Rhinovirus infection and co-infection in children with severe acute respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic period

References

• Roychoudhury S, Das A, Sengupta P, et al. Viral pandemics of the last four decades: pathophysiology, health impacts and perspectives. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 15;17(24):9411. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249411 PMID: 33333995; PMCID: PMC7765415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. [cited 2020 Dec 10]. Available form: https://covid19.who.int/
   Google Scholar
• Korsun N, Angelova S, Trifonova I, et al. Viral pathogens associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years of age in Bulgaria Braz. Braz J Microbiol. 2019;50(1):117–17. doi: 10.1007/s42770-018-0033-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyay BP, Banjara MR, Shrestha RK, et al. Ghimire etiology of coinfections in children with influenza during 2015/16 winter season in Nepal int. J Microbiol. 2018;2018:1–6. doi: 10.1155/2018/8945142
   Google Scholar
• Cimolai N. Complicating infections associated with common endemic human respiratory coronaviruses. Health Secur. 2021;19:195–208. doi: 10.1089/hs.2020.0067
   Google Scholar
• Tang JW, Bialasiewicz S, Dwyer DE, et al. Where have all the viruses gon disappearance of seasonal respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol. 2021;93:4099–4101. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuitunen I, Artama M, Mäkelä L, et al. Effect of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of viral respiratory tract infections in children in Finland during early 2020. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39:e423–e427. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeoh DK, Foley DA, Minney-Smith CA, et al. The impact of COVID-19 public health measures on detections of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in children during the 2020 Australian winter. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:2199–2202. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D, Quinn J, Pinsky B, et al. Rates of co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens. JAMA. 2020;323:2085–2086. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang S, Liu P, Xiong G, et al. Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and multiple respiratory pathogens in children. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1160–1161. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Q, Xing Y, Shi L, et al. Co-infection and other clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1):e20200961. Epub 2020 May 6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0961 PMID: 32376725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang DD, Acree ME, Ridgway JP, et al. Characterizing coinfection in children with COVID-19: a dual center retrospective analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;23:1–3. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.1221
   Google Scholar
• Cimolai N. The complexity of co-infections in the era of COVID-19. SN Compr Clin Med. 2021;3:1–13. doi: 10.1007/s42399-021-00913-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartiala M, Lahti E, Forsström V, et al. Characteristics of hospitalized rhinovirus-associated community-acquired pneumonia in children, Finland, 2003-2014. Front Med. 2019 Oct 22;6:235. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00235 PMID: 31750306; PMCID: PMC6842953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honkinen M, Lahti E, Österback R, et al. Viruses and bacteria in sputum samples of children with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):300–307. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03603.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jartti T, Jartti L, Peltola V, et al. Identification of respiratory viruses in asymptomatic subjects: asymptomatic respiratory viral infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(12):1103–1107. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31817e695d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daleno C, Piralla A, Scala A, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of human rhinovirus isolates collected from otherwise healthy children with community-acquired pneumonia during five successive years. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80614. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs SE, Lamson DM, St George K, et al. Human rhinoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26(1):135–162. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00077-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasil SRAG Indicadores de saúde. Notificações de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) registradas no Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Gripe de 2020 a 2023. Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Goiás. [cited 2023 May 9]. Available from: https://indicadores.saude.go.gov.br/public/srag.html
   Google Scholar
• Wu D, Lu J, Liu Y, et al. Positive effects of COVID-19 control measures on influenza prevention. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:345–346. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo KW, Patel D, Sisodia S, et al. Rhinovirus persistence during the COVID-19 pandemic—Impact on pediatric acute wheezing presentations. J Med Virol. 2022;94(11):1–6. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan SG, Carlson S, Cheng AC, et al. Where has all the influenza gone? The impact of COVID-19 on the circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses, Australia, March to September 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(47):2001847. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.47.2001847
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haddad-Boubaker S, Mefteh K, Mejri C, et al. High genotypic diversity of Rhinoviruses obtained from Tunisian children with severe acute respiratory infection. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2021 May 31;15(5):726–735. PMID: 34106898. doi: 10.3855/jidc.12880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galindo-Fraga A, Guerra-de-Blas PDC, Ortega-Villa AM, et al. Mexican emerging infectious diseases network. Different clinical presentations of human rhinovirus species infection in children and adults in Mexico. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Jun 17;9(7): ofac303. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac303 PMID: 35891697; PMCID: PMC9308452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamrani Hanchi A, Guennouni M, Ben Houmich T, et al. Changes in the epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pathogens. 2022 Dec 15;11(12):1542. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11121542 PMID: 36558876; PMCID: PMC9781834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leotte J, Trombetta H, Faggion HZ, et al. Impact and seasonality of human rhinovirus infection in hospitalized patients for two consecutive years. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2017 May-Jun;93(3):294–300. Epub 2016 Dec 2. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.07.004 PMID: 27916571; PMCID: PMC7094701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuitunen I, Artama M, Haapanen M, et al. Rhinovirus spread in children during the COVID-19 pandemic despite social restrictions-A nationwide register study in Finland. J Med Virol. 2021 Oct;93(10):6063–6067. Epub 2021 Jul 11. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27180 PMID: 34228369; PMCID: PMC8426983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audi A, AlIbrahim M, Kaddoura M, et al. Seasonality of respiratory viral infections: will COVID-19 follow suit? Front Public Health. 2020 Sep 15;8:567184. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.567184 PMID: 33042956; PMCID: PMC7522168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T, Lukšić I, et al. Seasonal coronaviruses and other neglected respiratory viruses: a global perspective and a local snapshot. Front Public Health. 2021 Jul 5;9:691163. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691163 PMID: 34291031; PMCID: PMC8287126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo KW, Patel D, Sisodia S, et al. Rhinovirus persistence during the COVID-19 pandemic-Impact on pediatric acute wheezing presentations. J Med Virol. 2022 Nov;94(11):5547–5552. Epub 2022 Jul 21. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27986 PMID: 35811371; PMCID: PMC9350342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiskanen A, Galipeau Y, Little J, et al. Seasonal respiratory virus circulation was diminished during the COVID-19 pandemic. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2023 Jan;17(1):e13065. Epub 2022 Nov 11. doi: 10.1111/irv.13065 PMID: 36369746; PMCID: PMC9835453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biagi C, Rocca A, Poletti G, et al. Rhinovirus infection in children with acute bronchiolitis and its impact on recurrent wheezing and asthma development. Microorganisms. 2020 Oct 21;8(10):1620. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8101620 PMID: 33096703; PMCID: PMC7589781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Pérez P, Gerig N, Cabrera-López MI, et al.; COVID-19 study group in children. Acute bronchiolitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed). 2021 Jun 26;40(10):572–575. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2021.06.012 PMID: 34256973.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghirardo S, Ullmann N, Degli Atti ML C, et al. Delayed season’s onset and reduction of incidence of bronchiolitis during COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Aug;56(8):2780–2781. Epub 2021 May 18. doi: 10.1002/ppul.25461 PMID: 34003595; PMCID: PMC8242365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rius-Peris JM, Lucas-García J, García-Peris M, et al. Consequences of COVID-19 pandemic over acute bronchiolitis hospitalizations in the center and east of Spain. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2021 Nov;95(5):345–353. Epub 2021 Oct 23. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.06.008 PMID: 34697001; PMCID: PMC8536495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curatola A, Lazzareschi I, Bersani G, et al. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak in acute bronchiolitis: lesson from a tertiary Italian emergency department. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Aug;56(8):2484–2488. Epub 2021 May 7. doi: 10.1002/ppul.25442 PMID: 33961732; PMCID: PMC8242382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risso FM, Cozzi G, Volonnino M, et al. Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a marked decrease in hospitalisations for bronchiolitis. Acta Paediatr. 2022 Jan;111(1):163–164. Epub 2021 Aug 24. doi: 10.1111/apa.16075 PMID: 34403164; PMCID: PMC8444805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie JK, Roy-Burman A, Guardia-Labar L, et al. Rhinovirus associated with severe lower respiratory tract infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Apr;28(4):337–339. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31818ffc1b PMID: 19258921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henquell C, Mirand A, Deusebis AL, et al. Prospective genotyping of human rhinoviruses in children and adults during the winter of 2009-2010. J Clin Virol. 2012 Apr;53(4):280–284. Epub 2012 Jan 21. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.009 PMID: 22265827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paula NT, Carneiro BM, Yokosawa J, et al. Human rhinovirus in the lower respiratory tract infections of young children and the possible involvement of a secondary respiratory viral agent. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011 May;106(3):316–321. doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000300010 PMID: 21655819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa K, Tsugawa Y, Brown DF, et al. Trends in bronchiolitis hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009. Pediatrics. 2013 Jul;132(1):28–36. Epub 2013 Jun 3. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3877 PMID: 23733801; PMCID: PMC3691534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega H, Nickle D, Carter L. Rhinovirus and asthma: challenges and opportunities. Rev Med Virol. 2021 Jul;31(4):e2193. Epub 2020 Nov 20. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2193 PMID: 33217098; PMCID: PMC8365703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira SE, Bando SY, de Paulis M, et al. Distinct transcriptional modules in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells response to human respiratory syncytial virus or to human rhinovirus in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. PLoS One. 2019 Mar 7;14(3):e0213501. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213501 PMID: 30845274; PMCID: PMC6405118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi E, Ha KS, Song DJ, et al. Clinical and laboratory profiles of hospitalized children with acute respiratory virus infection. Korean J Pediatr. 2018;61(6):180–186. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2018.61.6.180 PMID: 29963101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motta JC, Gómez CC. Adenovirus and novel coronavirus (SARS‐ Cov2) coinfection: a case report. IDCases. 2020;22:e00936. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang J, Wen J, Yuan X, et al. Potential biochemical markers to identify severe cases among COVID‐19 patients. medRxiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Yang R, Xu Y. Gong P clinical characteristics of 36 non‐ survivors with COVID‐19 in Wuhan China. medRxiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus‐infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061‐1069. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Sun W, Guo Y, et al. Association between platelet parameters and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective cohort study. Platelets. 2020;31(4):490‐496. doi: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1754383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicudo N, Bicudo E, Costa JD, et al. Co‐infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 and dengue virus: a clinical challenge. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020;24(5):452‐454. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID‐19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:762‐768. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imad HA, Phumratanaprapin W, Phonrat B, et al. Cytokine expression in dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever patients with bleeding and severe hepatitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102(5):943‐950. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar