1,753
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

A new perspective on ecological vulnerability and its transformation mechanisms

, , &
Article: 2115403 | Received 18 Aug 2021, Accepted 15 Aug 2022, Published online: 01 Sep 2022

References

  • Abbasov, R. K., and V. U. Smakhtin. 2012. “Indexing the Environmental Vulnerability of Mountain Streams in Azerbaijan.” Mountain Research and Development 32 (1): 73–15. doi:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00012.1.
  • Abson, D. J., A. J. Dougill, and L. C. Stringer. 2012. “Spatial Mapping of Socio-Ecological Vulnerability to Environmental Change in Southern Africa.” In Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment. Leeds, UK: The University of Leeds, 1–33.
  • Bai, Y., B. Jiang, M. Wang, H. Li, J. M. Alatalo, and S. Huang. 2016. “New Ecological Redline Policy (ERP) to Secure Ecosystem Services in China.” Land Use Policy 55: 348–351. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.09.002.
  • Bai, J., J. Li, A. Bao, and C. Chang. 2021. “Spatial-Temporal Variations of Ecological Vulnerability in the Tarim River Basin, Northwest China.” Journal of Arid Land 13 (8): 814–834. doi:10.1007/s40333-021-0079-0.
  • Begon, M., and C. R. Townsend. 2020. Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Beroya-Eitner, M. A. 2016. “Ecological Vulnerability Indicators.” Ecological Indicators 60: 329–334. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.07.001.
  • Bo, L., and T. Lianjun. 2008. “Vulnerability and Sustainable Development Mode of Coal Cities in Northeast China.” Chinese Geographical Science 18 (2): 119–126. doi:10.1007/s11769-008-0119-0.
  • Brockerhoff, E. G., L. Barbaro, B. Castagneyrol, D. I. Forrester, B. Gardiner, J. R. González-Olabarria, P. O’B. Lyver, et al. 2017. “Forest Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning and the Provision of Ecosystem Services.” Biodiversity and Conservation 26 (13): 3005–3035. doi:10.1007/s10531-017-1453-2.
  • Cai, E., Y. Jing, Y. Liu, C. Yin, Y. Gao, and J. Wei. 2017. “Spatial-Temporal Patterns and Driving Forces of Ecological-Living-Production Land in Hubei Province, Central China.” Sustainability 10 (1). doi:10.3390/su10010066.
  • Cai, L., L. Yan, J. Ni, and C. Wang. 2015. “Assessment of Ecological Vulnerability Under Oil Spill Stress.” Sustainability 7 (10): 13073–13084. doi:10.3390/su71013073.
  • Cao, J. S., Y. Q. Yang, Z. Y. Deng, and Y. D. Hu. 2022. “Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Ecological Vulnerability Based on Vulnerability Scoring Diagram Model in Shennongjia, China.” Scientific Reports 12 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09205-w.
  • Carpenter, S. R., H. A. Mooney, J. Agard, D. Capistrano, R. S. DeFries, S. Díaz, T. Dietz, et al. 2009. “Science for Managing Ecosystem Services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (5): 1305–1312. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808772106.
  • Chang, C. L. 2013. “Evaluation of Basin Environmental Vulnerability: The Weighted Method Compared to the Compromise Method.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 10 (5): 1051–1056. doi:10.1007/s13762-013-0234-z.
  • Chen, X., X. Li, A. Eladawy, T. Yu, and J. Sha. 2021. “A Multi-Dimensional Vulnerability Assessment of Pingtan Island (China) and Nile Delta (Egypt) Using Ecological Sensitivity-Resilience-Pressure (Srp) Model.” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27 (7): 1860–1882.
  • Chen, S., X. Zha, Y. Bai, and L. Wang. 2019. “Evaluation of Soil Erosion Vulnerability on the Basis of Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity: A Case Study in the Zhuxi Watershed, Changting, Fujian Province, Southern China.” Catena 177: 57–69. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2019.01.036.
