang Zhang, XingMing Zhang, ZhiQiang Xiao, and Ling Yang. 2010. “An Improved Line-of-Sight Method for Visibility Analysis in 3D Complex Landscapes.” Science China Information Sciences 53 (11): 2185–2194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-010-4090-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll, Philipp, Selina Isak, Hermann Hellwagner, and Jeff Burke. 2021. “A Quadtree-Based Synchronization Protocol for Inter-Server Game State Synchronization.” Computer Networks 185 (February): 107723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107723.
   Google Scholar
• Möller, Bernd. 2010. “Spatial Analyses of Emerging and Fading Wind Energy Landscapes in Denmark.” Land Use Policy 27 (2): 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, Kathryn M., Bruce Gittings, and Jim Crow. 2018. “Visibility Analysis of the Roman Communication Network in Southern Scotland.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 17 (February): 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.047.
   Google Scholar
• Owens, John D., David Luebke, Naga Govindaraju, Mark Harris, Jens Krüger, Aaron E. Lefohn, and Timothy J. Purcell. 2007. “A Survey of General-Purpose Computation on Graphics Hardware.” Computer Graphics Forum 26 (1): 80–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2007.01012.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Sang-Min, and Young-Gab Kim. 2022. “A Metaverse: Taxonomy, Components, Applications, and Open Challenges.” IEEE Access 10: 4209–4251. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3140175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, Marcos, Carlos Montañés, and Norberto Fueyo. 2010. “A Method for the Assessment of the Visual Impact Caused by the Large-Scale Deployment of Renewable-Energy Facilities.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 30 (4): 240–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2009.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rua, Helena, Alexandre B. Gonçalves, and Ricardo Figueiredo. 2013. “Assessment of the Lines of Torres Vedras Defensive System with Visibility Analysis.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (4): 2113–2123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Fernandez, Andres J., Luis F. Romero, Gerardo Bandera, and Siham Tabik. 2022. “VPP: Visibility-Based Path Planning Heuristic for Monitoring Large Regions of Complex Terrain Using a UAV Onboard Camera.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 15: 944–955. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3134948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander, Heather A., and Steven M. Manson. 2007. “Heights and Locations of Artificial Structures in Viewshed Calculation: How Close Is Close Enough?” Landscape and Urban Planning 82 (4): 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, Pradeep, Mike Cammarano, and Pat Hanrahan. 2003. “Shadow Silhouette Maps.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 22 (3): 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1145/882262.882301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobala, Michał, Urszula Myga-Piątek, and Bartłomiej Szypuła. 2020. “Assessment of Changes in a Viewshed in the Western Carpathians Landscape as a Result of Reforestation.” Land 9 (11): 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamminger, M., and G. Drettakis. 2002. “Perspective Shadow Maps.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 21 (3): 557–562. https://doi.org/10.1145/566654.566616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Meizhen, Xuejun Liu, Yanan Zhang, and Ziran Wang. 2017. “Camera Coverage Estimation Based on Multistage Grid Subdivision.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 6 (4): 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6040110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J. J., G. J. Robinson, and K. White. 2000. “Generating Viewsheds Without Using Sightlines.” Photogrammetric Engineering And Remote Sensing 66 (1): 87–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welscher, Franz, Rizwan Bulbul, Johannes Scholz, and Peter Lederer. 2023. “The Antenna Coverage Location Problem in the Context of Cattle Tracking in the Austrian Alps.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 122 (August): 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103414.
   Google Scholar
• Wm, Prof, Randolph Franklin, Ltc Clark, K. Ray, and Shashank Mehta. 1998. “Geometric Algorithms for Siting of Air Defense Missile Batteries,” July.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Tianyu, Shizhu He, Jingping Liu, Siqi Sun, Kang Liu, Qing-Long Han, and Yang Tang. 2023. “A Brief Overview of ChatGPT: The History, Status Quo and Potential Future Development.” IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 10 (5): 1122–1136. https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2023.123618.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Huanping, Mao Pan, Lingqing Yao, and Bing Luo. 2007. “A Partition-Based Serial Algorithm for Generating Viewshed on Massive DEMs.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science 21 (9): 955–964. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810601034218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanlan, W. 2001. “An Algorithm Computing Viewsheds Based on Reference Planes.” WTUSM Bulletin of Science and Technology. 1 (January): 19–21+25. https://doi.org/10.14188/j.2095-6045.2001.01.007.
   Google Scholar
• You, Jiawei, Yongjian Huai, Xiaoying Nie, and Yuanyuan Chen. 2022. “Real-Time 3D Visualization of Forest Fire Spread Based on Tree Morphology and Finite State Machine.” Computers & Graphics 103 (April): 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2022.01.009.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Siyi, Bailang Yu, Wei Song, Bin Wu, Jianhua Zhou, Yan Huang, Jianping Wu, Feng Zhao, and Weiqing Mao. 2016. “View-Based Greenery: A Three-Dimensional Assessment of City Buildings’ Green Visibility Using Floor Green View Index.” Landscape and Urban Planning 152 (August): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.04.004.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Yanli, Anand Padmanabhan, and Shaowen Wang. 2013. “A Parallel Computing Approach to Viewshed Analysis of Large Terrain Data Using Graphics Processing Units.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science 27 (2): 363–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2012.692372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar