Sunbeds with UVB radiation can produce physiological levels of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers

References

• Health Canada. Tanning and its Effects on Your Health. Health. Ottawa (ON); 2012 Sept [accessed 2016 Dec 12] http://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/healthy-living/your-health/lifestyles/your-health-tanning-effects-your-health-health-canada-2012.html.
   Google Scholar
• Weller RB. The health benefits of UV radiation exposure through vitamin D production or non-vitamin D pathways. Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2017; 16:374–80. doi:10.1039/C6PP00336B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon (France): World Health Organization; 2012
   Google Scholar
• MF H. McCollum Award Lecture. 1994: Vitamin D – new horizons for the 21st Century. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 60:12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988; 67:373–8. doi:10.1210/jcem-67-2-373. PMID:2839537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96:53–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2704. PMID:21118827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM, Endocrine S. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96:1911–30. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385. PMID:21646368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pludowski P, Karczmarewicz E, Bayer M, Carter G, Chlebna-Sokol D, Czech-Kowalska J, Debski R, Decsi T, Dobrzanska A, Franek E, et al. Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe – recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Endokrynologia Polska. 2013; 64:319–27. doi:10.5603/EP.2013.0012. PMID:24002961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB, Wimalawansa SJ, Holick MF, Cannell JJ, Pludowski P, Lappe JM, Pittaway M, May P. Emphasizing the health benefits of vitamin D for those with neurodevelopmental disorders and intellectual disabilities. Nutrients. 2015; 7:1538–64. doi:10.3390/nu7031538. PMID:25734565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggerly CA, Cuomo RE, French CB, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Grant WB, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Hollis BW, McDonnell SL, et al. Sunlight and Vitamin D: Necessary for Public Health. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015; 34:359–65. doi:10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866. PMID:26098394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao YS, Ekwaru JP, Ohinmaa A, Griener G, Veugelers PJ. Vitamin D and health-related quality of life in a community sample of older Canadians. Qual Life Res. 2014; 23:2569–75. doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0696-6. PMID:24760533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekwaru JP, Ohinmaa A, Veugelers PJ. The effectiveness of a preventive health program and vitamin D status in improving health-related quality of life of older Canadians. Qual Life Res. 2015; 25:661–8. doi:10.1007/s11136-015-1103-7. PMID:26282006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonnell SL, Baggerly C, French CB, Baggerly LL, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Lappe JM, Heaney RP. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations >/ = 40 ng/ml Are Associated with >65% Lower Cancer Risk: Pooled Analysis of Randomized Trial and Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2016; 11:e0152441. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152441. PMID:27049526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ, Hiltz MN. Addressing vitamin D deficiency in Canada: a public health innovation whose time has come. Public Health. 2010; 124:350–9. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.03.003. PMID:20413135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chel VG, Ooms ME, Popp-Snijders C, Pavel S, Schothorst AA, Meulemans CC, Lips P. Ultraviolet irradiation corrects vitamin D deficiency and suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly. J Bone Miner Res. 1998; 13:1238–42. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.8.1238. PMID:9718191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Chen TC, Lu Z, Sauter E. Vitamin D and skin physiology: a D-lightful story. J Bone Miner Res. 2007; 22 Suppl 2:V28−33. doi:10.1359/jbmr.07s211. PMID:18290718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangpricha V, Turner A, Spina C, Decastro S, Chen TC, Holick MF. Tanning is associated with optimal vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration) and higher bone mineral density. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80:1645–9. PMID:15585781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn S NR, Whiteman D, Kimlin M. Vitamin D production and UV exposure – a systematic review. Auckland (NZ): NIWA A UV Workshop; 2014
   Google Scholar
• Vahavihu K, Ala-Houhala M, Peric M, Karisola P, Kautiainen H, Hasan T, Snellman E, Alenius H, Schauber J, Reunala T. Narrowband ultraviolet B treatment improves vitamin D balance and alters antimicrobial peptide expression in skin lesions of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2010; 163:321–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09767.x. PMID:20331450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osmancevic A, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Larko O, Mellstrom D, Wennberg AM, Hulthen L, Krogstad AL. UVB therapy increases 25(OH) vitamin D syntheses in postmenopausal women with psoriasis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007; 23:172–8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2007.00301.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta P, Bogh MK, Olsen P, Eriksen P, Schmedes AV, Grage MM, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. Increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 in humans after solar exposure under natural conditions compared to artificial UVB exposure of hands and face. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2012; 11:1817–24. doi:10.1039/c2pp25093d. PMID:22851263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Winter S, Vink AA, Roza L, Pavel S. Solar-simulated skin adaptation and its effect on subsequent UV-induced epidermal DNA damage. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2001; 117:678–82. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01478.x. PMID:11564176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller AC, Brooks DR, Colditz GA, Koh HK, Frazier AL. Sun protection practices among offspring of women with personal or family history of skin cancer. Pediatrics. 2006; 117:e688−94. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1734. PMID:16585282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver H, Ferguson J, Moseley H. Quantitative risk assessment of sunbeds: impact of new high power lamps. Br J Dermatol. 2007; 157:350–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07985.x. PMID:17650177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sami S. Qutob MOB, Feder Katya, McNamee James, Guay Mireille, Than John. Tanning equipment use: 2014 Canadian Community Health Survey. Health Reports 2017; 28:12–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambichler T, Bader A, Vojvodic M, Bechara FG, Sauermann K, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K. Impact of UVA exposure on psychological parameters and circulating serotonin and melatonin. BMC Dermatol. 2002; 2:6. doi:10.1186/1471-5945-2-6. PMID:11952999
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldman SR, Liguori A, Kucenic M, Rapp SR, Fleischer AB, Jr., Lang W, Kaur M. Ultraviolet exposure is a reinforcing stimulus in frequent indoor tanners. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004; 51:45–51. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.053. PMID:15243523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman CJ, Egleston BL, Wilson DB, Ingersoll KS. A preliminary investigation of the predictors of tanning dependence. Am J Health Behav. 2008; 32:451–64. doi:10.5993/AJHB.32.5.1. PMID:18241130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armas LA, Dowell S, Akhter M, Duthuluru S, Huerter C, Hollis BW, Lund R, Heaney RP. Ultraviolet-B radiation increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: the effect of UVB dose and skin color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007; 57:588–93. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.03.004. PMID:17637484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moan J, Lagunova Z, Cicarma E, Aksnes L, Dahlback A, Grant WB, Porojnicu AC. Sunbeds as vitamin D sources. Photochem Photobiol. 2009; 85:1474–9. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00607.x. PMID:19788534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar MD, Webb AR, Kift R, Durkin MT, Allan D, Herbert A, Berry JL, Rhodes LE. Efficacy of a dose range of simulated sunlight exposures in raising vitamin D status in South Asian adults: implications for targeted guidance on sun exposure. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013; 97:1210–6. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.052639. PMID:23615828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieden E, Jorgensen HL, Jorgensen NR, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. Sunbed radiation provokes cutaneous vitamin D synthesis in humans–a randomized controlled trial. Photochem Photobiol. 2008; 84:1487–92. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00372.x. PMID:18513233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luxwolda MF, Kuipers RS, Kema IP, van der Veer E, Dijck-Brouwer DA, Muskiet FA. Vitamin D status indicators in indigenous populations in East Africa. Eur J Nutr. 2013; 52:1115–25. doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0421-6. PMID:22878781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis BW, Wagner CL, Howard CR, Ebeling M, Shary JR, Smith PG, Taylor SN, Morella K, Lawrence RA, Hulsey TC. Maternal Versus Infant Vitamin D Supplementation During Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2015; 136:625–34. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1669. PMID:26416936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney RP. Toward a physiological referent for the vitamin D requirement. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014; 37:1127–30. doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0190-6. PMID:25308199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Canada. Frequently Asked Questions on the Amendments to the Radiation Emitting Devices Regulations (Tanning Equipment): Ottawa (ON), 2014 Jun 02 [accessed 2016 Dec 12]; https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environment-workplace-health/radiation/ultraviolet-radiation/frequently-asked-questions-amendments-radiation-emmtting-devices-regulations-tanning-equipment.html
   Google Scholar
• Bogh MK, Schmedes AV, Philipsen PA, Thieden E, Wulf HC. Vitamin D production depends on ultraviolet-B dose but not on dose rate: a randomized controlled trial. Exp Dermatol. 2011; 20:14–8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01201.x. PMID:21158934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogh MK, Schmedes AV, Philipsen PA, Thieden E, Wulf HC. Vitamin D production after UVB exposure depends on baseline vitamin D and total cholesterol but not on skin pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol. 2010; 130:546–53. doi:10.1038/jid.2009.323. PMID:19812604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77:204–10. PMID:12499343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb AR, Holick MF. The role of sunlight in the cutaneous production of vitamin D3. Annu Rev Nutr. 1988; 8:375–99. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.08.070188.002111. PMID:2849469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veugelers PJ, Ekwaru JP. A statistical error in the estimation of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D. Nutrients. 2014; 6:4472–5. doi:10.3390/nu6104472. PMID:25333201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veugelers PJ, Pham TM, Ekwaru JP. Optimal Vitamin D Supplementation Doses that Minimize the Risk for Both Low and High Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in the General Population. Nutrients. 2015; 7:10189–208. doi:10.3390/nu7125527. PMID:26690210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int. 2005; 16:713–6. doi:10.1007/s00198-005-1867-7. PMID:15776217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon-Thomson C, Tongkao-on W, Song EJ, Carter SE, Dixon KM, Mason RS. Protection from ultraviolet damage and photocarcinogenesis by vitamin D compounds. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014; 810:303–28. PMID:25207373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weatherall IL, Coombs BD. Skin color measurements in terms of CIELAB color space values. J Invest Dermatol. 1992; 99:468–73. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12616156. PMID:1402005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar