Impacts of the 20-year war on crop planting and food security in Afghanistan

References

• Akhtar, Fazlullah, Usman Khalid Awan, Bernhard Tischbein, and Umar Waqas Liaqat. 2018. “Assessment of Irrigation Performance in Large River Basins under Data Scarce Environment—A Case of Kabul River Basin, Afghanistan.” Remote Sensing 10 (6): 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akresh, Richard, Philip Verwimp, and Tom Bundervoet. 2011. “Civil War, Crop Failure, and Child Stunting in Rwanda.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 59 (4): 777–810. https://doi.org/10.1086/660003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atesoglu, Ayhan, Emre Aktürk, Aliakbar Rasouli, Serdar Erpay, and Halil Baris Ozel. 2020. “Monitoring of Land-Cover/Land-Use Changes in Syria by Involving the Collect Earth Methodology Approach.” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 29 (12): 11032–11041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, R. A. 2003. “Remote Sensing and GIS as Counterterrorism Tools in the Afghanistan War: A Case Study of the Zhawar Kili Region.” The Professional Geographer 55 (2): 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.5502005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. B., J. P. Steckler, and G. W. Anderson. 1994. “Remote Sensing for Identification of Weeds in No-Till Corn.” Transactions of the ASAE 37 (1): 297–302. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.28084.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Liyu, Yi Zhou, Litao Wang, Shixin Wang, and Cong Du. 2007. “An estimate of the city population in China using DMSP night-time satellite imagery.” IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 691–694. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422890.
   Google Scholar
• de Beurs, K. M., and G. M. Henebry. 2008. “War, Drought, and Phenology: Changes in the Land Surface Phenology of Afghanistan since 1982.” Journal of Land Use Science 3 (2–3): 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474230701786109.
   Google Scholar
• FEWS NET. 2022. “Conflict and Poor Agricultural Production Expected to Drive Deteriorating Food Security in Afghanistan.” https://fews.net/central-asia/afghanistan/food-security-outlook/june-2021.
   Google Scholar
• Gbanie, Solomon Peter, Amy L. Griffin, and Alec Thornton. 2018. “Impacts on the Urban Environment: Land Cover Change Trajectories and Landscape Fragmentation in Post-War Western Area, Sierra Leone.” Remote Sensing 10 (1): 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, Glen R., James B. Campbell, and Randolph H. Wynne. 2012. “Three Decades of War and Food Insecurity in Iraq.” Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 78 (8): 885–895. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.78.8.895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodhand, Jonathan. 2002. “Aiding Violence or Building Peace? The Role of International Aid in Afghanistan.” Third World Quarterly 23 (5): 837–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659022000028620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodhand, J. 2005. “Frontiers and Wars: The Opium Economy in Afghanistan.” Journal of Agrarian Change 5 (2): 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2005.00099.x.
   Google Scholar
• Hao, Wang, Qin Lai-An, Jing Xu, He Feng, Tan Feng-Fu, and Hou Zai-Hong. 2019. “Research of Identification of Papaver Based on Spectral Analysis.” Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics 36 (2): 151–155.
   Google Scholar
• He, Chunyang, Qun Ma, Zhifeng Liu, and Qiaofeng Zhang. 2014. “Modeling the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Electric Power Consumption in Mainland China Using Saturation-Corrected DMSP/OLS Nighttime Stable Light Data.” International Journal of Digital Earth 7 (12): 993–1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2013.822026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hestir, E. L., S. Khanna, M. E. Andrew, M. J. Santos, J. H. Viers, J. A. Greenberg, and S. L. Ustin. 2008. “Identification of Invasive Vegetation Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing in the California Delta Ecosystem.” Remote Sensing of Environment 112 (11): 4034–4047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.01.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Index Mundi. 2023. “Afghanistan Wheat Production by Year.” https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=af&commodity=wheat&graph=production.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, W., G. He, T. Long, and H. Liu. 2017. “Ongoing Conflict Makes Yemen Dark: From the Perspective of Nighttime Light.” Remote Sensing 9: 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9080798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki, Shinji, Fumio Watanabe, Shinji Suzuki, Ryuzo Nishimaki, and Satoru Takahashi. 2012. “Current Situation and Issues on Agriculture of Afghanistan.” Journal of Arid Land Studies 22 (1): 345–348.
   Google Scholar
• Kienberger, Stefan, Raphael Spiekermann, Dirk Tiede, Irmgard Zeiler, and Coen Bussink. 2017. “Spatial Risk Assessment of Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan: Integrating Environmental and Socio-Economic Drivers.” International Journal of Digital Earth 10 (7): 719–736. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2016.1250828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knickmeyer, Ellen. 2021. “Costs of the Afghanistan War, in Lives and Dollars.” AP News. https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-business-afghanistan-43d8f53b35e80ec18c130cd683e1a38f.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Xi-Ya, Xi Li, Ziying Fan, Li Mi, Tarek Kandakji, Zhen Song, Deren Li, and Xiao-Peng Song. 2022. “Civil War Hinders Crop Production and Threatens Food Security in Syria.” Nature Food 3: 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00432-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nackoney, Janet, Giuseppe Molinario, Peter Potapov, Svetlana Turubanova, Matthew C. Hansen, and Takeshi Furuichi. 2014. “Impacts of Civil Conflict on Primary Forest Habitat in Northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010.” Biological Conservation 170: 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, M. 2005. “Random Forest Classifier for Remote Sensing Classification.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 26 (1): 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160412331269698.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, R. S., F. J. Gordon, R. E. Agnew, R. J. Barnes, and R. W. J. Steen. 1997. “The Use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy on Dried Samples to Predict Biological Parameters of Grass Silage.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 68 (3–4): 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00055-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazza, James A. 2012. “The Opium Trade and Patterns of Terrorism in the Provinces of Afghanistan: An Empirical Analysis.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (2): 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.648680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins, E. 2008. “Use of Low Cost Landsat ETM+ to Spot Burnt Villages in Darfur, Sudan.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 29 (4): 1207–1214. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701730110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, Rajiv, Kai Sonder, and G. Sika. 2015. “Potential Impact of Climate Change Trends on Wheat Production and Mitigation Strategies in Afghanistan.” Journal of Agricultural Science 7 (4): 40.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. C., T. W. Waine, G. R. Juniper, D. M. Simms, and T. R. Brewer. 2010. “Survey and Monitoring of Opium Poppy and Wheat in Afghanistan: 2003–2009.” Remote Sensing Letters 1 (3): 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161003713028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari, Varun, Mir A. Matin, Faisal M. Qamer, Walter Lee Ellenburg, Birendra Bajracharya, Krishna Vadrevu, Begum Rabeya Rushi, and Waheedullah Yusafi. 2020. “Wheat Area Mapping in Afghanistan Based on Optical and SAR Time-Series Images in Google Earth Engine Cloud Environment.” Frontiers in Environmental Science 8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNHCA (The UN Refugee Agency). 2022. “Afghanistan Refugee Crisis Explained.” https://www.unrefugees.org/news/afghanistan-refugee-crisis-explained.
   Google Scholar
• Verwimp, P., and J. C. Muñoz-Mora. 2018. “Returning Home after Civil War: Food Security and Nutrition among Burundian Households.” The Journal of Development Studies 54 (6): 1019–1040. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2017.1311407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrindts, E., J. De Baerdemaeker, and H. Ramon. 2002. “Weed Detection Using Canopy Reflection.” Precision Agriculture 3 (1): 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013326304427.
   Google Scholar
• Watson Institute. 2021. “Human Cost of Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones, Afghanistan & Pakistan (Oct. 2001–Aug. 2021); Iraq (March 2003–Aug. 2021); Syria (Sept. 2014–May 2021); Yemen (Oct. 2002–Aug. 2021) and Other Post-9/11 War Zones, Cost of War.” https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/WarDeathToll.
   Google Scholar
• Welle, Roland, Willi Greten, Thomas Müller, Gary Weber, and Hartwig Wehrmann. 2005. “Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy On-Combine in Corn Grain Breeding.” Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 13 (2): 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2017. “Poverty in Afghanistan: Results Based on ALCS 2016–17.” © World Bank. https://www.google.com.hk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwihlsGrzKX5AhXIHIgKHfgADGsQFnoECAUQAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F451111535402851523%2Fpdf%2FAUS0000426-REVISED-ALCS-Poverty-Chapter-upload-v2.pdf&usg=AOvVaw31wpFpS0_YnQABoAW6vDnc.
   Google Scholar
• Wulder, Michael A., Thomas R. Loveland, David P. Roy, Christopher J. Crawford, Jeffrey G. Masek, Curtis E. Woodcock, Richard G. Allen, et al. 2019. “Current Status of Landsat Program, Science, and Applications.” Remote Sensing of Environment 225: 127–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.02.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Jinwen, Yi Qiang, Heng Cai, and Lei Zou. 2023. “Power Outage and Environmental Justice in Winter Storm Uri: An Analytical Workflow Based on Nighttime Light Remote Sensing.” International Journal of Digital Earth 16 (1): 2259–2278. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2023.2224087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, Shuai, Xiaochuang Yao, Dehai Zhu, Diyou Liu, Lin Zhang, Guojiang Yu, Bingbo Gao, Jianyu Yang, and Wenju Yun. 2021. “Large-Scale Crop Mapping from Multi-Source Optical Satellite Imageries Using Machine Learning with Discrete Grids.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 103: 102485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, X., G. Li, J. Xia, J. Ben, Q. Cao, L. Zhao, Y. Ma, L. Zhang, and D. Zhu. 2020. “Enabling the Big Earth Observation Data via Cloud Computing and DGGS: Opportunities and Challenges.” Remote Sensing 12 (1): 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar