The outcomes of healthcare chaplaincy on hospitalized patients. A quasi-experimental study in Belgium

References

• Antony, M. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (Eds.). (2002). Practitioner’s guide to empirically based measures of anxiety. New York Boston Dordrecht London Moscow: Kluwer Academic Publishers. http://doi.org/10.1007/b108176
   Google Scholar
• Austin, P., & MacLeod, R. (2017). Finding peace in clinical settings: A narrative review of concept and practice. Palliative & Supportive Care, 15(4), 490–498. doi:10.1017/S1478951516000924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, D.C. (2001). The investigation of pastoral care interventions as a treatment for depression among continuing care retirement community residents. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 12(1),63–85, doi:10.1300/J078v12n01.
   Google Scholar
• Bay, P. S., Beckman, D., Trippi, J., Gunderman, R., & Terry, C. (2008). The effect of pastoral care services on anxiety, depression, hope, religious coping, and religious problem solving styles: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Religion and Health, 47(1), 57–69. doi:10.1007/sl0943-007-9131-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beerse, T. (2018). Geestelijke verzorging en “evidence-based” werken. Tilburg: KSGV.
   Google Scholar
• Berning, J. N., Poor, A. D., Buckley, S. M., Patel, K. R., Lederer, D. J., Goldstein, N. E., … Baldwin, M. R. (2016). A novel picture guide to improve spiritual care and reduce anxiety in mechanically ventilated adults in the intensive care unit. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 13(8), 1333–1342. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201512-831OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canada, A. L., Murphy, P. E., Fitchett, G., Peterman, A. H., & Schover, L. R. (2008). A 3-factor model for the FACIT-Sp. Psycho-Oncology. 17(9), 908–916. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center, P. R. (2018). Being Christian in Western Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Damen, A., Schuhmann, C., Leget, C., & Fitchett, G. (2019). Can outcome research respect the integrity of chaplaincy? A review of outcome studies. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 1–28. doi:10.1080/08854726.2019.1599258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damen, A., Visser, A., van Laarhoven, H. W. M., Leget, C., Raijmakers, N., van Roij, J., & Fitchett, G. (2021). Validation of the FACIT-Sp-12 in a Dutch cohort of patients with advanced cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 30(11), 1930–1938. doi:10.1002/pon.5765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillen, A., Vanderheijden, E., & Vandenhoeck, A. (2018). “Wat doe jij hier eigenlijk?” Resultaten van empirisch onderzoek naar de tijdsbesteding van Vlaamse ziekenhuispastores. Collationes, 48(2), 163–190.
   Google Scholar
• DiMatteo, M. R., Lepper, H. S., & Croghan, T. W. (2000). Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: Meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(14), 2101–2107. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.14.2101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doehring, C. (2015). The pracitice of pastoral care. A postmodern approach. Louisville Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (n.d.). Hospital discharges and average length of stay. doi:10.1787/18faaea9-en
   Google Scholar
• Faller, H., Schuler, M., Richard, M., Heckl, U., Weis, J., & Küffner, R. (2013). Effects of psycho-oncologic interventions on emotional distress and quality of life in adult patients with cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31(6), 782–793. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.40.8922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. doi:10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitchett, G. (2020). Advancing research in healthcare chaplaincy: Why, how, who? E. Kelly & J. Swinton Eds. Chaplaincy and the soul of health and social care: Fostering spiritual wellbeing in emerging paradigms of care. (pp. 170–186) Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Galek, K., Flannelly, K. J., Koenig, H. G., & Fogg, S. L. (2007). Referrals to chaplains: The role of religion and spirituality in healthcare settings. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(4), 363–377. doi:10.1080/13674670600757064
   Google Scholar
• Ganzevoort, R., & Visser, J. (2007). Zorg voor het verhaal: Achtergrond, methode en inhoud van pastorale begeleiding. Zoetermeer: Meinema.
   Google Scholar
• Glasner, T., Schuhmann, C., & Kruizinga, R. (2022). The future of chaplaincy in a secularized society: A mixed-methods survey from the Netherlands. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 1–13. doi:10.1080/08854726.2022.2040894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 549–576. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handzo, G. F., Cobb, M., Holmes, C., Kelly, E., & Sinclair, S. (2014). Outcomes for professional health care chaplaincy: An international call to action. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 20(2), 43–53. doi:10.1080/08854726.2014.902713
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Handzo, G. F., Flannelly, K. J., Kudler, T., Fogg, S. L., Harding, S. R., Hasan, I. Y. H., … Taylor, R. B. E. (2008). What do chaplains really do? II. Interventions in the New York chaplaincy study. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 14(1), 39–56. doi:10.1080/08854720802053853
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heck, R. H., Thomas, S. L., & Tabata, L. N. (2014). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2008). Research design in counseling. Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Iler, W. L., Obenshain, D., & Camac, M. (2001). The impact of daily visits from chaplains on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A pilot study. Chaplaincy Today, 17(1), 5–11. doi:10.1080/10999183.2001.10767153
   Google Scholar
• Jankowski, K. R. B., Handzo, G. F., & Flannelly, K. J. (2011). Testing the efficacy of chaplaincy care. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 17(3–4), 100–125. doi:10.1080/08854726.2011.616166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Julian, L. J. (2011). Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (Hads-A). Arthritis Care and Research, 63(SUPPL. 11), 467–472. doi:10.1002/acr.20561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, E., & Vandenhoeck, A. (2017). The birth of a European Research Institute for Chaplains in Healthcare (ERICH): Initiated by chaplains for the promotion of research by chaplains. Health and Social Care Chaplaincy, 5(2), 297–305. doi:10.1558/hscc.34304
   Google Scholar
• Kestenbaum, A., Shields, M., James, J., Hocker, W., Morgan, S., Karve, S., … Dunn, L. B. (2017). What impact do chaplains have? A pilot study of spiritual AIM for advanced cancer patients in outpatient palliative care. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 54(5), 707–714. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevern, P., & Hill, L. (2015). ‘Chaplains for well-being’ in primary care: Analysis of the results of a retrospective study. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 16(1), 87–99. doi:10.1017/S1463423613000492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissane, D. W. (2012). The relief of existential suffering. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(19), 1501–1505. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruizinga, R., Hartog, I. D., Jacobs, M., Daams, J. G., Scherer-Rath, M., Schilderman, J. B. A. M., … Van Laarhoven, H. W. M. (2016). The effect of spiritual interventions addressing existential themes using a narrative approach on quality of life of cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psycho-Oncology, 25(3), 253–265. doi:10.1002/pon.3910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruizinga, R., Scherer-rath, M., Schilderman, J. B. A. M., Hartog, I. D., Loos, J. P. M., Van Der, Kotzé, H. P., … Van Laarhoven, H. W. (2019). An assisted structured reflection on life events and life goals in advanced cancer patients: Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial (Life InSight Application (LISA) study). Palliative Medicine, 33(2), 221–231. doi:10.1177/0269216318816005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, L. (2012). Research note: Talking about a revolution: Terminology for the new field of non-religion studies. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 27(1), 129–139. doi:10.1080/13537903.2012.642742
   Google Scholar
• Lobb, E. A., Schmidt, S., Jerzmanowska, N., Swing, A. M., & Thristiawati, S. (2018). Patient reported outcomes of pastoral care in a hospital setting. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 1–16. doi:10.1080/08854726.2018.1490059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lublewski-Zienau, A., Kittel, J., & Karoff, M. (2015). Die Seelsorge hat mir Kraft gegeben, meine Krankheit besser zu vertragen: Eine empirische Untersuchung zur Bedeutung der Seelsorge für Patientinnen und Patienten in der kardiologischen und orthopädischen Rehabilitation. Wege Zum Menschen, 67(6), 529–549. doi:10.13109/weme.2015.67.6.529
   Google Scholar
• Luyten, P., Blatt, S. J., & Mayes, L. C. (2012). Process and outcome in psychoanalytic psychotherapy research: The need for a (relatively) new paradigm. In R. A. Levy, J. S. Ablon, & H. Kächele (Eds.), Psychodynamic psychotherapy research: Evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence (pp. 345–360). New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London: Humana Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
   Google Scholar
• Massey, K., Barnes, M. J., Villines, D., Goldstein, J. D., Pierson, A. L. H., Scherer, C., … Summerfelt, W. T. (2015). What do I do? Developing a taxonomy of chaplaincy activities and interventions for spiritual care in intensive care unit palliative care. BMC Palliative Care, 14(1), 10. doi:10.1186/s12904-015-0008-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLeod, B. D., Islam, N., & Wheat, E. (2013). Designing, conducting, and evaluating therapy process research. The Oxford Handbook of Research Strategies for Clinical Psychology. Issue June 2016. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793549.013.0009
   Google Scholar
• McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412–433. doi:10.1037/met0000144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noorani, N. H., & Montagnini, M. (2007). Recognizing depression in palliative care patients. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 10(2), 458–464. doi:10.1089/jpm.2006.0099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., Aldwin, C. M., Choun, S., George, L., Suresh, D. P., & Bliss, D. (2016). Spiritual peace predicts 5-year mortality in congestive heart failure patients. Health Psychology, 35(3), 203–210. doi:10.1037/hea0000271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peery, B. (2011). Outcome oriented chaplaincy: Intentional caring. In Professional spiritual & pastoral care: A practical clergy and Chaplain’s handbook (pp. 342–361).
