References
- Fenner F. Adventures with poxviruses of vertebrates. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2000;24(2):123–133. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00536.x
- Lewis-Jones S. Zoonotic poxvirus infections in humans. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004;17(2):81–89. doi: 10.1097/00001432-200404000-00003
- Reynolds MG, Guagliardo SAJ, Nakazawa YJ, et al. Understanding orthopoxvirus host range and evolution: from the enigmatic to the usual suspects. Curr Opin Virol. 2018;28:108–115. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.012
- Souza AR, Luques MN, Damaso CR. Genomic diversity of vaccinia virus strain Cantagalo isolated in southeastern Brazil during the early years of the outbreak, 1999-2006. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2021;115:e200521. doi: 10.1590/0074-02760200521
- Diaz-Cánova D, Mavian C, Brinkmann A, et al. Genomic sequencing and phylogenomics of cowpox virus. Viruses. 2022;14(10):2134. doi: 10.3390/v14102134
- Bera BC, Shanmugasundaram K, Barua S, et al. Zoonotic cases of camelpox infection in India. Vet Microbiol. 2011;152(1–2):29–38. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.010
- Khalafalla AI, Abdelazim F. Human and dromedary camel infection with camelpox virus in eastern Sudan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2017;17(4):281–284. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2070
- Doty JB, Maghlakelidze G, Sikharulidze I, et al. Isolation and characterization of akhmeta virus from wild-caught rodents (apodemus spp.) in georgia. J Virol. 2019;93(24):e00966–19. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00966-19
- Gigante G, Gao G, Tang T, et al. Genome of alaskapox virus, a novel orthopoxvirus isolated from alaska. Viruses. 2019;11(8):E708. doi: 10.3390/v11080708
- Essbauer S, Pfeffer M, Meyer H. Zoonotic poxviruses. Vet Microbiol. 2010;140(3–4):229–236. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.026
- Gubser C, Hué S, Kellam P, et al. Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. J Gen Virol. 2004;85(1):105–117. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19565-0
- Essbauer S, Meyer H, Porsch-Ozcürümez M, et al. Long-lasting stability of vaccinia virus (orthopoxvirus) in food and environmental samples. Zoonoses Public Health. 2007;54(3–4):118–124. doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01035.x
- Werden SJ, Rahman MM, McFadden G. Poxvirus host range genes. Adv Virus Res. 2008;71:135–171.
- Simpson K, Heymann D, Brown CS, et al. Human monkeypox – after 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication. Vaccine. 2020;38(33):5077–5081. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.062
- Coras B, Essbauer S, Pfeffer M, et al. Cowpox and a cat. Lancet. 2005;365(9457):446. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17836-2
- Haddadeen C, Van Ouwerkerk M, Vicek T, et al. A case of cowpox virus infection in the UK occurring in a domestic cat and transmitted to the adult male owner. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(6):e190. doi: 10.1111/bjd.19319
- Popova AY, Maksyutov RA, Taranov OS, et al. Cowpox in a human, Russia, 2015. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(4):755–759. doi: 10.1017/S0950268816002922
- Wollenberg A, Vogel S, Sã¡rdy M, et al. The Munich outbreak of cutaneous cowpox infection: transmission by infected pet rats. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(2):126–131. doi: 10.2340/00015555-1227
- Wolfs TFW, Wagenaar JA, Niesters HGM, et al. Rat-to-human transmission of cowpox infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(12):1495–1496. doi: 10.3201/eid0812.020089
- Ferrier A, Frenois-Veyrat G, Schvoerer E, et al. Fatal cowpox virus infection in human fetus, France, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(10):2570–2577. doi: 10.3201/eid2710.204818
- Eltom KH, Samy AM, Abd El Wahed A, et al. Buffalopox virus: an emerging virus in livestock and humans. Pathogens. 2020;9(9):E676. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9090676
- Silva NIO, de Oliveira JS, Kroon EG, et al. Here, there, and everywhere: the wide host range and geographic distribution of zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Viruses. 2020;13(1):E43. doi: 10.3390/v13010043
- Mosadeghhesari M, Oryan A, Zibaee S, et al. Molecular investigation and cultivation of camelpox virus in Iran. Arch Virol. 2014;159(11):3005–3011. doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2169-1
- Yousif AA, Al-Naeem AA. Recovery and molecular characterization of live camelpox virus from skin 12 months after onset of clinical signs reveals possible mechanism of virus persistence in herds. Vet Microbiol. 2012;159(3–4):320–326. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.022
- Vora NM, Li Y, Geleishvili M, et al. Human infection with a zoonotic orthopoxvirus in the country of Georgia. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(13):1223–1230. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1407647
- Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(2):e0010141. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141
- Magnus PV, Andersen EK, Petersen KB, et al. A POX-LIKE DISEASE in CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica. 2009;46(2):156–176. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x
- Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in basankusu territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;46(5):593–597.
- Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(1):15–25. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00856-9
- Bížová B, Veselý D, Trojánek M, et al. Coinfection of syphilis and monkeypox in HIV positive man in Prague, Czech Republic. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022;49:102368. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102368
- Reynolds MG, Damon IK. Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination. Trends Microbiol. 2012;20(2):80–87. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.12.001
- Heymann DL, Szczeniowski M, Esteves K. Re-emergence of monkeypox in Africa: a review of the past six years. Br Med Bull. 1998;54(3):693–702. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011720
- Rimoin AW, Graham BS. Whither monkeypox vaccination. Vaccine. 2011;29:D60–D64. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.004
- Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, et al. Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(6):1014–1021. doi: 10.3201/eid2206.150579
- Formenty P, Muntasir MO, Damon I, et al. Human monkeypox outbreak caused by novel virus belonging to Congo basin clade, Sudan, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(10):1539–1545. doi: 10.3201/eid1610.100713
- BOLANDA JD, LI YU, REYNOLDS MG, et al. Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73(2):428–434. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.428
- Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, et al. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(37):16262–16267. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005769107
- Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017–18: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(8):872–879. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30294-4
- Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Ogoina D, et al. Reemergence of human monkeypox in Nigeria, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(6):1149–1151. doi: 10.3201/eid2406.180017
- Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, et al. Human monkeypox. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019;33(4):1027–1043. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001
- Nguyen P-Y, Ajisegiri WS, Costantino V, et al. Reemergence of human monkeypox and declining population immunity in the context of urbanization, Nigeria, 2017–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(4):1007–1014. doi: 10.3201/eid2704.203569
- Happi AN, Olumade TJ, Ogunsanya OA, et al. Increased prevalence of Lassa fever virus-positive rodents and diversity of infected species found during human Lassa fever epidemics in Nigeria. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(4):e0036622. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00366-22
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox–Illinois Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:616–618.
- World Health Organization. Multi-country outbreak of mpox - external situation report #26. 2023; Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox–external-situation-report–26—14-july-2023.
- Laurenson-Schafer H, Sklenovská N, Hoxha A, et al. Description of the first global outbreak of mpox: an analysis of global surveillance data. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(7):e1012–e1023. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00198-5
- Nigeria centre for disease control and Prevention. An update of monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria. 2023;
- World Health Organization. WHO director-general declares the ongoing monkeypox outbreak a public Health emergency of international concern. 2022; Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern.
- World Health Organization. Outbreaks And Emergencies Bulletin, Week 29: 17–23 July 2023. 2023; Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/countries/united-republic-of-tanzania/publication/outbreaks-and-emergencies-bulletin-week-29-17-23-july-2023.
- Kmiec D, Kirchhoff F. Monkeypox: a New threat? IJMS. 2022;23(14):7866. doi: 10.3390/ijms23147866
- Saadh MJ, Ghadimkhani T, Soltani N, et al. Progress and prospects on vaccine development against monkeypox infection. Microb Pathog. 2023;180:106156. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106156
- Jones TC, Schneider J, Mühlemann B, et al. Genetic variability, including gene duplication and deletion, in early sequences from the 2022 European monkeypox outbreak [Internet]. Bioinformatics; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 4]. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2022.07.23.501239.
- Springer YP, Hsu CH, Werle ZR, et al. Novel orthopoxvirus infection in an Alaska resident. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(12):1737–1741. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix219
- Isidro J, Borges V, Pinto M, et al. Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus. Nat Med [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 30]; Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01907-y.
- Luna N, Ramírez AL, Muñoz M, et al. Phylogenomic analysis of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) 2022 outbreak: emergence of a novel viral lineage? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022;49:102402. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102402
- O’Toole Á, Neher RA, Ndodo N, et al. Putative APOBEC3 deaminase editing in MPXV as evidence for sustained human transmission since at least 2016 [Internet]. Evolutionary Biology; 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 3]. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2023.01.23.525187.
- World Health Organzation. Smallpox vaccines [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/smallpox-vaccines.
- Lane JM. The current and future landscape of smallpox vaccines. Global Biosecurity. 2019;1(1):106. doi: 10.31646/gbio.2
- Parrino J, Graham BS. Smallpox vaccines: past, present, and future. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(6):1320–1326. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.09.037
- Poland G. Smallpox vaccines: from first to second to third generation. Lancet. 2005;365(9457):362–363. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70209-9
- Danon YL, Sutter G, Plotkin SA. Use of the LC16m8 smallpox vaccine in immunocompromised individuals is still too risky. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015;22(5):604. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00782-14
- Criscuolo E, Giuliani B, Ferrarese R, et al. Smallpox vaccination‐elicited antibodies cross‐neutralize 2022‐monkeypox virus clade II. J med virol. 2023;95(3):e28643. doi: 10.1002/jmv.28643
- Jezek Z, Grab B, Szczeniowski MV, et al. Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates. Bull World Health Organ. 1988;66(4):465–470.
- Van Ewijk CE, Miura F, Van Rijckevorsel G, et al. Mpox outbreak in the Netherlands, 2022: public health response, characteristics of the first 1,000 cases and protection of the first-generation smallpox vaccine. Eurosurveillance. [Internet]. 2023 Available from. [cited 2023 Jul 31];28(12). 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.12.2200772
- Ahmed SF, Sohail MS, Quadeer AA, et al. Vaccinia-virus-based vaccines are expected to elicit highly cross-reactive immunity to the 2022 monkeypox virus. Viruses. 2022;14(9):1960. doi: 10.3390/v14091960
- Rosenberg ES, Dorabawila V, Hart-Malloy R, et al. Effectiveness of JYNNEOS vaccine against diagnosed mpox infection — New York, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(20):559–563. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7220a4
- Dalton AF, Diallo AO, Chard AN, et al. Estimated effectiveness of JYNNEOS vaccine in preventing mpox: a multijurisdictional case-control study — United States, August 19, 2022–March 31, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(20):553–558. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7220a3
- Deputy NP, Deckert J, Chard AN, et al. Vaccine effectiveness of JYNNEOS against mpox disease in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(26):2434–2443. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2215201
- Payne AB, Ray LC, Kugeler KJ, et al. Incidence of monkeypox among unvaccinated persons compared with persons receiving ≥1 JYNNEOS vaccine dose — 32 U.S. Jurisdictions, July 31–September 3, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 [July31–September 3 2022];71(40):1278–1282. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7140e3
- Bertran M, Andrews N, Davison C, et al. Effectiveness of one dose of MVA–BN smallpox vaccine against mpox in England using the case-coverage method: an observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(7):828–835. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00057-9
- Kandeel M, Morsy MA, Abd El-Lateef HM, et al. Efficacy of the modified vaccinia Ankara virus vaccine and the replication-competent vaccine ACAM2000 in monkeypox prevention. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;119:110206. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110206
- Kozlov M Monkeypox vaccination begins — can the global outbreaks be contained? 2022; Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01587-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=4723d44e-9bf5-42e5-af1e-6753265a1715.
- UK Health Security Agency. Mpox (monkeypox) outbreak: vaccination strategy. 2022; Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/monkeypox-outbreak-vaccination-strategy.
- Sah R, Abdelaal A, Asija A, et al. Monkeypox virus containment: the application of ring vaccination and possible challenges. J Travel Med. 2022;29(6):taac085. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taac085
- Lau C-Y, Wahl B, Foo WKS. Ring vaccination versus mass vaccination in event of a smallpox attack. Hawaii Med J. 2005;64(2):34–6, 53.
- Cope AB, Kirkcaldy RD, Weidle PJ, et al. Evaluation of public Health contact tracing for mpox among gay, bisexual, and other men who have Sex with men—10 US jurisdictions, May 17–July 31, 2022. Am J Public Health. 2023 [May 17 July 31, 2023];113(7):815–818. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2023.307301
- Thy M, Peiffer-Smadja N, Mailhe M, et al. Breakthrough infections after post-exposure vaccination against monkeypox [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (Except HIV/AIDS); 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 3]. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2022.08.03.22278233.
- Kretzschmar M, van den Hof S, Wallinga J, et al. Ring vaccination and smallpox control. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(5):832–841. doi: 10.3201/eid1005.030419
- Yuan P, Tan Y, Yang L, et al. Modeling vaccination and control strategies for outbreaks of monkeypox at gatherings. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1026489. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1026489
- Kucharski AJ, Eggo RM, Watson CH, et al. Effectiveness of ring vaccination as control strategy for Ebola virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(1):105–108. doi: 10.3201/eid2201.151410
- Heymann DL. Ebola: learn from the past. Nature. 2014;514(7522):299–300. doi: 10.1038/514299a
- Burki T. Global COVID-19 vaccine inequity. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(7):922–923. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00344-3
- Batista C, Hotez P, Amor YB, et al. The silent and dangerous inequity around access to COVID-19 testing: a call to action. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;43:101230. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101230
- Ye Y, Zhang Q, Wei X, et al. Equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines makes a life-saving difference to all countries. Nat Hum Behav. 2022;6(2):207–216. doi: 10.1038/s41562-022-01289-8
- World Health Organzation. Fifth Meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) emergency committee on the multi-country outbreak of mpox (monkeypox) 2023; Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/11-05-2023-fifth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-%282005%29-%28ihr%29-emergency-committee-on-the-multi-country-outbreak-of-monkeypox-%28mpox%29.
- Seang S, Burrel S, Todesco E, et al. Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of monkeypox virus. Lancet. 2022;400(10353):S658–659. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01487-8
- Cardeti G, Gruber CEM, Eleni C, et al. Fatal outbreak in tonkean macaques caused by possibly novel orthopoxvirus, Italy, January 20151. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(12):1941–1949. doi: 10.3201/eid2312.162098
- Gruber C, Giombini E, Selleri M, et al. Whole genome characterization of orthopoxvirus (OPV) abatino, a zoonotic virus representing a putative novel clade of old World orthopoxviruses. Viruses. 2018;10(10):546. doi: 10.3390/v10100546