  • Choudhary, K., M. S. Boori, and A. Kupriyanov. 2018. “Spatial Modelling for Natural and Environmental Vulnerability Through Remote Sensing and GIS in Astrakhan, Russia.” The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 21 (2): 139–147. doi:10.1016/j.ejrs.2017.05.003.
  • Cortinovis, C., and D. Geneletti. 2018. “Ecosystem Services in Urban Plans: What is There, and What is Still Needed for Better Decisions.” Land Use Policy 70: 298–312. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.017.
  • Daily, G. C., and P. A. Matson. 2008. “Ecosystem Services: From Theory to Implementation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (28): 9455–9456. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804960105.
  • Dawson, T. P., M. D. Rounsevell, T. Kluvánková-Oravská, V. Chobotová, and A. Stirling. 2010. “Dynamic Properties of Complex Adaptive Ecosystems: Implications for the Sustainability of Service Provision.” Biodiversity and Conservation 19 (10): 2843–2853. doi:10.1007/s10531-010-9892-z.
  • De Lange, H. J., S. Sala, M. Vighi, and J. H. Faber. 2010. “Ecological Vulnerability in Risk Assessment—A Review and Perspectives.” The Science of the Total Environment 408 (18): 3871–3879. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.009.
  • Deng, W., X.Z. Yuan, R. Sun, and Y.W. Zhang. 2016. ”Remote Sensing-Based Ecological Vulnerability Assessment of the Northern Agro-Pastoral Interlacing Zone.” Environmental Science & Technology 39 (11): 8. (In Chinese).
  • Ding, Q., X. Shan, and X. Jin. 2020. “Ecological Footprint and Vulnerability of Marine Capture Fisheries in China.” Acta Oceanologica Sinica 39 (4): 100–109. doi:10.1007/s13131-019-1468-y.
  • Dossou, J. F., X. X. Li, M. Sadek, M. A. Sidi Almouctar, and E. Mostafa. 2021. “Hybrid Model for Ecological Vulnerability Assessment in Benin.” Scientific Reports 11 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81742-2.
  • Chen, F., Z. Li, S.-C. Dong, Y. Ren, J.-N. Li, et al. 2018. ”Ecological Vulnerability Assessment of Counties in the Hilly and Gully Areas of the Loess Plateau Based on Vsd Model - an Example from Lintao County, Gansu Province.” Arid Zone Resources and Environment 32 (11): 74–80. (In Chinese).
  • Fan, Y., C. Fang, and Q. Zhang. 2019. “Coupling Coordinated Development Between Social Economy and Ecological Environment in Chinese Provincial Capital Cities-Assessment and Policy Implications.” Journal of Cleaner Production 229: 289–298. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.027.
  • Fekete, A., M. Damm, and J. Birkmann. 2010. “Scales as a Challenge for Vulnerability Assessment.” Natural Hazards 55 (3): 729–747. doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9445-5.
  • Fischer, A. P., and T. G. Frazier. 2018. “Social Vulnerability to Climate Change in Temperate Forest Areas: New Measures of Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 108 (3): 658–678. doi:10.1080/24694452.2017.1387046.
  • Fisher, B., and R. K. Turner. 2008. “Ecosystem Services: Classification for Valuation.” Biological Conservation 141 (5): 1167–1169. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.02.019.
  • Fu, G., B. Gade, Q. Yue, Y. Bing, H. Jing, X. Nengwen, et al. 2018. ”A Gis-Based Ecological Vulnerability Assessment of Beijing.” Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment 34 (9): 10. (In Chinese).
  • Gallopín, G. C. 2006. “Linkages Between Vulnerability, Resilience, and Adaptive Capacity.” Global Environmental Change 16 (3): 293–303. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.004.
  • Gao, J., C. Zou, and S. Chen. 2013. ”On the Concept, Connotation and Typology of Ecological Red Lines.” China Ecological Civilization 1: 3. (In Chinese).
  • Guo, B., W. Zang, and W. Luo. 2020. “Spatial-Temporal Shifts of Ecological Vulnerability of Karst Mountain Ecosystem-Impacts of Global Change and Anthropogenic Interference.” The Science of the Total Environment 741: 140256. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140256.
