Laughing at revolutionary times: the socio-linguistic and pragmatic functions of Jordanian political humour after the Arab Spring

References

• Badarneh, M., 2011. Carnivalesque politics: a Bakhtinian case study of contemporary Arab political humor. Humor, 24 (3), 305–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhtin, M., 1984a. Rabelais and his world (H. Iswolsky, Trans.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Original work published 1965).
   Google Scholar
• Bakhtin, M., 1984b. Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics (C. Emerson, Trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (Original work published 1963).
   Google Scholar
• Banc, C. [pseud], and Dundes, A., 1986. First prize: fifteen years! an annotated collection of Romanian political jokes. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benkhaled, W., and Vince, N., 2017. Performing Algerianness: the national and transnational construction of Algeria’s ‘culture wars’. In: P. Crowley, ed. Algeria: nation, culture and transnationalism: 1988–2015. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 243–270.
   Google Scholar
• Billing, M., 2005. Laughter and ridicule: towards a social critique of humour. London: SAGE publications.
   Google Scholar
• Brandes, S., 1977. Peaceful protest: Spanish political humor in a time of crisis. Western Folklore, 36, 331–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brassett, J., 2016. British comedy, global resistance: Russell Brand, Charlie Brooker and Stewart Lee. European Journal of International Relations, 22 (1), 168–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, R., 1989. "What courage!": Romanian "Our leader" jokes. The Journal of American Folklore, 102 (405), 259–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners, J., 2005. Visual representations of the 2004 presidential campaign. American Behavioral Scientist, 49 (3), 479–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, M., 2007. Dissident Syria: making opposition arts official. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, C., 2007. Humour and protest: jokes under communism. International Review of Social History, 52, 291–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dundes, A., 1971. Laughter behind the iron curtain: a sample of Romanian political jokes. The Ukraine Quarterly, 27, 51–59.
   Google Scholar
• Eagleton, T., 2019. Humour. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• El Marzouki, M., 2015. Satire as counter-discourse: dissent, cultural citizenship and youth culture in Morocco. International Communication Gazette, 77 (3), 282–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, D., 2013. Laughter out of place: race, class, violence and sexuality in a Rio shantytown. 2nd edition. Berkley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Halabi, N., 2017. The contingency of meaning to the party of God: carnivalesque humor in revolutionary times. International Journal of Communication, 11, 4032–4045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishtainy, K., 1985. Arab political humour. London: Quartet Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kozinets, R., 2019. Netnography: the essential guide to qualitative social media research (3^rd edition). London: SAGE publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mbembe, A., 1992. Provisional notes on the postcolony. Africa, 62 (1), 3–37.
   Google Scholar
• Obrdlik, A., 1942. "Gallows humor"-a sociological phenomenon. American Journal of Sociology, 47 (5), 709–716.
   Google Scholar
• Orwell, G., 1968. Funny, but not vulgar. https://orwell.ru/library/articles/funny/english/e_funny [Original article published in the Leader Magazine, London, 28 July 1945] (accessed 9 September 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer, O., 1977. Political humor in a dictatorial state: the case of Spain. Ethnohistory, 24 (2), 179–190.
   Google Scholar
• Plumb, S., 2004. Politicians as superheroes: the subversion of political authority using pop cultural icon in the cartoons of Steve Bell. Media, Culture and Society, 26 (3), 432–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., 2016. Revising activism in Jordan: the movement against the Israeli gas. Middle East Research and Information Project, Middle East Report 281 (46). https://merip.org/2017/05/reviving-activism-in-jordan/ (accessed 9 September 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., 2018, June 4. Why Jordanians are protesting. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/06/04/why-jordanians-are-protesting/ (accessed 9 September 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., 2019. Resurgent protests confront new and old red lines in Jordan. Middle East Research and Information Project. Middle East Report 292 (3). https://merip.org/2019/12/resurgent-protests-confront-new-and-old-red-lines-in-jordan/ (accessed 9 September 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Shehata, S., 1992. The politics of laughter: Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarek in Egyptian political jokes. Folklore, 103 (1), 75–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokker, K., 1997. Folklore fights the Nazi: humor in occupied Norway, 1940–1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Susser, A., 2011, June 11. Jordan 2011: Uneasy lies the head. Middle East Brief, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University, U.S. https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/middle-east-briefs/pdfs/1-100/meb52.pdf (accessed 9 September 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Wagg, S., 2002. Comedy, politics and permissiveness: the 'satire boom' and its inheritance. Contemporary Politics, 8 (4), 319–334.
   Google Scholar