Cutaneous manifestations of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

References

• Wolfs MGM, Hofker MH, Wijmenga C, van Haeften TW. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Genetic Insights will Lead to New Therapeutics. Curr Genomics 2009;10(2):110–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001;13;414(6865):782–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyck PJ. Detection, characterization, and staging of polyneuropathy: assessed in diabetics. Muscle Nerve 1988;11:21–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young MJ, Boulton AJ, MacLeod AF, Williams DR, Sonksen PH. A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population. Diabetologia 1993;36(2):150–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyck PJ, Boes CJ, Mulder D, Millikan C, Windebank AJ, Dyck PJ, Espinosa R. History of standard scoring, notation, and summation of neuromuscular signs. Acurrent survey and recommendation. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2005;10:158–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caroline McIntosh and Veronica Newton, How to assess skin andNail changes in the feet Of patients with diabetes. Wound Essentials Volume 2006;1:135.
   Google Scholar
• Singleton JR, Smith AG, Russell JW, Feldman EL. Microvascular complications of impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2003;52:2867–2873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malecki Maciej T. Genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2005;68(1):S10–S21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diabetes American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2013;36(Suppl 1):S67–S74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, Litchy WJ, Klein R, Pach JM, Wilson DM, O'Brien PC, Melton LJ, 3rd, Service FJ. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. Neurology 1993;43:817–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llewelyn JG. The diabetic neuropathies: types, diagnosis and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(Suppl 2):ii15–ii19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boulton AJ, Malik RA, Arezzo JC, Sosenko JM. Diabetic somatic neuropathies. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1458–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, Malik RA, Maser RE, Sosenko JM, Ziegler D. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005;28:956–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene DA, Sima AA, Stevens MJ, Feldman EL, Lattimer SA. Complications: neuropathy, patho-genetic considerations. Diabetes Care 1992;15:1902–1925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West IC. Radicals and oxidative stress in diabetes. Diabet Med 2000;17:171–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson DR, Gardiner NJ. Glucose neurotoxicity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:36–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickup John C, Williams Gareth. Text book of Diabetes, section 12: Diabetic Neuropathy; David R Tomlinson: Pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathies: Ch 50, 50.1 2003; Blackwill publications third edition.
   Google Scholar
• Yagihashi Soroku, Mizukami Hiroki, Sugimoto Kazuhiro. Mechanism of diabetic neuropathy: Where are we now and where to go? Journal of Diabetes Investigation 2011;2(1):18–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa Takeshi, Edelstein Diane, Du Xue Liang, Yamagishi Sho-ichi, Matsumura Takeshi, Kaneda Yasufumi, Yorek Mark A, et al. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature 2000;404(6779):787–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candido Riccardo, Forbes Josephine M, Thomas Merlin C, Thallas Vicki, Dean Rachael G, Burns Wendy C, Tikellis Christos, et al. A breaker of advanced glycation end products attenuates diabetes-induced myocardial structural changes. Circulation research 2003;92(7):785–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronald C, Weir Gordan C. Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus, Section VI: Biology of complications of Diabetes: Philip A low, Pathogenesis of Diabetic Neuropathy, Ch 50 2005; 839–852. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Russell JW, Sullivan KA, Windebank AJ, Herrman DN, Feldman EL. Neuronsundergo apoptosis in animal and cell culture models of diabetes. Neurobiol Dis 1999;6:347–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zochodne DW. Diabetes mellitus and the peripheral nervous system: manifestations and mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 2007;36:144–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihara M, Zollman PJ, Smithson IL, Lagerlund TD, Low PA. Hypoxic effect ofexogenous insulin on normal and diabetic peripheral nerve. Am J Physiol 1994;266:E980–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron AD. Insulin resistance and vascular function. J Diabetes Complications 2002;16:92–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrainsdottir S, Malik RA, Dahlin LB, Wiksell P, Eriksson KF, Rosen I, Petersson J, Greene DA, Sundkvist G. Endoneurial Capillary Abnormalities Presage Deterioration of Glucose Tolerance and Accompany Peripheral Neuropathy in Man. Diabetes 2003;52:2615–2622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan S, Stevens MJ, Sheng H, Hall KE, Wiley JW. Serum from patients with type 2 diabetes with neuropathy induces complement-independent, calcium-dependent apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells. J Clin Invest 1998;102:1454–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zochodne DW. Diabetes mellitus and the peripheral nervous system: manifestations and mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 2007;36:144–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiber Gayle E, Boyko Edward J, Smith Douglas G. Lower extremity foot ulcers and amputations in diabetes. Diabetes in America 1995;2:409–427.
   Google Scholar
• Reiber Gayle E, Pecoraro Roger E, Koepsell Thomas D. Risk factors for amputation in patients with diabetes mellitusA case-control study. Annals of internal medicine 1992;117(2):97–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanathan V, Thomas N, Tandon N, Asirvatham A, Rajasekar Seena, Ramachandran A, Senthilvasan K, Murugan VS. Profile of diabetic foot complications and its associated complications-a multicentric study from India. JAPI 2005;53.
   Google Scholar
• Caselli Antonella, Pham Hau, Giurini John M, Armstrong David G, Veves Aristidis. The forefoot-to-rearfoot plantar pressure ratio is increased in severe diabetic neuropathy and can predict foot ulceration. Diabetes Care 2002;25(6):1066–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour Abbas Ali, Ghani Dahyak Samir. Are foot abnormalities more common in adults with diabetes? A cross-sectional study in Basrah, Iraq. The Permanente Journal 2008;12(4):25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amogne Wondwossen, Reja Ahmed, Amare Amanuel. Diabetic foot disease in Ethiopian patients: A hospital based study. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 2011;25(1):17–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar