References
- AidData. 2023. “Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset, Version 3.0.” https://www.aiddata.org/data/aiddatas-global-chinese-development-finance-dataset-version-3-0.
- Akeredolu, F. 2023. “China’s Role in Restructuring Debt in Africa.” In (DPIR, University of Oxford)/February 16. OXPOL Oxford Policy Blog. https://blog.politics.ox.ac.uk/chinas-role-in-restructuring-debt-in-africa/.
- Boston University Development Policy Center. https://www.bu.edu/gdp-cn/2022/10/05/.
- Boston University Global Development Policy Center. 2024. Chinese Loans to Africa Database. http://bu.edu/gdp/chinese-loans-to-africa-database.
- Brautigam, D. 2020. “A Critical Look at Chinese ‘Debt-Trap diplomacy’: The Rise of a Meme.” Area Development and Policy 5 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828.
- Brautigam, D. 2022. “China and Zambia: Creating a Sovereign Debt Crisis.” International Affairs 98 (4): 1347–1365. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac109.
- Brautigam, D., and M. Rithmire, 2021. “The Chinese ‘Debt Trap’ Is a Myth.” The Atlantic. February 6. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/02/china-debt-trapdiplomacy/617953/?fbclid=IwAR2iNDXVyicLyEO3ma8fura5wdwcFysNvKxfD8NC7rpu9y6pcPWpfWB1GoI.
- Calderón, C., E. Moral‐Benitom, and L. Servén. 2015. “Is Infrastructure Capital Productive? A Dynamic Heterogeneous Approach.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 30 (2): 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.2373.
- Canning, D., 1999. “The Contribution of Infrastructure to Aggregate Output.” The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2246, November.
- Chellaney, B. 2017. China’s debt-trap diplomacy. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-one-belt-one-road-loans-debt-by-brahma-chellaney-2017-01-one-road-loans-debt-by-brahma-chellaney-2017-01.
- Chen, Y. 2020. “Chinese Debt and the Myth of the Debt-Trap in Africa.” July 24. ISPI. https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/chinese-debt-and-myth-debt-trap-africa-27024.
- Economic Times. 2022, October 3. China Falls into Its Own Debt Trap As Loans Under Belt and Road Initiative Pile Up. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/china-falls-into-its-own-debt-trap-as-loans-under-belt-and-road-initiative-pile-up/articleshow/94621452.cms.
- The Editorial Board, 2023. “How to Avoid Another Global Debt Crisis.” New York Time, April 17.
- Esfahani, H., and M. Teresa Ramirez. 2002. “Institutions, Infrastructure and Economic Growth.” Journal of Development Economics 70 (2): 443–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(02)00105-0.
- Fischer, S. 1991. “Growth, Macroeconomics, and Development.” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 6:329–364. https://doi.org/10.1086/654175.
- Green, M. 2019. “China’s Debt Diplomacy. How Belt and Road Threatens Countries Ability to Achieve Self-Reliance.” Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/25/chinas-debt-diplomacy/.
- Horn, S., B. Parks, C. M. Reinhart, and C. Trebesch. 2023. China As an International Lender of Last Resort, Kiel Working Paper, No. 2244. Kiel: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
- Horn, S., C. Reinhart, and C. Trebesch. 2021. “China’s Overseas Lending.” Journal of International Economics 133 (C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103539.
- Huang, Y. 2016. “Understanding China’s Belt & Road Initiative: Motivation, Framework and Assessment.” China Economic Review 40 (September): 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.07.007.
- Information Office of the State Council of China. 2021. China’s International Development Cooperation in the New Era. January.
- Lin, S., and K. Sosin. 2001. “Foreign Debt and Economic Growth.” Economics of Transition 9 (3): 635–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00092.
- Mihalyi, D., and C. Trebesch. 2023. “Who Lends to Africa and How? Introducing the Africa Debt Database.” Kiel Working Papers 2017, First Version. March 2022; This version, April 2023.
- Nafziger, E. W. 1993. The Debt Crisis in Africa. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
- National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2017-2023. “Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China.” https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202402/t20240228_1947915.html.
- National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2022. China Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statitics Press.
- National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2024. “Statistical Bulletin on National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China.” January 29.
- Nellis, J. 1989. “Performance of African Public Enterprises.” In Industrial Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by G. M. Meier and W. F. Steel, 219–225. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Reed, B., 2024. “China Needs to Do More on ‘Silent crisis’ of Debt, Says World Bank Official.” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/feb/21/china-debt-relief-world-bank-ayhan-kose.
- Röller, L.-H., and L. Waverman. 2001. “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach.” The American Economic Review, 91 (4): 909–923. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.909
- State Council of China Information Office. 2023. Jointly Building the Belt and Road: The Important Practice of Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind. October 10.
- Statista. 2023. https://www.statista.com.
- World Bank. 2022. International Debt Report 2022, Updated International Debt Statistics.
- World Bank. 2023a. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=A9-ZF.
- World Bank. 2023b. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS.
- World Bank. 2024. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNS.ICTR.ZS.