  • Hasani, M. 2018. Assessment of Social-Ecological Vulnerability to Climate Change for Identifying and Prioritizing Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Strategies: A Case Study of Baba Mountain Valleys at the Center of Bamyan Province, Afghanistan. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.
  • Hassan, M. S., S. Mahmud-Ul-Islam, and M. T. Rahman. 2015. “Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess Vulnerability of Environmental Degradation in North-Western Bangladesh.” Journal of Geographic Information System 7 (05): 494. doi:10.4236/jgis.2015.75040.
  • He, L., J. Shen, and Y. Zhang. 2018. “Ecological Vulnerability Assessment for Ecological Conservation and Environmental Management.” Journal of Environmental Management 206: 1115–1125. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.059.
  • Hou, K., X. Li, W. J. Jing, and J. Zhang. 2016a. “An Analysis of the Impact on Land Use and Ecological Vulnerability of the Policy of Returning Farmland to Forest in Yan’an, China.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23 (5): 4670–4680. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5679-9.
  • Hou, K., X. Li, J. Wang, and J. Zhang. 2016b. “Evaluating Ecological Vulnerability Using the GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method in Yan’an, China.” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25 (2): 599–605. doi:10.15244/pjoes/61312.
  • Hou, K., X. Li, and J. Zhang. 2015. “Gis Analysis of Changes in Ecological Vulnerability Using a Spca Model in the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi, China.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (4): 4292–4305. doi:10.3390/ijerph120404292.
  • Hou, K., W. Tao, Y. Chang, Y. Zhang, and X. Li. 2018. “A Feasible Method for the Division of Ecological Vulnerability and Its Driving Forces in Southern Shaanxi.” Journal of Cleaner Production 205: 619–628. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.109.
  • Hou, K., W. Tao, L. Wang, and X. Li. 2020. “Study on Hierarchical Transformation Mechanisms of Regional Ecological Vulnerability and Its Applicability.” Ecological Indicators 114: 106343. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106343.
  • Huang, P. H., J. S. Tsai, and W. T. Lin. 2010. “Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques for Eco-Environmental Vulnerability Assessment: A Case Study on the Chi-Jia-Wan Stream Watershed, Taiwan.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 168 (1–4): 141–158. doi:10.1007/s10661-009-1098-z.
  • Inostroza, L., M. Palme, F. de la Barrera, and J. Shaman. 2016. “A Heat Vulnerability Index: Spatial Patterns of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity for Santiago de Chile.” Plos One 11 (9): e0162464. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162464.
  • Ippolito, A., S. Sala, J. H. Faber, and M. Vighi. 2010. “Ecological Vulnerability Analysis: A River Basin Case Study.” The Science of the Total Environment 408 (18): 3880–3890. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.002.
  • Ippolito, A., S. Sala, J. H. Faber, and M. Vighi. 2010. “Ecological Vulnerability Analysis: A River Basin Case Study.” The Science of the Total Environment 408: 3880–3890. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.002.
  • Ives, A. R., and S. R. Carpenter. 2007. “Stability and Diversity of Ecosystems.” Science 317 (5834): 58–62. doi:10.1126/science.1133258.
  • Jacobides, M. G., C. Cennamo, and A. Gawer. 2018. “Towards a Theory of Ecosystems.” Strategic Management Journal 39 (8): 2255–2276. doi:10.1002/smj.2904.
  • Jha, S. K., A. K. Negi, J. M. Alatalo, and R. S. Negi. 2021. “Socio-Ecological Vulnerability and Resilience of Mountain Communities Residing in Capital-Constrained Environments.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 26 (8): 1–23. doi:10.1007/s11027-021-09974-1.
  • Jia, J. J., J. Zhao, J. B. Wang, C. Gao, and R. Y. Chang. 2020. “Ecological Vulnerability Assessment of Shiyang River Basin Based on SRP Model.” J Arid Land Resour Environ 34 (1): 34–41.
  • Jiang, Y., R. Li, Y. Shi, and L. Guo. 2021a. “Natural and Political Determinants of Ecological Vulnerability in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: A Case Study of Shannan, China.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10 (5): 327. doi:10.3390/ijgi10050327.
  • Jiang, Y., Y. Shi, R. Li, and L. Guo. 2021b. “A Long-Term Ecological Vulnerability Analysis of the Tibetan Region of Natural Conditions and Ecological Protection Programs.” Sustainability 13 (19): 10598. doi:10.3390/su131910598.
  • Jin-Xi, Z. H. A. N. G., L. I. Hong-Ying, C. A. O. Erjia, and G. O. N. G. Jie. 2018. “Assessment of Ecological Vulnerability in Multi-Scale and Its Spatial Correlation: A Case Study of Bailongjiang Watershed in Gansu Province, China.” Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 29 (9): 2897–2906).
  • Jin, L., and Q. Xu. 2021. Research on Ecological Vulnerability Evaluation of Yunnan Province Based on SRP Model. In 2021 IEEE 4th Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC), Chongqing, China (Vol. 4, pp. 1022–1026). IEEE.
  • Khandlhela, M., and J. May. 2006. “Poverty, Vulnerability and the Impact of Flooding in the Limpopo Province, South Africa.” Natural Hazards 39 (2): 275–287. doi:10.1007/s11069-006-0028-4.
  • Kubiszewski, I., R. Costanza, S. Anderson, and P. Sutton. 2020. “The Future Value of Ecosystem Services: Global Scenarios and National Implications.” In Environmental Assessments. Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9781788976879.00016.
  • La Notte, A., D. D’Amato, H. Mäkinen, M. L. Paracchini, C. Liquete, B. Egoh, D. Geneletti, et al. 2017. “Ecosystem Services Classification: A Systems Ecology Perspective of the Cascade Framework.” Ecological Indicators 74: 392–402. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.030.
  • Laura, G., C. Garbisu, E. Ciprián, J. M. Becerril, M. Soto, J. Etxebarria, and L. Epelde. 2015. “Application of Ecological Risk Assessment Based on a Novel TRIAD-Tiered Approach to Contaminated Soil Surrounding a Closed Non-Sealed Landfill.” The Science of the Total Environment 514: 49–59. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.103.
  • Lee, Y. J. 2014. “Social Vulnerability Indicators as a Sustainable Planning Tool.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 44: 31–42. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.08.002.
  • Li, X. 2020. “Dynamic Simulation of System Flow of Green Building Complex Considering Ecological Environment Vulnerability.” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 29 (9): 7660–7667.
  • Li, P., and H. Cao. 2019. “Comprehensive Assessment on the Ecological Stress of Rapid Land Urbanization per Proportion, Intensity, and Location.” Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 5 (1): 242–255. doi:10.1080/20964129.2019.1686954.
  • Li, B., L. Ding, H. Xu, X. Mu, and H. Wang. 2017. “Multivariate Data Analysis Applied in Alkali-Based Pretreatment of Corn Stover.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 122: 307–318. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.12.007.
  • Li, P. X., and J. Fan. 2014. “Regional Ecological Vulnerability Assessment of the Guangxi Xijiang River Economic Belt in Southwest China with VSD Model.” Journal of Resources and Ecology 5 (2): 163–171. doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2014.02.009.
  • Li, Y. H., Q. Fan, X. Wang, J. C. Xi, S. Y. Wang, and J. Yang. 2015. ”Spatial and Temporal Variation of Ecological Vulnerability in Natural Disaster-Prone Areas Based on the Srp Model: A Case Study of Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province.” Geoscience 35 (11): 1452–1459). (In Chinese).
  • Li, W., J. Fang, Z. Xing, W. Hao, and W. Zhao. 2020. “Ecological Vulnerability Evaluation of City Based on Landscape Pattern.” Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49 (3): 743–755.
  • Li, X., J. Philp, R. Cremades, A. Roberts, L. He, L. Li, and Q. Yu. 2016. “Agricultural Vulnerability Over the Chinese Loess Plateau in Response to Climate Change: Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity.” Ambio 45 (3): 350–360. doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0727-8.
  • Li, Q., X. Shi, and Q. Wu. 2021. “Effects of Protection and Restoration on Reducing Ecological Vulnerability.” The Science of the Total Environment 761: 143180. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143180.
  • Li, L., Z. H. Shi, W. Yin, D. Zhu, S. L. Ng, C. F. Cai, and A. L. Lei. 2009. “A Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fahp) Approach to Eco-Environmental Vulnerability Assessment for the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area, China.” Ecological Modelling 220 (23): 3439–3447. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.09.005.
  • Li, X., L. Song, Z. Xie, T. Gao, T. Wang, X. Zheng …, and L. Liu. 2021. “Assessment of Ecological Vulnerability on Northern Sand Prevention Belt of China Based on the Ecological Pressure–sensibility–resilience Model.” Sustainability 13 (11): 6078. doi:10.3390/su13116078.
  • Li, A., A. Wang, S. Liang, and W. Zhou. 2006. “Eco-Environmental Vulnerability Evaluation in Mountainous Region Using Remote Sensing and GIS—A Case Study in the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River, China.” Ecological Modelling 192 (1–2): 175–187. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.005.
  • Lin, J., G. Hu, X. Qi, C.-Y. Xu, A. Zhang, W.-H. Chen, et al. 2018. ”Ecological Vulnerability and Its Driving Forces in the Min Delta Urban Agglomeration.” The Journal of Ecology 38 (12): 12. (In Chinese).
  • Lindner, M., M. Maroschek, S. Netherer, A. Kremer, A. Barbati, J. Garcia-Gonzalo, and M. J. Lexer. 2010. “Climate Change Impacts, Adaptive Capacity, and Vulnerability of European Forest Ecosystems.” Forest Ecology and Management 259 (4): 698–709. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.023.
  • Liu, K. M., L. H. Huang, K. Y. Su, and S. J. Joung. 2021. “Vulnerability Assessment of Pelagic Sharks in the Western North Pacific by Using an Integrated Ecological Risk Assessment.” Animals 11 (8): 2161. doi:10.3390/ani11082161.
  • Liu, X., Y. Wang, J. Peng, A. K. Braimoh, and H. Yin. 2013. “Assessing Vulnerability to Drought Based on Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity: A Case Study in Middle Inner Mongolia of China.” Chinese Geographical Science 23 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1007/s11769-012-0583-4.
  • Liu, J., C. Zou, J. Gao, S. Ma, W. Wang, K. Wu, et al. 2015. ”Scoping of Ecologically Fragile Areas in China”. Biodiversity 23(6): 725–732). (In Chinese)
  • Ma, X., M. de Jong, B. Sun, and X. Bao. 2020. “Nouveauté or Cliché? Assessment on Island Ecological Vulnerability to Tourism: Application to Zhoushan, China.” Ecological Indicators 113: 106247. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106247.
  • Murthy, C. S., B. Laxman, and M. S. Sai. 2015. “Geospatial Analysis of Agricultural Drought Vulnerability Using a Composite Index Based on Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 12: 163–171. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.01.004.
  • Murthy, C. S., B. Laxman, M. S. Sai, and P. G. Diwakar. 2014. “Analyzing Agricultural Drought Vulnerability at Sub-District Level Through Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity Based Composite Index.” The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 40 (8): 65. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-65-2014.
  • Neshat, A., B. Pradhan, and M. Dadras. 2014. “Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using an Improved DRASTIC Method in GIS.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 86: 74–86. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.02.008.
  • Newton, A., and J. Weichselgartner. 2014. “Hotspots of Coastal Vulnerability: A DPSIR Analysis to Find Societal Pathways and Responses.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 140: 123–133. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2013.10.010.
  • Nguyen, A. K., Y. A. Liou, M. H. Li, and T. A. Tran. 2016. “Zoning Eco-Environmental Vulnerability for Environmental Management and Protection.” Ecological Indicators 69: 100–117. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.026.
  • Pandey, R., and D. K. Bardsley. 2015. “Social-Ecological Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Nepali Himalaya.” Applied Geography 64: 74–86. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.09.008.
  • Parrott, L. 2010. “Measuring Ecological Complexity.” Ecological Indicators 10 (6): 1069–1076. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.03.014.
  • Qiao, Z., X. Yang, J. Liu, and X. Xu. 2013. Ecological Vulnerability Assessment Integrating the Spatial Analysis Technology with Algorithms: A Case of the Wood-Grass Ecotone of Northeast China. Abstract and Applied Analysis 207987.
  • Quan, Z. J., Y. Li, J. S. Li, Y. Han, N. W. Xiao, and M. D. Fu. 2013. “Ecological Vulnerability of Coal Mining Area: A Case Study of Shengli Coalfield in Xilinguole of Inner Mongolia, China.” The Journal of Applied Ecology 24: 1729–1738.
  • Rao, K., and Y. Zisheng. 2020. “Evaluation of Mountain Land Ecological Security Based on DPSIR Model and Entropy Weight Method.” Asian Agricultural Research 12 (2).
  • Rapicetta, S., and V. Zanon. 2009. “GIS-Based Method for the Environmental Vulnerability Assessment to Volcanic Ashfall at Etna Volcano.” GeoInformatica 13 (3): 267–276. doi:10.1007/s10707-008-0061-4.
  • Rau, A.-L., H. von Wehrden, and D. J. Abson. 2018. “Temporal Dynamics of Ecosystem Services.” Ecological Economics 151: 122–130. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.009.
  • Sahoo, S., A. Dhar, and A. Kar. 2016. “Environmental Vulnerability Assessment Using Grey Analytic Hierarchy Process Based Model.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 56: 145–154. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2015.10.002.
  • Shang, H., Q. Han, and Y. Li. 2017. “Ecological Vulnerability Evaluation in West China: Evaluate Vulnerability and Its Synergy Degree with Government Performance.” Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 13 (12): 7743–7754.
  • Siyuan, W., L. Jingshi, and Y. Cunjian. 2008. “Eco-Environmental Vulnerability Evaluation in the Yellow River Basin, China.” Pedosphere 18 (2): 171–182. doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60005-3.
  • Skondras, N. A., C. A. Karavitis, I. I. Gkotsis, P. J. B. Scott, U. L. Kaly, and S. G. Alexandris. 2011. “Application and Assessment of the Environmental Vulnerability Index in Greece.” Ecological Indicators 11 (6): 1699–1706. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.010.
  • Smit, B., and J. Wandel. 2006. “Adaptation, Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability.” Global Environmental Change 16 (3): 282–292. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008.
  • Sun, B., X. Ma, X. Bao, and M. D. Jong. 2020. “Mapping Island Ecological Vulnerability to Urbanization: A Study of Twelve Island Counties/districts, China.” Journal of Coastal Research 95 (SI): 83–87. doi:10.2112/SI95-016.1.
  • Svarstad, H., L. K. Petersen, D. Rothman, H. Siepel, and F. Wätzold. 2008. “Discursive Biases of the Environmental Research Framework DPSIR.” Land Use Policy 25 (1): 116–125. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.03.005.
  • Swami, D., and D. Parthasarathy. 2021. “Dynamics of Exposure, Sensitivity, Adaptive Capacity and Agricultural Vulnerability at District Scale for Maharashtra, India.” Ecological Indicators 121: 107206. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107206.
  • Tran, L. T., C. G. Knight, R. V. O’Neill, E. R. Smith, K. H. Riitters, and J. Wickham. 2002. “Fuzzy Decision Analysis for Integrated Environmental Vulnerability Assessment of the Mid-Atlantic Region.” Environmental Management 29 (6): 845–859. doi:10.1007/s00267-001-2587-1.
  • Tran, L. T., R. V. O’Neill, and E. R. Smith. 2012. “A Watershed-Based Method for Environmental Vulnerability Assessment with a Case Study of the Mid-Atlantic Region.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 34: 58–64. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2011.11.005.
  • Turner, B. L., R. E. Kasperson, P. A. Matson, J. J. McCarthy, R. W. Corell, L. Christensen …, and C. Polsky. 2003. “A Framework for Vulnerability Analysis in Sustainability Science.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (14): 8074–8079. doi:10.1073/pnas.1231335100.
  • Vihervaara, P., M. Rönkä, and M. Walls. 2010. “Trends in Ecosystem Service Research: Early Steps and Current Drivers.” Ambio 39 (4): 314–324. doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0048-x.
  • Villa, F., and H. Mcleod. 2002. “Environmental Vulnerability Indicators for Environmental Planning and Decision-Making: Guidelines and Applications.” Environmental Management 29 (3): 335–348. doi:10.1007/s00267-001-0030-2.
  • Wallace, K. J. 2007. “Classification of Ecosystem Services: Problems and Solutions.” Biological Conservation 139 (3–4): 235–246. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.015.
  • Walther, G. R. 2010. “Community and Ecosystem Responses to Recent Climate Change.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365 (1549): 2019–2024. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0021.
  • Wang, S. Y., J. S. Liu, and C. J. Yang. 2008. “Eco-Environmental Vulnerability Evaluation in the Yellow River Basin, China.” Pedosphere 18 (2): 171–182. doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60005-3.
  • Wang, X. D., X. H. Zhong, S. Z. Liu, J. G. Liu, Z. Y. Wang, and M. H. Li. 2008. “Regional Assessment of Environmental Vulnerability in the Tibetan Plateau: Development and Application of a New Method.” Journal of Arid Environments 72 (10): 1929–1939. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.06.005.
  • Weis, S. W. M., V. N. Agostini, L. M. Roth, B. Gilmer, S. R. Schill, J. E. Knowles, and R. Blyther. 2016. “Assessing Vulnerability: An Integrated Approach for Mapping Adaptive Capacity, Sensitivity, and Exposure.” Climatic Change 136 (3–4): 615–629. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1642-0.
  • Weißhuhn, P., F. Müller, and H. Wiggering. 2018. “Ecosystem Vulnerability Review: Proposal of an Interdisciplinary Ecosystem Assessment Approach.” Environmental Management 61 (6): 904–915. doi:10.1007/s00267-018-1023-8.
  • Williams, L. R. R., and L. A. Kapustka. 2000. “Ecosystem Vulnerability: A Complex Interface with Technical Components.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19: 1055–1058.
  • Wu, C., G. Liu, C. Huang, Q. Liu, and X. Guan. 2018. “Ecological Vulnerability Assessment Based on Fuzzy Analytical Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process in Yellow River Delta.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (5): 855. doi:10.3390/ijerph15050855.
  • Wu, H., H. Qian, J. Chen, and C. Huo. 2017. “Assessment of Agricultural Drought Vulnerability in the Guanzhong Plain, China.” Water Resources Management 31 (5): 1557–1574. doi:10.1007/s11269-017-1594-9.
  • Wu, J. S., M. L. Zong, and J. Peng. 2012. “Assessment of Mining Area’s Ecological Vulnerability Based on Landscape Pattern: A Case Study of Liaoyuan, Jilin Province of Northeast China.” Chinese Journal of Ecology 31: 3213–3220.
  • Xia, M., K. Jia, W. Zhao, S. Liu, X. Wei, and B. Wang. 2021. “Spatio-Temporal Changes of Ecological Vulnerability Across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.” Ecological Indicators 123: 107274. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107274.
  • Xue, L., J. Wang, L. Zhang, G. Wei, and B. Zhu. 2019. “Spatiotemporal Analysis of Ecological Vulnerability and Management in the Tarim River Basin, China.” The Science of the Total Environment 649: 876–888. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.321.
  • Yao, K., L. Yu, G. H. Liu, and H. H. Liu. 2017. “Evaluation of Ecological Vulnerability in Sichuan Province Based on SRP Model.” Comput Tech Geophys Geochem Explor 39 (2): 291–295.
  • Yu, X., Y. Li, M. Xi, F. Kong, M. Pang, and Z. Yu. 2019a. “Ecological Vulnerability Analysis of Beidagang National Park, China.” Frontiers of Earth Science 13 (2): 385–397. doi:10.1007/s11707-018-0726-8.
  • Yu, Z. L., X. J. Yang, and Y. Z. Shi. 2012. “Evaluation of Urban Vulnerability to Drought in Guanzhong Area.” Resources Science 34: 581–588.
  • Yue, S., Y. Shen, and J. Yuan. 2019b. “Sustainable Total Factor Productivity Growth for 55 States: An Application of the New Malmquist Index Considering Ecological Footprint and Human Development Index.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 146: 475–483. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.035.
  • Zabeo, A., L. Pizzol, P. Agostini, A. Critto, S. Giove, and A. Marcomini. 2011. “Regional Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites Part 1: Vulnerability Assessment by Multicriteria Decision Analysis.” Environment International 37 (8): 1295–1306. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.05.005.
  • Zhang, J. X., H. Y. Li, E. J. Cao, and J. Kung. 2018. ”Multi-Scale Watershed Ecological Vulnerability Assessment and Its Spatial Correlation: The Example of the Bailong River Watershed in Gansu.” The Journal of Applied Ecology 29 (9): 10, (In Chinese).
  • Zhang, X., K. Liu, S. Wang, T. Wu, X. Li, J. Wang …, and Y. Ji. 2022. “Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ecological Vulnerability in the Yellow River Basin Under Ecological Restoration Initiatives.” Ecological Indicators 135: 108586. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108586.
  • Zhang, F., X. Liu, J. Zhang, R. Wu, Q. Ma, and Y. Chen. 2017a. “Ecological Vulnerability Assessment Based on Multi-Sources Data and SD Model in Yinma River Basin, China.” Ecological Modelling 349: 41–50. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.01.016.
  • Zhang, X., Z. Wang, and J. Lin. 2015. “Gis Based Measurement and Regulatory Zoning of Urban Ecological Vulnerability.” Sustainability 7 (8): 9924–9942. doi:10.3390/su7089924.
  • Zhang, T.Z., W. Wang, C.H.F. Liu, and Q.J. Zhao. 2016. ”Comprehensive Land Remediation Zoning in Typical Areas of Ecologically Fragile Areas in Northwestern China: The Case of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province.” Soil and Water Conservation Bulletin 36 (3): 8. (In Chinese).
  • Zhang, H., J. Wu, Y. Gao, and Z. Chen. 2017b. “Spatial Assessment of Ecological Vulnerability in Fuzhou District in China Using Remote Sensing and GIS.” Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 16: 1303–1312.
  • Zhang, X. L., W. B. Yu, H. S. Cai, and X. M. Guo. 2018. ”A Review of Research on Regional Ecological Vulnerability Assessment Methods.” The Journal of Ecology, 36 (16: 5970–5981. (In Chinese).
  • Zhao, J., G. Ji, Y. Tian, Y. Chen, and Z. Wang. 2018. “Environmental Vulnerability Assessment for Mainland China Based on Entropy Method.” Ecological Indicators 91: 410–422. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.016.
  • Zhengwei, Y. 2008. ”Driving Force System and Evaluation of Ecological Vulnerability of Hongze Lake Wetland.” Soil and Water Conservation Research 15 (6): 5. (In Chinese).
  • Zou, T., Y. Chang, P. Chen, and J. Liu. 2021. “Spatial-Temporal Variations of Ecological Vulnerability in Jilin Province (China), 2000 to 2018.” Ecological Indicators 133: 108429. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108429.
  • Zou, T., and K. Yoshino. 2017. “Environmental Vulnerability Evaluation Using a Spatial Principal Components Approach in the Daxing’anling Region, China.” Ecological Indicators 78: 405–415.