Effects of comorbidity on executive functions among children with ADHD, finding trends

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Guía de consulta de los criterios diagnósticos del DSM-5®: Spanish Edition of the Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-5®. American Psychiatric Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, V. (2001). Assessing executive functions in children: Biological, psychological and developmental considerations. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 4(3), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13638490110091347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antonini, T. N., Becker, S. P., Tamm, L., & Epstein, J. N. (2015). Hot and cool executive functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 21(8), 584–595. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617715000752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (Ed.). (2014). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Blanken, L. M., White, T., Mous, S. E., Basten, M., Muetzel, R. L., Jaddoe, V. W., Wals, M., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2017). Cognitive functioning in children with internalising, externalising and dysregulation problems: A population-based study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(4), 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0903-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloemsma, J. M., Boer, F., Arnold, R., Banaschewski, T., Faraone, S. V., Buitelaar, J. K., Sergeant, J. A., Rommelse, N., & Oosterlaan, J. (2013). Comorbid anxiety and neurocognitive dysfunctions in children with ADHD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(4), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0339-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocki, K. C., Randall, K. D., Bohlin, G., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Working memory in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type: are deficits modality specific and are they independent of impaired inhibitory control?. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(7), 749–759. 10.1080/13803390701754720 18608645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dajani, D. R., Llabre, M. M., Nebel, M. B., Mostofsky, S. H., & Uddin, L. Q. (2016). Heterogeneity of executive functions among comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders. Scientific Reports, 6, 36566. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, A. (2014). Executive functions: Insights into ways to help more children thrive. Zero to Three, 35(2), 9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Dir, A. L., Allebach, C. L., Hummer, T. A., Adams, Z. W., Aalsma, M. C., Finn, P. R., Nurnberger, J. I., & Hulvershorn, L. A. (2020). Atypical cortical activation during risky decision making in disruptive behavior disordered youths with histories of suicidal ideation. Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 5(5), 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.10.016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dirlikov, B., Shiels Rosch, K., Crocetti, D., Denckla, M. B., Mahone, E. M., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2015). Distinct frontal lobe morphology in girls and boys with ADHD. NeuroImage. Clinical, 7, 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2014.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Trani, M., Casini, M. P., Capuzzo, F., Gentile, S., Bianco, G., Menghini, D., & Vicari, S. (2011). Executive and intellectual functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbidity. Brain & Development, 33(6), 462–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2010.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul, G. J., Gormley, M. J., & Laracy, S. D. (2013). Comorbidity of LD and ADHD: Implications of DSM-5 for assessment and treatment. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 46(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219412464351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fair, D. A., Bathula, D., Nikolas, M. A., & Nigg, J. T. (2012). Distinct neuropsychological subgroups in typically developing youth inform heterogeneity in children with ADHD. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(17), 6769–6774. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115365109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Lázaro, J. C. (2009). Características de comorbilidad en los diferentes subtipos de trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. (Comorbidity features in the different subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) Psicothema, 21(4), 592–597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flores-Lázaro, J. C., Castillo-Preciado, R. E., & Jiménez-Miramonte, N. A. (2014). Desarrollo de funciones ejecutivas, de la niñez a la juventud (Development of executive functions, from childhood to youth). Anales de Psicología, 30(2), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.2.155471
   Google Scholar
• Flores-Lázaro, J. C., Ostrosky-Solís, F., & Lozano Gutiérrez, A. (2012). BANFE: Batería neuropsicológica de funciones ejecutivas y lóbulos frontales (BANFE: Neuropsychological battery of executive functions and frontal lobes). Manual Moderno.
   Google Scholar
• Flores-Lázaro, J. C., Salgado Soruco, M. A., & Stepanov, I. I. (2017). Children and adolescents’ performance on a medium-length/nonsemantic word-list test. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 6(2), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2015.1033099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Lázaro, J. C., Tinajero Carrasco, B., & Castro Ruiz, B. (2011). Influencia del nivel y de la actividad escolar en las funciones ejecutivas (Influence of school level and activity on executive functions). Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 45(2).
   Google Scholar
• Fraticelli, S., Caratelli, G., De Berardis, D., Ducci, G., Pettorruso, M., Martinotti, G., Di Cesare, G., & di Giannantonio, M. (2022). Gender differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An update of the current evidence. Rivista Di Psichiatria, 57(4), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1708/3855.38380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garon, N., Moore, C., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2006). Decision making in children with ADHD only, ADHD-anxious/depressed, and control children using a child version of the Iowa Gambling Task. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9(4), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054705284501
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997). Gender differences in ADHD: A meta-analysis and critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(8), 1036–1045. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199708000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaye Vaurio, R. (2004). The structure and function of semantic memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Texas-Austin.
   Google Scholar
• Geurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). ADHD subtypes: Do they differ in their executive functioning profile? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 20(4), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2004.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gremillion, M. L., & Martel, M. M. (2012). Semantic language as a mechanism explaining the association between ADHD symptoms and reading and mathematics underachievement. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(8), 1339–1349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9650-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guevara, M. A., Rizo Martínez, L. E., Robles Aguirre, F. A., & Hernández González, M. (2012). Prefrontal-parietal correlation during performance of the towers of Hanoi task in male children, adolescents and young adults. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(1), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2011.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., Sami, N., & Fargeon, S. (2006). Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adolescence: Evidence for continuing cross-domain impairment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., Place, M., Alloway, T. P., Elliott, J. G., & Hilton, K. A. (2010). The diagnostic utility of executive function assessments in the identification of ADHD in children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 15(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2009.00536.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homack, S., & Riccio, C. A. (2004). A meta-analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the Stroop Color and Word Test with children. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 19(6), 725–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2003.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, H. J., Lee, J. B., Kim, J. S., Seo, W. S., Koo, B. H., Bai, D. S., & Jeong, J. Y. (2010). Impairment of concept formation ability in children with ADHD: Comparisons between lower grades and higher grades. Psychiatry Investigation, 7(3), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2010.7.3.177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, F., Sun, L., Qian, Y., Liu, L., Ma, Q. G., Yang, L., Cheng, J., Cao, Q. J., Su, Y., Gao, Q., Wu, Z. M., Li, H. M., Qian, Q. J., & Wang, Y. F. (2016). Cognitive function of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning difficulties: A developmental perspective. Chinese Medical Journal, 129(16), 1922–1928. https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.187861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V., & Van der Molen, M. W. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2017–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, K. L., & Lee, S. S. (2011). Risk taking and sensitivity to punishment in children with ADHD, ODD, ADHD + ODD, and controls. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(3), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-011-9237-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, C. M., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2015). Comorbid mental disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a large nationwide study. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 7(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-014-0142-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper, L. J., Alderson, R. M., & Hudec, K. L. (2012). Moderators of working memory deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerner auch Koerner, J., Visser, L., Rothe, J., Schulte-Körne, G., & Hasselhorn, M. (2021). Gender differences in the comorbidity of ADHD symptoms and specific learning disorders in a population-based sample. Sustainability, 13(15), 8440. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofler, M. J., Irwin, L. N., Soto, E. F., Groves, N. B., Harmon, S. L., & Sarver, D. E. (2019). Executive functioning heterogeneity in pediatric ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(2), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0438-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Spiegel, J. A., Day, T. N., Harmon, S. L., & Wells, E. L. (2017). Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neurocognitive predictors of peer, family, and academic functioning. Child Neuropsychology : A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence, 23(6), 733–759. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2016.1205010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Kahn, R. S., & Halfon, N. (2011). Patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children with ADHD, 2007. Pediatrics, 127(3), 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loyer Carbonneau, M., Demers, M., Bigras, M., & Guay, M. C. (2021). Meta-analysis of sex differences in ADHD symptoms and associated cognitive deficits. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(12), 1640–1656. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720923736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manassis, K., Tannock, R., & Barbosa, J. (2000). Dichotic listening and response inhibition in children with comorbid anxiety disorders and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(9), 1152–1159. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200009000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(4), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000153228.72591.73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matute, E., Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., & Ostrosky-Solís, F. (2007). Evaluación neuropsicológica infantil (Child neuropsychological evaluation). Manual Moderno.
   Google Scholar
• Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Crowell, E. W. (2000). Learning disabilities and ADHD: Overlapping spectrum disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33(5), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221940003300502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medrano, E., Flores-Lázaro, J. C., & Nicolini, H. (2018). Learning process during risk detection in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22(12), 1140–1149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715573995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T., Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1224–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolas, M. A., & Nigg, J. T. (2013). Neuropsychological performance and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychology, 27(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolas, M. A., & Nigg, J. T. (2015). Moderators of neuropsychological mechanism in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(2), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9904-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, B. D., & Barzman, D. H. (2013). Pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of pediatric ADHD with associated aggression: A review. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 84(4), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-013-9253-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 37(1), 51–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pievsky, M. A., & McGrath, R. E. (2018). The neurocognitive profile of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of meta-analyses. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 33(2), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka, S. R. (2019). ADHD and anxiety: Clinical implications. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(3), 203–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054718817365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka, S. R., Carlson, C., & Swanson, J. M. (1999). ADHD with comorbid disorders: Clinical assessment and management. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Qian, Y., Shuai, L., Chan, R. C., Qian, Q. J., & Wang, Y. (2013). The developmental trajectories of executive function of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(5), 1434–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, Y., & Wang, Y. F. (2007). Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban (Effect of methylphenidate on executive function for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Journal of Peking University. Health Sciences, 39(3), 329–332.
   Google Scholar
• Romine, C. B., & Reynolds, C. R. (2005). A model of the development of frontal lobe functioning: Findings from a meta-analysis. Applied Neuropsychology, 12(4), 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324826an1204_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosselli, M., Matute Villaseñor, E., Ardila, A., Botero Gómez, V. E., Tangarife Salazar, G. A., Echevarría Pulido, S. E., Arbelaez Giraldo, C., Mejía Quintero, M., Méndez Losado, L. C., Villa Hurtado, P. C., & Ocampo Agudelo, P. (2004). Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (ENI): una batería para la evaluación de niños entre 5 y 16 años de edad. Estudio normativo colombiano (Child Neuropsychological Evaluation (ENI): a battery for the evaluation of children between 5 and 16 years of age. Colombian normative study).Revista de Neurología, 38(08), 720–731. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.3808.2003400
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubiales, J., Bakker, L., Russo, D., & González, R. (2016). Desempeño en funciones ejecutivas y síntomas comórbidos asociados en niños con Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) (Executive Function Performance and Associated Comorbid Symptoms in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). CES Psicología, 9(2), 99–113.
   Google Scholar
• Seidman, L. J. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 466–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 59 Suppl 20, 22–57.
   Google Scholar
• Shipley, W. C., Gruber, C. P., Martin, T. A., & Klein, A. M. (2009). Shipley-2 manual. Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Shuai, L., Chan, R. C., & Wang, Y. (2011). Executive function profile of Chinese boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Different subtypes and comorbidity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 26(2), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acq101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuai, L., & Wang, Y. F. (2007). Effect of methylphenidate on executive function for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Peking University. Health Sciences, 39(3), 241–246.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, K. L., Guimarães-da-Silva, P. O., Grevet, E. H., Victor, M. M., Salgado, C. A., Vitola, E. S., Mota, N. R., Fischer, A. G., Contini, V., Picon, F. A., Karam, R. G., Belmonte-de-Abreu, P., Rohde, L. A., & Bau, C. H. (2013). Cognitive deficits in adults with ADHD go beyond comorbidity effects. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(6), 483–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711434155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Øie, M. (2017). Development of hot and cold executive function in boys and girls with ADHD: A 2-year longitudinal study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(4), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714524984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogli, E. W., Teicher, M. H., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Øie, M. (2013). ADHD in girls and boys–gender differences in co-existing symptoms and executive function measures. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 298. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, S. M., Rugino, T. A., Hornig, M., & Stein, M. A. (2015). Integration of an EEG biomarker with a clinician’s ADHD evaluation. Brain and Behavior, 5(4), e00330. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter-Stepanian, M., Grizenko, N., Cornish, K., Talwar, V., Mbekou, V., Schmitz, N., & Joober, R. (2017). Attention and executive function in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de L'Academie Canadienne de Psychiatrie de L'enfant et de L'adolescent, 26(1), 21–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testa, R., Bennett, P., & Ponsford, J. (2012). Factor analysis of nineteen executive function tests in a healthy adult population. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 27(2), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acr112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Mourik, R., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). The Stroop revisited: A meta-analysis of interference control in AD/HD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 46(2), 150–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00345.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villemonteix, T., De Brito, S. A., Slama, H., Kavec, M., Balériaux, D., Metens, T., Baijot, S., Mary, A., Peigneux, P., & Massat, I. (2015). Grey matter volume differences associated with gender in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walshaw, P. D., Alloy, L. B., & Sabb, F. W. (2010). Executive function in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: In search of distinct phenotypic profiles. Neuropsychology Review, 20(1), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9126-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodka, E. L., Mostofsky, S. H., Prahme, C., Gidley Larson, J. C., Loftis, C., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2008). Process examination of executive function in ADHD: Sex and subtype effects. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(5), 826–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701563583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woltering, S., Lishak, V., Hodgson, N., Granic, I., & Zelazo, P. D. (2016). Executive function in children with externalizing and comorbid internalizing behavior problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 57(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelazo, P. D. (2015). Executive function: Reflection, iterative reprocessing, complexity, and the developing brain. Developmental Review, 38, 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar