355
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Reaching out, inviting in: Pakistan’s approach to diaspora engagement

Pages 501-520 | Received 16 Mar 2020, Accepted 10 Jul 2020, Published online: 12 Aug 2020

References

  • 24 News. (2019). PM Imran Khan complete speech on overseas Pakistanis [Online]. Retrieved May 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9J78mVrKpg
  • Aazim, M., 2018. Overseas Pakistanis and diaspora bonds [Online]. Retrieved April 7, 2019, from https://www.dawn.com/news/1451879
  • Adamson, F. (2013). Mechanisms of diaspora mobilization and the transnationalization of civil war. In J. Checkel (Ed.), Transnational dynamics of civil war (pp. 63–88). Cambridge University Press.
  • Adamson, F. A. (2016). The growing importance of diaspora politics. Current History, 115(784), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2016.115.784.291
  • Adamson, F. A. (2018). Sending states and the making of intra-diasporic politics: Turkey and its diaspora(s). International Migration Review, Sage Publishers.
  • Adamson, F. A., & Demetriou, M. (2007). Remapping the boundaries of ‘state’ and ‘national identity’: Incorporating diasporas into IR theorizing. European Journal of International Relations, 13(4), 489–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066107083145
  • Agunias, D. R., & Newland, K. (2012). Developing a road map for engaging diasporas in development: A handbook for policymakers and practitioners in home and host countries. Migration Policy Institute (MPI).
  • Akhtar, P. (2017). The political success of British-Pakistani diaspora. In R. Amjad (Ed.), The Pakistani Diaspora: Corridors of opportunity and uncertainty (pp. 225–236). Lahore School of Economics.
  • Akhtar, W., (2018, October 12). Lahore rang beat special [Interview].
  • Amjad, R., Irfan, M., & Arif, G. M. (2015). An Analysis of remittances market in Pakistan. In R. Amjad & S. J. Burki (Eds.), Pakistan: Moving the economy forward (pp. 280–310). Cambridge University Press.
  • Amjad, R. (2017). Introduction: An age of migration. In R. Amjad (Ed.), The Pakistani Diaspora: Corridors of opportunity and uncertainty (pp. 1–22). Lahore School of Economics.
  • Amjad, R., Arif, G. M., & Irfan, M., 2012. Preliminary study: Explaining the ten-fold increase in remittances to Pakistan 2001-2012. PIDE Working Papers.
  • Ancien, D., Boyle, M., & Kitchin, R. (2009). Exploring Diaspora strategies: An international comparison. Irish Social Sciences Platform.
  • Asif, H., & Hilton, J., 2016. Herald: On a wing and a prayer [Online]. Retrieved May 15, 2019, from https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153421
  • Azam, F. (1995). Emigration dynamics in Pakistan. International Migration, 33(3–4), 729–756. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00039.x
  • Aziz, S., 2018. Al-Jazeera: Imran Khan, ‘new Pakistan’ and the diaspora dilemma [Online] Retrieved May 9, 2019, from https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/imran-khan-pakistan-diaspora-dilemma-180814173106003.html
  • Balachandran, M., 2016. World economic Forum: Which country has the largest diaspora? [Online] Retrieved May 15, 2019, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/which-country-has-the-largest-diaspora/
  • Ballard, R. (2007). The political economy of migration: Pakistan, Britain, and the Middle East. In V. S. Kalra (Ed.), Pakistani diasporas: Culture, conflict and change (pp. 21–50). Oxford University Press.
  • Basch, L., Glick-Schiller, N., & Szanton-Blanc, C. (1994). Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. Routledge.
  • Bauder, H. (2014). Domicile citizenship, human mobility and territoriality. Progress in Human Geography, 38(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513502281
  • BEOE (Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment). (2018). Analysis of manpower export. Government of Pakistan.
  • BEOE (Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment). (2019). Annual analysis of manpower export. Government of Pakistan.
  • BEOE (Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment). (n.d.). Director general’s message [Online]. Retrieved May 16, 2019, from https://beoe.gov.pk/director-general-message
  • Brenner, N. (2004). New state spaces: Urban governance and the rescaling of statehood. Oxford University Press.
  • Brinkerhoff, J. (2016). Institutional reform and diaspora entrepreneurs: The in-between advantage. Oxford University Press.
  • Brubaker, R., & Kim, J. (2011). Transborder membership politics in Germany and Korea. European Journal of Sociology, 52(1), 21–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975611000026
  • Dawn. (2018a). Rs 1 billion donated by overseas Pakistanis for dams since July [Online]. Retrieved April 7, 2019 from https://www.dawn.com/news/1450493
  • Dawn. (2018b). PM Khan approves incentives to facilitate remittances from overseas Pakistanis [Online]. Retrieved April 3, 2019, from https://www.dawn.com/news/1440645
  • Dawn. (2019). Pakistan facing ‘most difficult period of its history’ but course correction underway: PM Khan [Online]. Retrieved April, 2019, from. https://www.dawn.com/news/1461019/pakistan-facing-most-difficult-period-of-its-history-but-course-correction-underway-pm-khan
  • De Haas, H. (2012). The migration and development pendulum: A critical view on research and policy. International Migration, 50(3), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00755.x
  • Delano, A., & Gamlen, A. (2014). Comparing and theorizing state–diaspora relations. Political Geography, 41, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.005
  • Delano, A., & Mylonas, H. (2019). The microfoundations of diaspora politics: Unpacking the state and disaggregating the diaspora. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(4), 473–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409160
  • Dickinson, J. (2015). Articulating an Indian diaspora in South Africa: The consulate general of India, diaspora associations and practices of collaboration. Geoforum, 61, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.02.014
  • Duffield, M. (2006). Racism, migration and development: The foundations of planetary order. Progress in Development Studies, 6(1), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993406ps128oa
  • Erdal, M. (2016). Juxtaposing Pakistani diaspora policy with migrants’ transnational citizenship practices. Geoforum, 76, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.08.005
  • Express Tribune. (2019). ‘Naya Pakistan Calling’ gets response from 650 professional expats [Online] Retrieved May 24, 2020, from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1961328/1-naya-pakistan-calling-gets-response-650-professional-expats/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=cd9d9ff49480531fea87d156ec696c176e4a6363-1590491472-0-ASqEe1m4k–WYJbjSKGoHnjIm6xb_qq0UbiggjdNoJz1LRrkEtYxr2kb-nMrRmUKIQsvYDuVk1pCMo6k9
  • Faist, T. (2009). Making and remaking the transnational: Of boundaries, social spaces and social mechanisms. Spectrum: Journal of Global Studies, 1(2), 66–88.
  • Gamlen, A. (2006). Diaspora engagement policies: What are they, and what kinds of states use them? University of Oxford Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS).
  • Gamlen, A. (2008). The emigration state and the modern geopolitical imagination. Political Geography, 27(8), 840–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2008.10.004
  • Gamlen, A. (2014). The new migration-and development pessimism. Progress in Human Geography, 38(4), 581–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513512544
  • Gamlen, A., Cummings, M. E., & Vaaler, P. A. (2019). Explaining the rise of diaspora institutions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(4), 492–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409163
  • GoP (Government of Pakistan). (2013). Pakistani diaspora policy paper. Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis.
  • GoP (Government of Pakistan). (2014). Vision 2025. Planning and Development Commission of Pakistan.
  • Gulf News. (2018). Call for CVs from Pakistanis abroad [Online]. Retrieved April 5, 2019, from https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/call-for-cvs-from-pakistanis-abroad-1.60363908
  • Hill, M. A. (2018). Theorizing state-diaspora engagement as a social practice: The curious case of Narendra Modi’s diasporic activism. University of Victoria.
  • Ho, L. E. (2011). ‘Claiming’ the diaspora: Elite mobility, sending state strategies and the spatialities of citizenship. Progress in Human Geography, 35(6), 757–772. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511401463
  • ILO (International Labour Organisation). (2013). First ever national policy for overseas Pakistanis [Online]. Retrieved May 16, 2019, from https://www.ilo.org/islamabad/info/public/pr/WCMS_205280/langen/index.htm
  • Irfan, M. (1986). Migration and development in Pakistan: Some selected issues. The Pakistan Development Review, 25(4), 743–755. https://doi.org/10.30541/v25i4pp.743-755
  • Kalra, V. S. (2007). Introduction: Mapping the terrain and proposing new cartographies of Pakistani diaspora studies. In V. S. Kalra (Ed.), Pakistani diasporas culture, conflict, and change (pp. 1–16). Oxford University Press.
  • Khalid, A. (2017). Worker’s remittances and the Pakistani Remittance Initiative. In R. Amjad (Ed.), The Pakistani Diaspora: Corridors of uncertainty and opportunity (pp. 161–176). Lahore School of Economics.
  • Koinova, M. (2018). Sending states and diaspora positionality in international relations. International Political Sociology, 12(2), 190–210. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/oly008
  • Kugelman, M., 2012. How affluent are the Pakistani-Americans? [Online]. Retrieved May 13, 2019, from https://www.dawn.com/news/720994
  • Kugelman, M. (2017). The Pakistani diaspora in the United States. In R. Amjad (Ed.), The Pakistani Diaspora: Corridors of opportunity and uncertainty (pp. 47–74). Lahore School of Economics.