   Google Scholar
• Peterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Brady, M. J., Hernandez, L., & Cella, D. (2002). Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Spiritual Well-Being scale (FACIT-Sp). Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 49–58. doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peugh, J. L. (2010). A practical guide to multilevel modeling. Journal of School Psychology, 48(1), 85–112. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2009.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piderman, K., Radecki Breitkopf, C., Jenkins, S. M., Lapid, M., Kwete, G. M., Sytsma, T. T., … Jatoi, A. (2017). The impact of a spiritual legacy intervention in patients with brain cancer and other neurologic illnesses and their support persons. Psycho-Oncology, 26(3), 346–353. doi:10.1002/pon.4031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad voor volksgezondheid en samenleving. (2017). Zonder context geen bewijs: Over de illusies van evidence-based practice in de zorg. https://www.raadrvs.nl/documenten/publicaties/2017/06/19/zonder-context-geen-bewijs
   Google Scholar
• Sanjida, S., McPhail, S. M., Shaw, J., Couper, J., Kissane, D., Price, M. A., & Janda, M. (2018). Are psychological interventions effective on anxiety in cancer patients? A systematic review and meta-analyses. Psycho-Oncology, 27(9), 2063–2076. doi:10.1002/pon.4794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, K. M., Bruffaerts, R., Tsang, A., Ormel, J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., … Von Korff, M. (2007). Depression-anxiety relationships with chronic physical conditions: Results from the world mental health surveys. Journal of Affective Disorders, 103(1–3), 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheard, T., & Maguire, P. (1999). The effect of psychological interventions on anxiety and depression in cancer patients: Results of two meta-analyses. British Journal of Cancer, 80(11), 1770–1780. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snaith, R. P., & Zigmond, A. S. (1994). The hospital anxiety and depression scale manual. London: GL Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Snowden, A., & Telfer, I. J. M. (2017). Patient reported outcome measure of spiritual care as delivered by chaplains. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 23(4), 131–155. doi:10.1080/08854726.2017.1279935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowden, A., Telfer, I., Kelly, E., Bunniss, S., & Mowat, H. (2013). Spiritual care as person centred care: A thematic analysis of interventions. The Scottish Journal of Healthcare Chaplaincy, 16, 23–32.
   Google Scholar
• Snowden, A., Telfer, I., Kelly, E., Mowat, H., Bunniss, S., & Howard, N. (2012). Healthcare chaplaincy: The Lothian chaplaincy Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM): The construction of a measure of the impact of specialist spiritual care (pp. 1–108). http://www.snowdenresearch.co.uk/download/healthcare-chaplaincy-the-lothian-prom-2012-revised-col-online-only.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Snowden, A., Telfer, I., Vandenhoeck, A., Verhoef, J., & Gibbon, A. (2022). Chaplains work in primary care. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 1–19. doi:10.1080/08854726.2022.2077555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhauser, K. E., Voils, C., Bosworth, H., & Christakis, N. (2006). Are you at peace?”: One item to probe spiritual concerns at the end of life. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(1), 101–105. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.1.101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, V., Kim, J. Y., Irish, T. L., Borneman, T., Sidhu, R. K., Klein, L., & Ferrell, B. (2015). Palliative care and spiritual well-being in lung cancer patients and family caregivers. Psycho-Oncology, 25(12), 1448–1455. doi:10.1002/pon.3987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bruggen, V., Klooster, P., Westerhof, G., de Kleine, E., Bohlmeijer, E., & Glas, G. (2017). The Existential Concerns Questionnaire (ECQ): Development and initial validation of a new existential anxiety scale in a nonclinical and clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(12), 1692–1703. doi:10.1002/jclp.22474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bruggen, V., Vos, J., Westerhof, G., Bohlmeijer, E., & Glas, G. (2015). Systematic review of existential anxiety instruments. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 55(2), 173–201. doi:10.1177/0022167814542048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandecreek, L., & Arthur, M. L. (2001). The discipline for pastoral care giving: Foundations for outcome oriented chaplaincy. New York London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderwerker, L. C., Flannelly, K. J., Galek, K., Harding, S. R., Handzo, G. F., Oettinger, S. M., & Bauman, J. P. (2008). What do chaplains really do? I. Visitation in the New York chaplaincy study. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 14(1), 57–73. doi:10.1080/08854720802053861
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Edom, G. (2014). Bang voor kanker. Hoe kun je helpen? Tielt: Lannoo.
   Google Scholar
• Veerman, J. W. (2020). Researching practices: Lessons from Dutch youth care. R. Kruizinga, J. Körver, N. den Toom, M. Walton, & M. Stoutjesdijk Eds. Learning from case studies in chaplaincy: Towards practice based evidence and professionalism (pp. 46–59). Eburon.
   Google Scholar
• Visser, A., Garssen, B., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2017). Existential well-being: Spirituality or well-being? The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(3), 234–241. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000617
   Google Scholar
• Vos, J. (2016). Working with meaning in life in chronic or life-threatening disease: A review of its relevance and the effectiveness of meaning-centred therapies. In P. Russo-Netzer, S. E. Schulenberg, & S. Batthyany (Eds.), Clinical perspectives on meaning. Positive and existential psychotherapy (pp. 59–88). Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Weems, C. F., Costa, N. M., Dehon, C., & Berman, S. L. (2004). Paul Tillich’s theory of existential anxiety: A preliminary conceptual and empirical examination. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17(4), 383–399. doi:10.1080/10615800412331318616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitford, H. S., & Olver, I. N. (2012). The multidimensionality of spiritual wellbeing: Peace, meaning, and faith and their association with quality of life and coping in oncology. Psycho-Oncology, 21(6), 602–610. doi:10.1002/pon.1937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalom, I. D. (2008). Staring at the sun: Overcoming the terror of death. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar