References
- Nelson ME, Jester DJ, Petkus AJ, et al. Cognitive reserve, alzheimer’s neuropathology, and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol rev. 2021;31(2):233–10.
- Scheltens P, De Strooper B, Kivipelto M, et al. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet. 2021;397(10284):1577–1590. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32205-4
- Plachokova AS, Andreu-Sánchez S, Noz MP, et al. Oral microbiome in relation to periodontitis severity and systemic inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5876.
- Leishman SJ, Do HL, Ford PJ. Cardiovascular disease and the role of oral bacteria. J Oral Microbiol. 2010;2(1):5781.
- Sanz M, Del Castillo AM, Jepsen S, et al. Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Consensus Report Consensus Report Glob Heart. 2020;15(1):1. DOI:10.5334/gh.400
- Slocum C, Kramer C, Genco CA. Immune dysregulation mediated by the oral microbiome: potential link to chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med. 2016;280(1):114–128.
- Calsolaro V, Edison P. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: current evidence and future directions. Alzheimers Dement. 2016;12(6):719–732.
- Kamer AR, Craig RG, Pirraglia E, et al. TNF-α and antibodies to periodontal bacteria discriminate between Alzheimer’s disease patients and normal subjects. J Neuroimmunol. 2009;216(1–2):92–97. DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.08.013
- Díaz-Zúñiga J, Muñoz Y, Melgar-Rodríguez S, et al. Serotype b of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans triggers pro-inflammatory responses and amyloid beta secretion in hippocampal cells: a novel link between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease? J Oral Microbiol. 2019;11(1):1586423. DOI:10.1080/20002297.2019.1586423
- Poole S, Singhrao SK, Kesavalu L, et al. Determining the presence of periodontopathic virulence factors in short-term postmortem Alzheimer’s disease brain tissue. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;36(4):665–677.
- Han JW, Kim TH, Lee SB, et al. Predictive validity and diagnostic stability of mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 2012;8(6):553–559. DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.08.007
- Roberts RO, Knopman DS, Geda YE, et al. Association of diabetes with amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 2014;10(1):18–26. DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.01.001
- Mitchell AJ, Shiri-Feshki M. Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia–meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;119(4):252–265.
- Ding D, Zhao Q, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in an urban community in China: a cross-sectional analysis of the shanghai aging study. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(3):300–309.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.11.002
- Zhang MY, Katzman R, Salmon D, et al. The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender, and education. Ann Neurol. 1990;27(4):428–437. DOI:10.1002/ana.410270412
- Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 2004;256(3):183–194.
- Mcinnes P, Cutting MA. Core microbiome sampling protocol A HMP Protocol # 07–001. Bethesda (MD): Manual of Procedures; 2010.
- World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods. 5th edition ed. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO Press; 2013.
- Bolger AM, Marc L, Bjoern U. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(15):2114–2120.
- . Reyon D, Tsai SQ, Khayter C, et al. FLASH assembly of TALENs for high-throughput genome editing. Nature Biotechnol. 2012;30(5):460–465
- Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 2010;7(5):335–336. DOI:10.1038/nmeth.f.303
- Edgar RC, Haas BJ, Clemente JC, et al. UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics. 2011;27(16):2194–2200.
- Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011;12(6):R60. DOI:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60
- Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, et al. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2010;192(19):5002–5017. DOI:10.1128/JB.00542-10
- Yang I, Arthur RA, Zhao L, et al. The oral microbiome and inflammation in mild cognitive impairment. Exp Gerontol. 2021;147:111273.
- Zaura E, Keijser BJF, Huse SM, et al. Defining the healthy “core microbiome” of oral microbial communities. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9(1):259.
- Miyoshi T, Oge S, Nakata S, et al. Gemella haemolysans inhibits the growth of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):11742. DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-91267-3
- Dominy SS, Lynch C, Ermini F, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors. Sci Adv. 2019;5(1):eaau3333. DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aau3333
- Ryder MI. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Alzheimer disease: recent findings and potential therapies. J Periodontol. 2020;91 Suppl 1(S1):S45–49.
- Sparks Stein P, Steffen MJ, Smith C, et al. Serum antibodies to periodontal pathogens are a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(3):196–203. DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.04.006
- Abranches J, Zeng L, Kajfasz JK, et al. Biology of Oral Streptococci. Microbiol Spectr. 2018;6(5). DOI:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0042-2018
- Demuth DR, Duan Y, Brooks W, et al. Tandem genes encode cell-surface polypeptides SspA and SspB which mediate adhesion of the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii to human and bacterial receptors. Mol Microbiol. 1996;20(2):403–413.
- Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, et al. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998;25(2):134–144.
- Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the “red complex”, a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2005;38(1):72–122.
- Batty G-D, Li Q, Huxley R, et al. Oral disease in relation to future risk of dementia and cognitive decline: prospective cohort study based on the action in diabetes and vascular disease: preterax and diamicron modified-release controlled evaluation (ADVANCE) trial. Eur Psychiatry. 2013;28(1):49–52. DOI:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.07.005
- Kaye EK, Valencia A, Baba N, et al. Tooth loss and periodontal disease predict poor cognitive function in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(4):713–718.