References
- ACLU, 2021a. Legislation affecting LBTQ rights across the country 2021. ACLU. Available from : https://www.aclu.org/legislation-affecting-lgbtq-rights-across-country-2021?redirect=legislation-affecting-lgbt-rights-across-country [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- ACLU, 2021b. Ten Montanans join ACLU of Montana lawsuit challenging anti-LBTQ I-183 as unconstitutional. ACLU. Available from: https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/ten-montanans-join-aclu-montana-lawsuit-challenging-anti-lgbtq-i-183-unconstitutional [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- ACLU, 2022. Hecox v. Little. Available from: https://www.aclu.org/cases/hecox-v-little [Accessed 3 August 2022]
- ACLU, 2023. Mapping attacks on LGBTQ rights in U.S. State Legislatures. Available from: https://www.aclu.org/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights [Accessed 24 May 2023]
- Allen, N., 2022. Protecting fairness in women’s sports demands comprehensive laws. Alliance Defending Freedom. Available from: https://adflegal.org/blog/protecting-fairness-womens-sports-demands-comprehensive-legislation [Accessed 20 July 2022]
- Andersen, E., Travers, A., and Anderson, E., 2017. Transgender athletes in competitive sport. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315304274.
- Babones, S., 2016. Interpretive quantitative methods for the social sciences. Sociology, 50 (3), 453–469. doi:10.1177/0038038515583637.
- Ballotpedia, 2022. State government trifectas and triplexes. Available from: https://ballotpedia.org/State_government_trifectas_and_triplexes [Accessed 3 August 2022].
- BBC, 2021. Florida bans transgender athletes from female sports. BBC. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57326790 [Accessed 1 February 2022]
- Berg-Brousseau, H., 2022. South Dakota governor Kristi Noem signs anti-trans sports bill into law. human rights campaign. Available from: https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/south-dakota-governor-kristi-noem-signs-anti-trans-sports-bill-into-law [Accessed 1 February 2022]
- Brown, E. and Balingit, M., 2016. Transgender students’ access to bathrooms is at front of LGBT rights battle. The Washington Post. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/transgender-students-access-to-school-bathrooms-is-new-front-in-war-over-lgbt-rights/2016/02/29/ba66d676-da61-11e5-925f-1d10062cc82d_story.html [Accessed 1 February 2022]
- Buzuvis, E., 2021. Law, policy, and the participation of transgender athletes in the United States. Sport management review, 24 (3), 439–451. doi:10.1080/14413523.2021.1880757.
- Cairney, P., 2020. Understanding public policy: theories and issues. London: Macmillan International.
- Cairney, P. and Zahariadis, N., 2016. Multiple streams approach: A flexible metaphor presents an opportunity to operationalize agenda-setting processes. In: N. Zahariadis, ed. Handbook of public policy agenda setting. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- CA Legis Assembly, 2013. AB-1266 Pupil rights: Sex-segregated school programs and activities. Available from: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB1266 [Accessed 1 February 2022]
- Carroll, H.J., 2017. Including transgender students in United States’ school-based athletics. In: E. Anderson and A. Travers, eds. Transgender athletes in competitive sport. London: Routledge, 143–155.
- Chandler, K., 2021. Ivey signs ban on transgender athletes. AP News. Available from: https://apnews.com/article/sports-alabama-kay-ivey-legislation-bills-dfad9ec686cf6bbf41af0ef94f95b925 [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Cohen, M.D., March, J.G., and Olsen, J.P., 1972. A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17 (1), 1–25. doi:10.2307/2392088.
- Department of Education, 2021. U.S. Department of Education confirms title IX protects students from discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity [Press release]. Available from: https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-confirms-title-ix-protects-students-discrimination-based-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Department of Justice, 2020a. The DOJ files brief defending the constitutionality of Idaho’s fairness in Women’s Sports Act. DOJ. Available from: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-files-brief-defending-constitutionality-idahos-fairness-womens-sports-act [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Department of Justice, 2020b. The DOJ Files statement of interest defending the constitutionality of Idaho’s fairness in Women’s Sports Act. DOJ. Available from: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-files-statement-interest-defending-constitutionality-idaho-s-fairness [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- DeSantis, R., 2022, March 22. Governor proclamation. Available from: https://twitter.com/GovRonDeSantis/status/1506315576674865153?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw [Accessed 20 May 2022].
- Desjardins, B.M., Ketterling, J., and Hepburn, T., 2022. It’s not fair! Constructing gendered legal subjects via trans-exclusionary sport legislation. International journal of sport policy & politics, 14 (4), 673–687. doi:10.1080/19406940.2022.2127836.
- Edelman, M., 1971. Politics as symbolic action: mass arousal and quiescence. London: Academic Press.
- Garlick, A., 2022. Laboratories of politics: there is bottom-up diffusion of policy attention in the American federal system. Political Research Quarterly, 76 (1), 29–43. doi:10.1177/10659129211068059.
- Garlick, A., 2023. Laboratories of Politics: There is Bottom-up Diffusion of Policy Attention in the American Federal System. Political Research Quarterly, 76 (1), 29–43.
- Gaskins, J., 2022. Anti-trans bills are about elections, not protecting kids, activists say. ABC/Fox Dakota news now. Available from: https://www.dakotanewsnow.com/2022/01/27/anti-trans-bills-are-about-elections-not-protecting-kids-activists-say/ Accessed 20 May 2022].
- Gray, A., Crandall, R.E., and Tongsri, J., 2018. Transgender student‐athletes and their inclusion in intercollegiate athletics. New directions for student services, 2018 (163), 43–53. doi:10.1002/ss.20269.
- Greenspan, S.B., Griffith, C., and Murtagh, E.F., 2017. LGBTQ youths’ school athletic experiences: a 40-year content analysis in nine flagship journals. Journal of LGBT issues in counseling, 11 (3), 190–200. doi:10.1080/15538605.2017.1346492.
- Groeling, T., 2010. When politicians attack: party cohesion in the media. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Harris, S., 2013. An analysis of the significance of the relationship between NGBs and CSPs in the delivery of community sport policy. Unpublished PhD thesis. Loughborough University.
- Heywood, A., 1997. Politics. London: Springer Nature. 10.1007/978-1-349-25543-6.
- Hopkins, D.J., 2018. The increasingly United States: how and why American political behavior nationalized. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Houlihan, B. and Green, M., 2006. The changing status of school sport and physical education: explaining policy change. Sport, education and society, 11 (1), 73–92. doi:10.1080/13573320500453495.
- Human Rights Campaign, 2022. Sexual orientation and gender identity definitions. Available from: https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Human Rights Campaign/University of Connecticut, 2017. Play to win: improving the lives of LGBTQ youth in sports. HRC. Available from: https://www.hrc.org/resources/lgbtq-people-and-sports [Accessed 20 May 2022].
- Idaho Legis. Assembly, 2020. House bill 500 fairness in Women’s Sport Act. Available from: https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2020/legislation/h0500/[Accessed 1 February 2022].
- IOC, 2021. Framework on fairness, inclusion and non-discrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations. IOC. Available from: https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/News/2021/11/IOC-Framework-Fairness-Inclusion-Non-discrimination-2021.pdf?_ga=2.5209651.1652885780.1648742597-1435798315.1643835143 [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Jedlicka, S.R., Harris, S., and Houlihan, B., 2022. “Policy analysis in sport management” revisited: A critique and discussion. Journal of sport management, 36 (6), 1–13. doi:10.1123/jsm.2021-0193.
- Johns, M.M., Lowry, R., and Andrzejewski, J., 2019. Transgender identity and experiences of violence victimization, substance use, suicide risk, and sexual risk behaviors among high school students – 19 states and large Urban school districts. Morbidity & mortality weekly report, 68 (3), 67–71. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6803a3.
- Jones, B.A., et al., 2017. Sport and transgender people: A systematic review of the literature relating to sport participation and competitive sport policies. Sports medicine, 47 (4), 701–716. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0621-y.
- Jones, C., 2021. Unfair advantage discourse in USApowerlifting. TSQ: Transgender studies quarterly, 8 (1), 58–74. doi:10.1215/23289252-8749582.
- Karkazis, K. and Carpenter, M., 2018. Impossible “Choices”: the inherent harms of regulating women’s testosterone in sport. Journal of bioethical inquiry, 15 (4), 579–587. doi:10.1007/s11673-018-9876-3.
- Karkazis, K. and Jordan-Young, R.M., 2018. The powers of testosterone: obscuring race and regional bias in the regulation of women athletes. Feminist formations, 30 (2), 1–39. doi:10.1353/ff.2018.0017.
- Kaufman, S.J., 2006. Symbolic politics or rational choice? Testing theories of extreme ethnic violence. International security, 30 (4), 45–86. doi:10.1162/isec.2006.30.4.45.
- Kindy, K., 2022. GOP lawmakers push historic wave of bills targeting rights of LGBTQ teens, children and their families. Washington Post. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/25/lgbtq-rights-gop-bills-dont-say-gay/ [Accessed 20 May 2023].
- Kingdon, J., 1984. Agendas, alternatives, and public policy. New York: Harper Collins.
- Kingdon, J., 2014. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. London: Pearson.
- Kingdon, J.W., 1995. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. London: Harper Collins.
- Kliegman, J., 2021. How come the NCAA hasn’t taken action against anti-trans sports laws? Sports illustrated. Available from: https://www.si.com/college/2021/06/23/trans-athlete-ban-ncaa-pressure-daily-cover [Accessed 23 May 2023].
- Lindell, C., 2021. Texas house passes transgender sports bill after long, contentious debate. Austin American statesman. Available from: https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2021/10/14/texas-house-passes-transgender-sports-bill-after-contentious-debate/8444047002/[Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Lindsey, I., 2020. Analysing policy change and continuity: physical education and school sport policy in England since 2010. Sport, education and society, 25 (1), 27–42. doi:10.1080/13573322.2018.1547274.
- MacPherdon, J., 2021. North Dakota Gov. Burgum vetoes transgender sports measure. AP News. Available from: https://apnews.com/article/sports-north-dakota-government-and-politics-8ddd363288233d6c0ca85d0ddc75b5c2
- Majone, G., 1989. Evidence, argument and persuasion in the policy process. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Martowicz, M., et al., 2023. Position statement: IOC framework on fairness, inclusion and non-discrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations. British journal of sports medicine, 57 (1), 26–32. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-106386.
- Mattise, J. and Kreusi, K., 2021. Governor: Transgender athletes will ‘destroy women’s sports. ABC News. Available from: https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/governor-transgender-athletes-destroy-womens-sports-75808312 [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Matzen, M., 2022. Gov. Kristi Noem signs ‘fairness’ bill, limiting transgender athletes’ access to sports. Sioux falls argus leader. Available from: https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/2022/02/03/south-dakota-anti-transgender-athlete-fairness-bill-passed-gov-kristi-noem/6654261001/[Accessed 20 May 2022].
- McCarthy, J., 2021. Mixed views among Americans on transgender issues. Gallup. Available from: https://news.gallup.com/poll/350174/mixed-views-among-americans-transgender-issues.aspx [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- NCAA, 2022. Media center – Board of Governors updates transgender participation policies. NCAA. Available from: https://www.ncaa.org/news/2022/1/19/media-center-board-of-governors-updates-transgender-participation-policy.aspx [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- NFHS, 2019. High school athletics participation survey. Nfhs. Available from: https://www.nfhs.org/media/1020412/2018-19_participation_survey.pdf [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- NSAA, 2016. Constitution and Bylaws 2019-2020. NSAA. Available from: https://nsaa-static.s3.amazonaws.com/textfile/yb/c&b.pdf [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- O’Leary, D. and Sprigg, P. 2015. Understanding and responding to the transgender movement. Family Research Council. Available from: https://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF15F45.pdf [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Orr, G., 2020. The wedge issue that is dividing trump world. Politico. Available from: https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/08/07/wedge-issue-dividing-trumpworld-392323 [accessed February 1, 2022].
- Orr, G., 2021. GOP seizes on women’s sports as unlikely wedge issue. Politico. Available from: https://www.politico.com/news/2021/03/05/gop-transgender-rights-women-sports-473746 [Accessed February 1, 2022].
- Palley, T., 2021. Proto-fascism unleashed: how the republican party sold its soul and now threatens democracy. Challenge, 64 (4), 303–313. doi:10.1080/05775132.2021.1959782.
- PBS, 2022. Utah judge reverses law banning transgender girls from sports. Available from: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/utah-judge-reverses-law-banning-transgender-girls-from-sports [Accessed 10 September 2022].
- Pettus, E.W., 2021. Mississippi Senate: Ban transgender athletes on female teams. AP News. Available from: https://apnews.com/article/sports-mississippi-bills-us-news-3e1cafa631e056c7dd7c95652d848b05 [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Pielke, R., 2012. Basic research as a political symbol. Minerva, 50 (3), 339–361. doi:10.1007/s11024-012-9207-5.
- Pieper, L.P., 2014. Sex testing and the maintenance of western femininity in international sport. The international journal of the history of sport, 31 (13), 1557–1576. doi:10.1080/09523367.2014.927184.
- Pike, J., 2021. Safety, fairness, and inclusion: transgender athletes and the essence of Rugby. Journal of the philosophy of sport, 48 (2), 155–168. doi:10.1080/00948705.2020.1863814.
- Politico, 2021. Presidential election results. Available from: https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/president/ [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Reeves, T., 2021. Gov. Reeves: Mississippi Fairness Act will ‘protect young girls’. Fox News. Available from: https://www.foxnews.com/politics/gov-reeves-mississippi-fairness-act-will-protect-young-girls [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Richardson, V., 2022. Transgender swimmer Lia Thomas fuels nationwide wave of Republican bills on women’s sports. Washington Times. Available from: https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/feb/8/lia-thomas-transgender-penn-swimmer-fuels-nationwi/ [Accessed 20 May 2022].
- Rogers, S., 2016. National forces in state legislative elections. The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 667 (1), 207–225. doi:10.1177/0002716216662454.
- Román, M., 2021. Fair play: transgender athletes and their opponents on (and off) the field, the clearing house. The clearing house: a journal of educational strategies, issues & ideas, 94 (6), 6, 237–246. doi:10.1080/00098655.2021.1964936.
- Ronan, W., 2021. Breaking: 2021 becomes record year for anti-transgender legislation. Human Rights Campaign. Available from: https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/breaking-2021-becomes-record-year-for-anti-transgender-legislation [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Sears, D.O., 2001. The role of affect in symbolic politics. In: J.K. Kuklinski, ed. Citizens and politics: perspectives from political Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 14–40. 10.1017/CBO9780511896941.003.
- Sharrow, E.A., 2021. Sports, transgender rights and the bodily politics of cisgender supremacy. Laws, 10 (3), 63. doi:10.3390/laws10030063.
- Stebbings, G., et al. 2021. The BASES expert statement on eligibility for sex categories in sport: trans athletes. Available from: https://bases.org.uk/imgs/8931_bas_bases_tses_summer_2021_online_pg_14_15742.pdf [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Stolz, B.A., 2002. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978: The Role of Symbolic Politics. Law & Policy, 24, 269–298.
- Sullivan, C.F., 2011. Gender verification and gender policies in elite sport: eligibility and “fair play”. Journal of sport and social issues, 35 (4), 400–419. doi:10.1177/0193723511426293.
- TransAthlete, 2021. Transathlete Policies - North America. Available from: https://www.transathlete.com/northamerica [accessed 1 October].
- Travers, A., 2014. Sports. TSQ: Transgender studies quarterly, 1 (1–2), 194–196. doi:10.1215/23289252-2400001.
- US Supreme Court, 2020. Bostock versus Clayton County, 590. Available from https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/17-1618_hfci.pdf [accessed 1 February].
- Vilain, E., et al., 2017. Transgender athletes in elite sport competitions. In: E. Anderson and A. Travers, eds. Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sports, 156–170.
- Wagner, J., 2022. Gov, noem signs transgender ban into law in South Dakota. The Washington Post. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/02/04/noem-transgender-athlete-ban-south-dakota/ [Accessed 20 May 2022].
- Walker, J.L., 1969. The diffusion of innovations among the American states. American political science review, 63 (3), 880–899. doi:10.2307/1954434.
- Whitehurst, L. and Metz, S. 2022. Utah banks transgender athletes in girls sports despite veto. Associated Press. Available from: https://apnews.com/article/utah-transgender-sports-ban-3ffc9205bfbeb05ae3a72425950208ef [Accessed 20 May 2022].
- Whitney, S., 2022. National political climate aided passage of SD transgender sports ban in 2022 session. Available from: https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2022/03/30/trans-transgender-girls-sports-ban-south-dakota-bill-political-climate/7222760001/ [Accessed 20 May 2022].
- Yanow, D., 2000. Conducting interpretive policy analysis. London: SAGE Publications, Inc. 10.4135/9781412983747.
- Yurcaba, J., 2021. State of crisis’: Advocates warn of ‘unprecedented’ wave of anti-LGBTQ bills. NBC News. Available from: https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/state-crisis-advocates-warn-unprecedented-wave-anti-lgbtq-bills-n1265132 [Accessed 1 February 2022].
- Zahariadis, N., 1999. Ambiguity, time, and multiple streams. In: P. Sabatier, ed. Theories of the policy process. Boulder, CO: Westview, 73–93.
- Zahariadis, N., 2003. Complexity, coupling and the future of European integration. Review of policy research, 20 (2), 285–310. doi:10.1111/1541-1338.t01-1-00007.