236
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Grass-Fed and Non-Grass-Fed Whey Protein Consumption Do Not Attenuate Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Soreness in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

, PhD, RD, , PhD, CSCS, , MS, PhD, , BS, , PhD, , BS, , BSK, , PhDORCID Icon, , PhD, CFS & , PhD show all

References

  • Alothman M, Hogan SA, Hennessy D, Dillon P, Kilcawley KN, O’Donovan M, Tobin J, Fenelon MA, O’Callaghan TF. 2019. The “grass-fed” milk story: understanding the impact of pasture feeding on the composition and quality of bovine milk. Foods. 8(8):350. doi: 10.3390/foods8080350.
  • Antonio J, Peacock CA, Ellerbroek A, Fromhoff B, Silver T. 2014. The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 11(1):19.
  • Babault N, Païzis C, Deley G, Guérin-Deremaux L, Saniez M-H, Lefranc-Millot C, Allaert FA. 2015. Pea proteins oral supplementation promotes muscle thickness gains during resistance training: a double-blind, randomized, Placebo-controlled clinical trial vs. Whey protein. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 12(1):3.
  • Banyard HG, Nosaka K, Sato K, Haff GG. 2017. Validity of various methods for determining velocity, force, and power in the back squat. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 12(9):1170–1176. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0627.
  • Berger RA. 1961. Determination of the resistance load for 1-RM and 10-RM. J Assoc Phys Ment Rehabil. 15:108–110.
  • Bongiovanni T, Genovesi F, Nemmer M, Carling C, Alberti G, Howatson G. 2020. Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol. 120(9):1965–1996. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04432-3.
  • Brandelli A, Daroit DJ, Corrêa APF. 2015. Whey as a source of peptides with remarkable biological activities. Food Res Int. 73:149–161. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.01.016.
  • Brown MA, Stevenson EJ, Howatson G. 2018. Whey protein hydrolysate supplementation accelerates recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 43(4):324–330. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0412.
  • Bruce MCD, Ruggiero DL, Dix MGU, Cotton MPD, McNeil DCJ. 2020. Females and males do not differ for fatigability, muscle damage and magnitude of the repeated bout effect following maximal eccentric contractions [Internet]. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 46(3):238–246. Available from: https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10 .1139/apnm-2020-0516. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0516.
  • Buckley JD, Thomson RL, Coates AM, Howe PR, DeNichilo MO, Rowney MK. 2010. Supplementation with a whey protein hydrolysate enhances recovery of muscle force-generating capacity following eccentric exercise. J Sci Med Sport. 13(1):178–181. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.06.007.
  • Callaghan DE, Guy JH, Kean CO, Scanlan AT, Kertesz AH, Elsworthy N. 2021. Back squat velocity to assess neuromuscular status of rugby league players following a match. J Sci Med Sport. 24(1):36–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.006.
  • Candow DG, Burke NC, Smith-Palmer T, Burke DG. 2006. Effect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 16(3):233–244. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.16.3.233.
  • Cockburn E, Stevenson E, Hayes PR, Robson-Ansley P, Howatson G. 2010. Effect of milk-based carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on the attenuation of exercise-induced muscle damage. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 35(3):270–277. doi: 10.1139/H10-017.
  • Colenso-Semple LM, D’Souza AC, Elliott-Sale KJ, Phillips SM. 2023. Current evidence shows no influence of women’s menstrual cycle phase on acute strength performance or adaptations to resistance exercise training. Front Sports Act Living. 5:1054542. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1054542.
  • Cooke MB, Rybalka E, Stathis CG, Cribb PJ, Hayes A. 2010. Whey protein isolate attenuates strength decline after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 7:30.
  • Costill DL, Pascoe DD, Fink WJ, Robergs RA, Barr SI, Pearson D. 1990. Impaired muscle glycogen resynthesis after eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 69(1):46–50. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1990.69.1.46.
  • Davies RW, Carson BP, Jakeman PM. 2018. The effect of whey protein supplementation on the temporal recovery of muscle function following resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 10(2):221. doi: 10.3390/nu10020221.
  • Doma K, Leicht A, Sinclair W, Schumann M, Damas F, Burt D, Woods C. 2018. Impact of exercise-induced muscle damage on performance test outcomes in elite female basketball players. J Strength Cond Res. 32(6):1731–1738. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002244.
  • Eddens L, Browne S, Stevenson EJ, Sanderson B, van Someren K, Howatson G. 2017. The efficacy of protein supplementation during recovery from muscle-damaging concurrent exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 42(7):716–724. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0626.
  • Elsworthy N, Callaghan DE, Scanlan AT, Kertesz AHM, Kean CO, Dascombe BJ, Guy JH. 2021. Validity and reliability of using load-velocity relationship profiles to establish back squat 1 m·s-1 load. J Strength Cond Res. 35(2):340–346. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003871.
  • Fernandes JFT, Lamb KL, Twist C. 2019. Exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery in young and middle-aged males with different resistance training experience. Sports. 7(6):132. doi: 10.3390/sports7060132.
  • Fulton TJ, Baranauskas MN, Paris HL, Koceja DM, Mickleborough TD, Chapman RF. 2020. Respiratory muscle fatigue alters cycling performance and locomotor muscle fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 52(11):2380–2389. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002399.
  • Garcia-Vicencio S, Ratel S, Gryson C, Masgrau A, Piponnier E, Brasy J, Ruyet PL, Bucas M, Barachon N, Visseaux V, et al. 2018. A moderate supplementation of native whey protein promotes better muscle training and recovery adaptations than standard whey protein–a 12-week electrical stimulation and plyometrics training study. Front Physiol. 9:1312. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01312.
  • Gomme PT, Bertolini J. 2004. Therapeutic potential of vitamin D-binding protein. Trends Biotechnol. 22(7):340–345. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.05.001.
  • Haff GG, Lehmkuhl MJ, McCoy LB, Stone MH. 2003. Carbohydrate supplementation and resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 17(1):187–196.
  • Häkkinen K. 1993. Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in male and female athletes during heavy resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med. 14(2):53–59. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1021146.
  • Hatfield DL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Rubin MR, Grebien B, Gómez AL, et al. 2006. The effects of carbohydrate loading on repetitive jump squat power performance. J Strength Cond Res. 20(1):167–171.
  • Hilkens L, De Bock J, Kretzers J, Kardinaal AFM, Floris-Vollenbroek EG, Scholtens PAMJ, Horstman AMH, van Loon LJC, van Dijk J-W. 2021. Whey protein supplementation does not accelerate recovery from a single bout of eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci. 39(3):322–331. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1820184.
  • Hooper SL, Mackinnon LT, Howard A, Gordon RD, Bachmann AW. 1995. Markers for monitoring overtraining and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 27(1):106–112.
  • Howatson G, Hoad M, Goodall S, Tallent J, Bell PG, French DN. 2012. Exercise-induced muscle damage is reduced in resistance-trained males by branched chain amino acids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 9(1):20.
  • Howatson G, van Someren KA. 2008. The prevention and treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med. 38(6):483–503. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838060-00004.
  • Hubal MJ, Clarkson PM. 2009. Counterpoint: Estrogen and sex do not significantly influence post-exercise indexes of muscle damage, inflammation, and repair. J Appl Physiol (1985). 106(3):1012–1014; discussion 1014, 1022. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90848.2008a.
  • Inami T, Yamaguchi S, Ishida H, Kohtake N, Morito A, Yamada S, Shimomasuda M, Haramoto M, Nagata N, Murayama M, et al. 2022. Changes in muscle shear modulus and urinary titin N-terminal fragment after eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 21(4):536–544. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2022.536.
  • Kamińska A, Enguita FJ, Stępień EŁ. 2018. Lactadherin: An unappreciated haemostasis regulator and potential therapeutic agent. Vascul Pharmacol. 101:21–28. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.11.006.
  • Kanda K, Sakuma J, Akimoto T, Kawakami Y, Suzuki K. 2017. Detection of titin fragments in urine in response to exercise-induced muscle damage. PLoS One. 12(7):e0181623. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181623.
  • Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, Stout JR, Campbell B, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Kalman D, Smith-Ryan AE, Kreider RB, et al. 2017. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 14(1):33.
  • Kim J, Lee C, Lee J. 2017. Effect of timing of whey protein supplement on muscle damage markers after eccentric exercise. J Exerc Rehabil. 13(4):436–440. doi: 10.12965/jer.1735034.517.
  • Knowles SO, Grace ND, Knight TW, McNabb WC, Lee J. 2004. Adding nutritional value to meat and milk from pasture-fed livestock. N Z Vet J. 52(6):342–351. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2004.36450.
  • Kuczyńska B, Puppel K, Gołebiewski M, Metera E, Sakowski T, Słoniewski K. 2012. Differences in whey protein content between cow’s milk collected in late pasture and early indoor feeding season from conventional and organic farms in Poland. J Sci Food Agric. 92(14):2899–2904. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5663.
  • Lee A, Baxter J, Eischer C, Gage M, Hunter S, Yoon T. 2017. Sex differences in neuromuscular function after repeated eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol. 117(6):1119–1130. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3599-8.
  • Lee M, Goral K, Flis D, Skrobot W, Cieminski K, Olek R, Akimoto T, Ziolkowski W. 2021. Changes in urinary titin fragment in response to different types of dynamic eccentric exercises. Int J Sports Med. 42(5):432–440. doi: 10.1055/a-1273-8082.
  • Lewis PB, Ruby D, Bush-Joseph CA. 2012. Muscle soreness and delayed-onset muscle soreness. Clin Sports Med. 31(2):255–262. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2011.09.009.
  • Lollo PCB, Amaya-Farfan J, Faria IC, Salgado JVV, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Cruz AG, Oliveira CAF, Montagner PC, Arruda M. 2014. Hydrolysed whey protein reduces muscle damage markers in Brazilian elite soccer players compared with whey protein and maltodextrin. A twelve-week in-championship intervention. Int Dairy J. 34(1):19–24. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.07.001.
  • Martin B, Fedele V, Ferlay A, Grolier P, Rock E, Gruffat D, et al. 2004. Effects of grass-based diets on the content of micronutrients and fatty acids in bovine and caprine dairy products. Land Use Systems in Grassland Dominated Regions Proceedings of the 20th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation; 21–24 June 2004; Luzern, Switzerland. vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich. p. 876–886.
  • Medicine AC of S. 2013. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 480.
  • Methenitis S, Stergiou I, Antonopoulou S, Nomikos T. 2021. Can exercise-induced muscle damage be a good model for the investigation of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in humans? Biomedicines. 9(1):36. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9010036.
  • Mickleborough TD, Sinex JA, Platt D, Chapman RF, Hirt M. 2015. The effects PCSO-524®, a patented marine oil lipid and omega-3 PUFA blend derived from the New Zealand green lipped mussel (perna canaliculus), on indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammation after muscle damaging exercise in untrained men: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 12(1):10.
  • Morawetz D, Blank C, Koller A, Arvandi M, Siebert U, Schobersberger W. 2020. Sex-related differences after a single bout of maximal eccentric exercise in response to acute effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 34(9):2697–2707. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002867.
  • Nosaka K, Sakamoto K, Newton M, Sacco P. 2001. How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33(9):1490–1495. Sepdoi: 10.1097/00005768-200109000-00011.
  • Olvera-Rosales LB, Cruz-Guerrero AE, García-Garibay JM, Gómez-Ruíz LC, Contreras-López E, Guzmán-Rodríguez F, González-Olivares LG. 2022. Bioactive peptides of whey: obtaining, activity, mechanism of action, and further applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1–31. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2079113.
  • Owens DJ, Twist C, Cobley JN, Howatson G, Close GL. 2019. Exercise-induced muscle damage: What is it, what causes it and what are the nutritional solutions? Eur J Sport Sci. 19(1):71–85. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1505957.
  • Pasiakos SM, Lieberman HR, McLellan TM. 2014. Effects of protein supplements on muscle damage, soreness and recovery of muscle function and physical performance: a systematic review. Sports Med. 44(5):655–670. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0137-7.
  • Paulsen G, Mikkelsen U, Raastad T, Peake J. 2012. Leucocytes, cytokines and satellite cells: What role do they play in muscle damage and regeneration following eccentric exercise? Exerc Immunol Rev. 18:42–97.
  • Pavis GF, Jameson TSO, Dirks ML, Lee BP, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Porter C, Alamdari N, Mikus CR, Wall BT, et al. 2021. Improved recovery from skeletal muscle damage is largely unexplained by myofibrillar protein synthesis or inflammatory and regenerative gene expression pathways. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 320(2):E291–E305. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00454.2020.
  • Pearcey GE, Bradbury-Squires DJ, Kawamoto JE, Drinkwater EJ, Behm DG, Button DC. 2015. Foam rolling for delayed-onset muscle soreness and recovery of dynamic performance measures. J Athl Train. 50(1):5–13. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.01.
  • Phillips SM, Van Loon LJC. 2011. Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation. J Sports Sci. 29 Suppl 1(sup1):S29–S38. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.619204.
  • Qin L, Wong SH, Sun FH, Huang Y, Sheridan S, Sit CH. 2017. Effects of alpha-lactalbumin or whey protein isolate on muscle damage, muscle pain, and mood states following prolonged strenuous endurance exercise. Front Physiol. 8:754. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00754.
  • Radaelli R, Bottaro M, Wagner DR, Wilhelm EN, Pompermayer MG, Pinto RS. 2014. Men and women experience similar muscle damage after traditional resistance training protocol. IES. 22(1):47–54. doi: 10.3233/IES-130519.
  • Richardson KL, Coburn JW, Beam WC, Brown LE. 2012. Effects of isocaloric carbohydrate vs. carbohydrate-protein supplements on cycling time to exhaustion. J Strength Cond Res. 26(5):1361–1365. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318248d774.
  • Roberts J, Zinchenko A, Suckling C, Smith L, Johnstone J, Henselmans M. 2017. The short-term effect of high versus moderate protein intake on recovery after strength training in resistance-trained individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 14(1):1–11.
  • Romero-Parra N, Barba-Moreno L, Rael B, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Cupeiro R, Díaz ÁE, Calderón FJ, Peinado AB. 2020. Influence of the menstrual cycle on blood markers of muscle damage and inflammation following eccentric exercise. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(5):1618. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051618.
  • Samtiya M, Samtiya S, Badgujar PC, Puniya AK, Dhewa T, Aluko RE. 2022. Health-promoting and therapeutic attributes of milk-derived bioactive peptides. Nutrients. 14(15):3001. Jandoi: 10.3390/nu14153001.
  • Sand T, Zwart JA, Helde G, Bovim G. 1997. The reproducibility of cephalic pain pressure thresholds in control subjects and headache patients. Cephalalgia. 17(7):748–755. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1707748.x.
  • Scudamore EM, Sayer BL, Church JB, Bryant LG, Přibyslavská V. 2021. Effects of foam rolling for delayed onset muscle soreness on loaded military task performance and perceived recovery. J Exerc Sci Fit. 19(3):166–170. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2021.02.002.
  • Sharp M, Shields K, Lowery R, Lane J, Partl J, Holmer C, et al. 2015. The effects of beef protein isolate and whey protein isolate supplementation on lean mass and strength in resistance trained individuals - a double blind, placebo controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 12(1):P11.
  • Sorichter S, Mair J, Koller A, Calzolari C, Huonker M, Pau B, Puschendorf B. 2001. Release of muscle proteins after downhill running in male and female subjects. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 11(1):28–32. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.011001028.x.
  • Średnicka-Tober D, Barański M, Seal CJ, Sanderson R, Benbrook C, Steinshamn H, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Rembiałkowska E, Skwarło-Sońta K, Eyre M, et al. 2016. Higher PUFA and n-3 PUFA, conjugated linoleic acid, α-tocopherol and iron, but lower iodine and selenium concentrations in organic milk: a systematic literature review and meta-and redundancy analyses. Br J Nutr. 115(6):1043–1060. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516000349.
  • Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Mittl B, Zimmerman TP, Thompson FE, Bingley C, Willis G, Islam NG, Baranowski T, McNutt S, et al. 2012. The automated self-administered 24-hour dietary recall (ASA24): a resource for researchers, clinicians and educators from the national cancer institute. J Acad Nutr Diet. 112(8):1134–1137. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.04.016.
  • Tanabe Y, Shimizu K, Kondo E, Yasumatsu M, Nakamura D, Sagayama H, Takahashi H. 2021. Urinary N-terminal fragment of titin reflects muscle damage after a soccer match in male collegiate soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 35(2):360–365. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003923.
  • Trost Z, France CR, Thomas JS. 2011. Pain-related fear and avoidance of physical exertion following delayed-onset muscle soreness. Pain. 152(7):1540–1547. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.02.038.
  • van Vliet S, Provenza FD, Kronberg SL. 2021. Health-promoting phytonutrients are higher in grass-fed meat and milk. Front Sustain Food Syst [Internet]. 4, 1–20. Available from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10 .3389/fsufs.2020.555426.
  • Wax B, Kinzey S, Lyons B, Brown S. 2010. The ergogenic effects of carbohydrate supplementation on force output and slope of fatigue during a selected resistance protocol. J Strength Cond Res. 24:1. doi: 10.1097/01.JSC.0000367236.14590.1a.
  • West DWD, Abou Sawan S, Mazzulla M, Williamson E, Moore DR. 2017. Whey protein supplementation enhances whole body protein metabolism and performance recovery after resistance exercise: a double-blind crossover study. Nutrients. 9(7):735. doi: 10.3390/nu9070735.
  • Westcott W. 2009. Acsm strength training guidelines: role in body composition and health enhancement. ACSMs Health Fit J. 13(4):14–22. doi: 10.1249/FIT.0b013e3181aaf460.
  • White SL, Bertrand JA, Wade MR, Washburn SP, Green JT, Jr, Jenkins TC. 2001. Comparison of fatty acid content of milk from Jersey and Holstein cows consuming pasture or a total mixed ration. J Dairy Sci. 84(10):2295–2301. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74676-0.
  • Yamaguchi S, Suzuki K, Inami T, Kanda K, Hanye Z, Okada J. 2020. Changes in urinary titin N-terminal fragment concentration after concentric and eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 19(1):121–129.
  • Zhang C, Wang C, Li Y, Miwa T, Liu C, Cui W, Song W-C, Du J. 2017. Complement C3a signaling facilitates skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating monocyte function and trafficking. Nat Commun. 8(1):2078. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01526-z.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.