1,807
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Place (un)making through soft urban densification: exploring local experiences of density and place attachment in Tehran

ORCID Icon &
Pages 63-79 | Received 26 Jul 2022, Accepted 22 Feb 2023, Published online: 12 Mar 2023

References

  • Aalbers MB. 2020. Financial geography III: the financialization of the city. Prog Hum Geogr. 44(3):595–607. doi:10.1177/0309132519853922.
  • Alawadi K, Benkraouda O. 2019. The debate over neighborhood density in Dubai: between theory and practicality. J Plan Educ Res. 39(1):18–34. doi:10.1177/0739456X17720490.
  • Anderson W, Kanaroglou P, Miller E. 1996. Urban form, energy and the environment: a review of issues, evidence and policy. Urban Studies [Preprint]. [accessed 2017 Feb 17]. http://usj.sagepub.com/content/33/1/7.short.
  • Arundel R, Ronald R. 2017. The role of urban form in sustainability of community: the case of Amsterdam. Environ Plan B: Urban Anal City Sci. 44(1):33–53. doi:10.1177/0265813515608640.
  • Atash F. 2007. The deterioration of urban environments in developing countries: mitigating the air pollution crisis in Tehran, Iran. Cities. 24(6):399–409. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.001.
  • Azizi MM, Moeini M. 2011. An analysis of relationship between environmental quality and construction density, Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi. Wegweiser. [accessed 2017 Aug 22] https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_24680_en.html.
  • Baldwin C, King R. 2018. Social sustainability, climate resilience and community-based urban development, social sustainability, climate resilience and community-based urban development. doi:10.4324/9781351103329.
  • Bibby P, Henneberry J, Halleux J-M. 2020. Incremental residential densification and urban spatial justice: the case of England between 2001 and 2011. Urban Stud. 58(10):0042098020936967. doi:10.1177/0042098020936967.
  • Birch EL, Keating AM. 2011. An assessment of how cities create and transfer knowledge: a landscape study. Philadelphia: Penn Inst Urban Res [Preprint].
  • Blanc F, White T. 2020. Life in London’s changing densities. Urban Geogr. 41:1–8.
  • Bokaie M, Zarkesh MK, Arasteh PD, Hosseini A. 2016. Assessment of Urban Heat Island based on the relationship between land surface temperature and Land Use/Land Cover in Tehran. Sustainable Cities Soc. 23:94–104. doi:10.1016/J.SCS.2016.03.009.
  • Bramley G, Power SS. 2009. Urban form and social sustainability: the role of density and housing type. Environ Plann B Plann Des. 36(1):30–48. doi:10.1068/b33129.
  • Brown B, Perkins D. 1992. Disruptions in place attachment. Place Attachment. 279–304. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_13.
  • Brown D. 2014. Challenging the conceptual boundaries of the dominant EuroAmerican compact city paradigm. Sub-Saharan Africa: the need for Southern alternatives to compact urban form and high density. Development Planning Unit Working Paper Series, University College London [Preprint].
  • Burton E. 2001 Apr. The compact city and social justice. Hous Environ Sustainability. 18–19:1–16.
  • Casey ES. 2001. Between geography and philosophy: what does it mean to be in the place-world? Ann Assoc Am Geogr. 91(4):683–693. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00266.
  • Cavicchia R, Cucca R. 2020. Densification and school segregation: the case of Oslo. Urban Plann. 5(3):217–229. doi:10.17645/up.v5i3.3215.
  • de Certeau M. 1988. The practice of everyday life. Rendall S, translator. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
  • Cervero R. 2002. Built environments and mode choice: toward a normative framework. Transp Res D Transp Environ. 7(4):265–284. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(01)00024-4.
  • Ciccone A. 2002. Agglomeration effects in Europe. Eur Econ Rev. 46(2):213–227. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(00)00099-4.
  • Cittati V-M, Balest J, Exner D. 2022. What is the relationship between collective memory and the commoning process in historical building renovation projects? The case of the Mas di Sabe, Northern Italy. Sustainability. 14(19):11870. doi:10.3390/su141911870.
  • Crane M, Lloyd S, Haines A, Ding D, Hutchinson E, Belesova K, Davies M, Osrin D, Zimmermann N, Capon A, et al. 2021. Transforming cities for sustainability: a health perspective. Environ Int. 147:106366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106366.
  • Cresswell T. 2014. Place: an introduction. doi:10.1139/h2012-055.
  • Crinson M. 2005. Urban memory: history and amnesia in the Modern City. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Dave S. 2010. High urban densities in developing countries: a sustainable solution? on JSTOR. Built Environ. 36(1):9–27. doi:10.2148/benv.36.1.9.
  • Dave S. 2011. Neighbourhood density and social sustainability in cities of developing countries. Sustainable Dev. 19(3):189–205. doi:10.1002/sd.433.
  • Dempsey N. 2006. The influence of the quality of the built environment on social cohesion in English neighbourhoods.
  • Dempsey N, Bramley G, Power S, Brown C. 2011. The social dimension of sustainable development: defining urban social sustainability. Sustainable Dev. 19(5):289–300. doi:10.1002/sd.417.
  • Dempsey N, Brown C, Bramley G. 2012. The key to sustainable urban development in UK cities? The influence of density on social sustainability. Prog Plann. 77(3):89–141. doi:10.1016/j.progress.2012.01.001.
  • Devine-Wright P. 2009. Rethinking NIMBYism: the role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place-protective action. J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 19(6):426–441. doi:10.1002/casp.1004.
  • Dianati V. 2021. The interplay between urban densification and place change in Tehran; implications for place-based social sustainability. Sustainability. 13(17):9636. doi:10.3390/su13179636.
  • Dunning R, Hickman H, While A. 2020. Planning control and the politics of soft densification. Town Plan Rev. 91(3):305–324. doi:10.3828/tpr.2020.17.
  • Dunning R, Hickman H, While A. 2020. Planning control and the politics of soft densification. Town Plan Rev. 91(3):305–324. doi:10.3828/tpr.2020.17.
  • Duranton G, Puga D. 2020. The economics of urban density. Journal Econ Perspect. 34(3):3–26. doi:10.1257/jep.34.3.3.
  • Eizenberg E, Jabareen Y. 2017. Social sustainability: a new conceptual framework. Sustainability. 9(1):68. doi:10.3390/su9010068.
  • Emo B, Treyer L, Schmitt G, Hoelscher C, 2017, January. Towards defining perceived urban density. In Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe: ShoCK. p. 637–646.
  • Ewing R, Hajrasouliha A, Neckerman KM, Purciel-Hill M, Greene W. 2016. Streetscape features related to pedestrian activity. J Plan Educ Res. 36(1):5–15. doi:10.1177/0739456X15591585.
  • Fallah BN, Partridge MD, Olfert MR. 2011. Urban sprawl and productivity: evidence from US metropolitan areas. Pap Reg Sci. 90(3):451–472. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2010.00330.x.
  • Ferm J, Clifford B, Canelas P, Livingstone N. 2021. Emerging problematics of deregulating the urban: the case of permitted development in England. Urban Stud. 58(10):2040–2058. doi:10.1177/0042098020936966.
  • Ghadami M, Dittmann A, Safarrad T. 2020. Lack of spatial approach in urban density policies: the case of the master plan of Tehran. Sustainability. 12(18):7285. doi:10.3390/su12187285.
  • Ghadami M, Newman P. 2019. Spatial consequences of urban densification policy: floor-to-area ratio policy in Tehran, Iran. Environ Plan B: Urban Anal City Sci. 46(4):626–647. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808317722168.
  • Giddings B, Rogerson R. 2021. Compacting the city centre: densification in two Newcastles. Build Cities. 2(1):185–202. doi:10.5334/bc.74.
  • Giuliani MV. 2003. Theory of Attachment and Place Attachment. In: Bonnes M, Lee T, Bonaiuto M, editors. Psychological theories for environmental issues. London: Routledge; p. 137–170.
  • Glaeser EL, Gottlieb JD. 2009. The wealth of cities: agglomeration economies and spatial equilibrium in the United States. J Econ Lit. 47(4):983–1028. doi:10.1257/jel.47.4.983.
  • Halbwachs M. 1992. On collective memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hamiduddin I, Adelfio M. 2019. Social sustainability and new neighbourhoods: case studies from Spain and Germany. Urban Social Sustainability: Theory, Policy Practicepolicy. doi:10.4324/9781315115740.
  • Handy S. 1996. Methodologies for exploring the link between urban form and travel behavior. Transp Res D Transp Environ. 1(2):151–165. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(96)00010-7.
  • Harper C. 2019. Density: objective measure or critical tool of the neoliberal agenda? Footprint: Delft Univ Archit Theory J. 13(1):31–54.
  • Hemani S, Das AK, Chowdhury A. 2017. Influence of urban forms on social sustainability: a case of Guwahati, Assam. Urban Des Int. 22(2):168–194. doi:10.1057/s41289-016-0012-x.
  • Hernandez B, Hidalgo MC, Ruiz C. 2013. Theoretical and methodological aspects of research on place attachment.
  • Hidalgo M, Hernandez B. 2001. Place attachment: conceptual and empirical questions. J Environ Psychol [Preprint]. [accessed 2017 May 3]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027249440190221X.
  • Hofstad H. 2012. Compact city development: high ideals and emerging practices. European J Spatial Dev. 1(1):1–23.
  • Hummon DM. 1992. Community attachment. In: Irwin, Altman, Setha, M. Low, Editors. Place attachment. Boston, MA: Springer US; p. 253–278.
  • Jessop B. 2002. Liberalism, neoliberalism, and urban governance: a state–theoretical perspective. Antipode. 34(3):452–472. doi:10.1111/1467-8330.00250.
  • Jones P, Evans J. 2012. Rescue geography: place making, affect and regeneration. Urban Stud. 49(11):2315–2330. doi:10.1177/0042098011428177.
  • Karampour K. 2018. Municipal funding mechanism and development process: a case study of Tehran.
  • Karampour K. 2021. Implications of density bonus tool for urban planning: relaxing floor area ratio (FAR) regulations in Tehran. Int Plann Stud. 26(3):219–235. doi:10.1080/13563475.2020.1802235.
  • Keil R. 2020. The density dilemma: there is always too much and too little of it. Urban Geogr. 41(10):1284–1293. doi:10.1080/02723638.2020.1850025.
  • Khatam A, Keshavarzian A. 2016. Decentralization and ambiguities of local politics in Tehran. Middle East Institute, Governing Megacities in MENA and Asia [Preprint]. http://www.mei.edu/content/map/governing-megacities-mena-and-asia.
  • Khoshnoodmotlagh S, Daneshi A, Gharari S, Verrelst J, Mirzaei M, Omrani H. 2021. Urban morphology detection and it’s linking with land surface temperature: a case study for Tehran Metropolis, Iran. Sustainable Cities Soc. 74:103228. doi:10.1016/J.SCS.2021.103228.
  • Kjærås K. 2020. Towards a relational conception of the compact city. Urban Stud. 58(6):004209802090728. doi:10.1177/0042098020907281.
  • Kyttä M, Broberg A, Haybatollahi M, Schmidt-Thomé K. 2016. Urban happiness: context-sensitive study of the social sustainability of urban settings. Environ Plann B Plann Des. 43(1):34–57. doi:10.1177/0265813515600121.
  • Lak A, Hakimian P. 2019. Collective memory and urban regeneration in urban spaces: reproducing memories in Baharestan Square, city of Tehran, Iran. City, Cult Soc. 18:100290. doi:10.1016/j.ccs.2019.100290.
  • Lara-Hernandez JA, Melis A. 2018. Understanding the temporary appropriation in relationship to social sustainability. Sustainable Cities Soc. 39:366–374. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.03.004.
  • Lawhon M, Truelove Y. 2020. Disambiguating the southern urban critique: propositions, pathways and possibilities for a more global urban studies. Urban Stud. 57(1):3–20. doi:10.1177/0042098019829412.
  • Lefebvre H. 1991. The production of space. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Lefebvre H. 1991. Critique of everyday life: foundations for a sociology of the everyday. London: Verso.
  • Lewicka M. 2008. Place attachment, place identity, and place memory: restoring the forgotten city past. J Environ Psychol. 28(3):209–231. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.02.001.
  • Lewicka M. 2011. Place attachment: how far have we come in the last 40 years? J Environ Psychol. 31(3):207–230. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001.
  • Lewicka M. 2013a. In search of roots. Memory as enabler of place attachment. In: L M., and Devine-Wright P., editors. Place attachment. Advances in theory, methods and applications. p. 49–60.
  • Lewicka M. 2013b. Place attachment, place attachment: advances in theory, methods and applications. doi:10.4324/9780203757765.
  • Livingstone N, Fiorentino S, Short M. 2021. Planning for residential “value”? London’s densification policies and impacts. Build Cities. 2(1):203–219. doi:10.5334/bc.88.
  • Low S, Altman I. 1992. Place attachment. Place Attachment [Preprint]. [accessed 2017 May 3]. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_1.
  • Macarthur D. 2001. Place and experience: a philosophical topography. Philos Rev. 110(4):632–634. doi:10.1215/00318108-110-4-632.
  • Madanipour A. 1998. Tehran: the making of a metropolis. Chichester: Academy Press.
  • Madanipour A. 2006. Urban planning and development in Tehran. Cities. 23(6):433–438. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2006.08.002.
  • Madanipour A. 2011. Sustainable development, urban form, and megacity governance and planning in Tehran. 67–91. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-99267-7_4.
  • Malpas J. 1999. Place and experience. A Philosophical Topography [Preprint].
  • Manzo L, Devine-Wright P. 2013. Place attachment: advances in theory, methods and applications.
  • Massey D. 2013. Space, place and gender. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • McFarlane C. 2016. The geographies of urban density. Prog Hum Geogr. 40(5):629–648. doi:10.1177/0309132515608694.
  • McFarlane C. 2020. De/re-densification: a relational geography of urban density. City. 24(1–2):314–324. doi:10.1080/13604813.2020.1739911.
  • Mindali O, Raveh A, Salomon I. 2004. Urban density and energy consumption: a new look at old statistics. Transp Res Part A: Policy Practi. 38(2):143–162. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2003.10.004.
  • Modarres A. 2013. Commuting and energy consumption: toward an equitable transportation policy. J Transport Geogr. 33:240–249. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.09.005.
  • Morgan P. 2010. Towards a developmental theory of place attachment. J Environ Psychol. 30(1):11–22. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.07.001.
  • Mouratidis K. 2018. Built environment and social well-being: how does urban form affect social life and personal relationships? Cities. 74:7–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.10.020.
  • Næss P, Saglie IL, Richardson T. 2020. Urban sustainability: is densification sufficient? European Plann Stud. 28(1):146–165. doi:10.1080/09654313.2019.1604633.
  • Nanzer B. 2004. Measuring sense of place: a scale for Michigan. Admin Theory Prax. 26(3):362–382. doi:10.1080/10841806.2004.11029457.
  • Navarrete‐hernandez P, Toro F. 2019. Urban systems of accumulation: half a century of chilean neoliberal urban policies. Antipode. 51(3):899–926. doi:10.1111/anti.12504.
  • Nematollahi S. 2013. An investigation into selling surplus density. فصلنامه علمی - پژوهشیپژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری. 7(24):23–42.
  • Neuman M. 2005. The compact city fallacy. J Plan Educ Res. 25(1):11–26. doi:10.1177/0739456X04270466.
  • Newman PG, Kenworthy JR. 1989. Cities and automobile dependence: an international sourcebook.
  • Nilsson P. 2017. Are valuations of place-based amenities driven by scale? Hous Stud. 32(4):449–469. doi:10.1080/02673037.2016.1219330.
  • Onwuegbuzie AJ, Collins KMT. 2007. The qualitative report a typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. Qual Rep. 12(2):281–316. doi:10.1007/s11135-006-9000-3.
  • Parnell S, Robinson J. 2012. Re)theorizing cities from the global south: looking beyond neoliberalism. Urban Geogr. 33(4):593–617. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.33.4.593.
  • Patel S. 2014. Is there a ‘south’perspective to urban studies?. In: Susan, Parnell, Sophie, Oldfield, Editors. The Routledge handbook on cities of the global south. London: Routledge; p. 59–69.
  • Pendall R, Carruthers JI. 2003. Does density exacerbate income segregation? Evidence from U.S. Metropolitan areas, 1980 to 2000. Hous Policy Debate. 14(4):541–589. doi:10.1080/10511482.2003.9521487.
  • Pérez F. 2020. ‘The miracle of density’: the socio‐material epistemics of urban densification. Int J Urban Reg Res. 44(4):617–635. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12874.
  • Pont MB, Haupt P, Berg P, Alstäde V, Heyman A. 2021. Systematic review and comparison of densification effects and planning motivations. Build Cities. 2(1):378. doi:10.5334/bc.125.
  • Quastel N, Moos M, Lynch N. 2012. Sustainability-as-density and the return of the social: the case of Vancouver, British Columbia. Urban Geogr. 33(7):1055–1084. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.33.7.1055.
  • Quigley JM. 1998. Urban diversity and economic growth. Journal Econ Perspect. 12(2):127–138. doi:10.1257/jep.12.2.127.
  • Rao V. 2007. Proximate distances: the phenomenology of density in Mumbai. Built Environ. 33(2):227–248. doi:10.2148/benv.33.2.227.
  • Rapoport A. 1975. Toward a redefinition of density. Environ Behav. 7(2):133–158. doi:10.1177/001391657500700202.
  • Rapoport A. 1982. Urban design and human systems: on ways of relating buildings to urban fabric. Hum Energy Factors Urban Plann: A Syst Approach. 161–184. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7651-1.
  • Relph E. 1976. Place and placelessness. [accessed 2017 May 2]. http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/clc/116180.
  • Roshan G, Sarli R, Grab SW. 2021. The case of Tehran’s urban heat island, Iran: impacts of urban “lockdown” associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities Soc. 75:103263. doi:10.1016/J.SCS.2021.103263.
  • Roy A. 2005. Urban informality: toward an epistemology of planning. J Am Plann Assoc. 71(2):147–158. doi:10.1080/01944360508976689.
  • Roy A. 2014. Worlding the South: Toward a post-colonial urban theory. In: Susan, Parnell, Sophie, Oldfield, Editors. The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South. London: Routledge; p. 31–42.
  • Scannell L, Gifford R. 2010. Defining place attachment: a tripartite organizing framework. J Environ Psychol. 30(1):1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006.
  • Schmidt-Thomé K, Haybatollahi M, Kyttä M, Korpi J. 2013. The prospects for urban densification: a place-based study. Environ Res Lett. 8(2):025020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025020.
  • Seamon D. 2000 April. A way of seeing people and place: phenomenology in environment-behavior research. Theor Perspect Environ -Behav Res. 157–178. 10.1007/978-1-4615-4701-3
  • Seamon D. 2014. Place attachment and phenomenology: the synergystic dynamism of place. Place Attachment: Adv Theory Methods Appl. 11–22. doi:10.4324/9780203757765.
  • Sedaghat A, Sharif M. 2022. Mitigation of the impacts of heat islands on energy consumption in buildings: a case study of the city of Tehran, Iran. Sustainable Cities Soc. 76:103435. doi:10.1016/J.SCS.2021.103435.
  • Seghezzo L. 2009. The five dimensions of sustainability. Env Polit. 18(4):539–556. doi:10.1080/09644010903063669.
  • Shamai SS. 1991. Sense of place: an empirical measuremen. Geoforum. 22(3):347–358. doi:10.1016/0016-7185(91)90017-K.
  • Shieh E, Shojaei R. 2008. The impacts of increasing urban density on neighbourhood’s social qualities (In Persian).
  • Shirazi MR. 2020. Compact urban form: neighbouring and social activity. Sustainability. 12(5):1987. doi:10.3390/su12051987.
  • Shirazi MR, Keivani R. 2019. Social sustainability discourse: a critical revisit. Urban Social Sustainability: Theory, Policy Practicepolicy. doi:10.4324/9781315115740.
  • Shirazi MR, Keivani R. 2021. Social sustainability of compact neighbourhoods evidence from London and berlin. Sustainability (Switzerland). 13(4):2340. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042340.
  • Shoorcheh M, Varesi H, Mohammadi J, Litman T. 2016. Urban growth structure and travel behavior in Tehran City. Mod Appl Sci. 10(8):32. doi:10.5539/mas.v10n8p32.
  • Sivam A, Karuppannan S, Davis MC. 2012. Stakeholders’ perception of residential density: a case study of Adelaide, Australia. J Hous Built Environ. 27(4):473–494. doi:10.1007/s10901-011-9265-2.
  • Soja EW. 1980. The socio-spatial dialectic. Ann Assoc Am Geogr. 70(2):207–225. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1980.tb01308.x.
  • Stedman RC. 1999. Sense of place as an indicator of community sustainability. For Chron. 75(5):765–770. doi:https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc75765-5.
  • Talen E. 1999. Sense of community and neighbourhood form: an assessment of the social doctrine of new urbanism. Urban Stud. 36(8):1361–1379. doi:10.1080/0042098993033.
  • Touati-Morel A. 2015. Hard and soft densification policies in the Paris city-region. Int J Urban Reg Res. 39(3):603–612. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12195.
  • Trentelman CK. 2009. Place attachment and community attachment: a primer grounded in the lived experience of a community sociologist. Soc Nat Resour. 22(908553686):191–210. doi:10.1080/08941920802191712.
  • Tuan YY. 1979. Space and place: humanistic perspective. Philos Geogr. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9394-5.
  • Turcu C. 2012. Local experiences of urban sustainability: researching housing market renewal interventions in three English neighbourhoods. Prog Plann. 78(3):101–150. doi:10.1016/j.progress.2012.04.002.
  • Turcu C. 2013. Re-thinking sustainability indicators: local perspectives of urban sustainability. J Environ Plann Manage. 56(5):695–719. doi:10.1080/09640568.2012.698984.
  • Üçoğlu M, Güney KM, Keil R. 2020. Form, function, density: understanding the legacies of a century of modernist planning and urbanisation in Istanbul. In: Margot, Rubin, Alison, Todes, Philip, Harrison, Alexandra, Appelbaum, Editors. Densifying the city?. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Ujang N, Kozlowski M, Maulan S. 2018. Linking place attachment and social interaction: towards meaningful public places. J Place Manage Dev. 11(1):115–129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-01-2017-0012.
  • Wang Y, Shaw D. 2018. The complexity of high-density neighbourhood development in China: intensification, deregulation and social sustainability challenges. Sustainable Cities Soc. 43:578–586. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.024.
  • West S, Haider LJ, Stålhammar S, Woroniecki S. 2020. A relational turn for sustainability science? Relational thinking, leverage points and transformations. Ecosyst People. 16(1):304–325. doi:10.1080/26395916.2020.1814417.
  • Wilson J. 2013. The devastating conquest of the lived by the conceived. Space Cult. 16(3):364–380. doi:10.1177/1206331213487064.
  • von Wirth T, Grêt-Regamey A, Moser C, Stauffacher M. 2016. Exploring the influence of perceived urban change on residents’ place attachment. J Environ Psychol. 46:67–82. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.03.001.
  • Withers CWJ. 2009. Place and the“spatial turn” in geography and in history. J Hist Ideas. 70(4):637–658. doi:10.1353/jhi.0.0054.
  • Woodcraft S. 2015. Understanding and measuring social sustainability. J Urban Regener Renewal. 2:133–144.
  • Yunda JG, Sletto B. 2020. Densification, private sector-led development, and social polarization in the global south: lessons from a century of zoning in Bogotá. Cities. 97:102550. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.102550.
  • Zareyian M. 2015. The social impacts of increasing urban density in Tehran (In Persian).
  • Zube EH, Friedman S, Simcox DE. 1989. Landscape change: perceptions and physical measures. Environ Manage. 13(5):639–644. doi:10.1007/BF01874970.