  • Larner, W. (2007). Expatriate experts and globalising governmentalities: The New Zealand diaspora strategy. Royal Geographical Society, 32(3), 331–345.
  • Levitt, P., & De la Dehesa, R. (2003). Transnational migration and the redefinition of the state: Variations and explanations. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26(4), 587–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987032000087325
  • Mann, M. (1984). The autonomous power of the state: Its origins, mechanisms and results. European Journal of Sociology, 25(2), 185–213. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975600004239
  • MCB (Muslim Commercial Bank. (n.d.). Motherland account [Online]. Retrieved February 5, 2019, from https://www.mcb.com.pk/personal/motherland-account
  • Meyer, J. B. (2001). Network approach versus brain drain: Lessons from the diaspora. International Migration, 39(5), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00173
  • Mohan, G. (2008). Making neoliberal states of development: The Ghanaian diaspora and the politics of homelands. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26(3), 464–479. https://doi.org/10.1068/dcos3
  • MOPHRD (Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development. (2014). Year book 2013-14. Government of Pakistan.
  • MOPHRD (Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development). (n.d.). Home [Online]. Retrieved May 8, 2019, from http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/home.aspx
  • MPI. (2015) . The Pakistani diaspora in the US. Migration Policy Institute.
  • Muhammad, I. (1999). Emigration from Pakistan 1947-1997. Pakistan Institute of Development Studies.
  • NADRA (National Database and Registration Authority). (n.d.). New overseas ID card (NICOP) [Online]. Retrieved April 6, 2019, from https://id.nadra.gov.pk/new-nicop/
  • NTP (National Talent Pool). (n.d.). National talent pool: Home [Online]. Retrieved April 4, 2019, from http://talentpool.gov.pk/
  • OPF (Overseas Pakistanis Foundation). (n.d.). Vision and mission [Online]. Retrieved May 16, 2019, from https://opf.org.pk/about-us/vision-mission/
  • Ostergaard-Nielson, E. (2003). International migration and sending countries: Key issues and themes. In E. Ostergaard-Nielson (Ed.), International migration and sending countries: Perceptions, policies and transnational relations (pp. 3–30). Palgrave MacMillan.
  • PBC (Pakistan Banao Certificate). (n.d.). Pakistan Banao certificate [Online]. Retrieved May 16, 2019, from https://pakistanbanaocertificates.gov.pk/index
  • Pellerin, H., & Mullings, B. (2013). The ‘Diaspora option’, migration and the changing political economy of development. Review of International Political Economy, 20(1), 89–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2011.649294
  • PHC (Pakistan High Commission). (2016, December). Pakistan review: Monthly newsletter of Pakistan high commission London. Pakistan High Commission.
  • Portes, A. (1999). Conclusion: Towards a new world? The origins and effects of transnational activities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329567
  • PRI (Pakistan Remittance Initiative), 2019. Pakistan Remittance Initiative (Home). [Online] Retrieved May 3, 2019, from http://www.pri.gov.pk/
  • PRI (Pakistan Remittance Initiative). n.d. About PRI [Online], Retrieved on May 17, 2019 from http://www.pri.gov.pk/
  • PRI (Pakistan Remittance Initiative). (n.d.). Home [Online]. Retrieved May 19, 2019, from http://www.pri.gov.pk/
  • Qureshi, J. A. (2016). The Pakistan remittance initiative and remittance flows to Pakistan. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). PSSP Working Paper 1
  • Ragazzi, F. (2009). Governing diasporas. International Political Sociology, 3(4), 378–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2009.00082.x
  • Ragazzi, F. (2014). A comparative analysis of diaspora policies. Political Geography, 41, 74–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.12.004
  • Rana, J. (2007). Controlling diaspora: Illegality, 9/11, and Pakistani labor migration. In V. S. Kalra (Ed.), Pakistani diasporas, culture, conflict and change (pp. 51–74). Oxford University Press.
  • Sajjad, N. (2011). Causes and solutions to Iintellectual brain drain in Pakistan. The Dialogue, 39(6): 32-55.
  • SBP (State Bank of Pakistan). (2019). Country-wise workers remittances. Statistics and DWH Department, Government of Pakistan.
  • Shah, N. M. (2017). The Pakistani diaspora in the Gulf. In R. Amjad (Ed.), The Pakistani Diaspora: Corridors of opportunity and uncertainty (pp. 111–136). Lahore School of Economics.
  • Shukla, S. (2014). South Asian migration to the United States: Diasporic and national formations. In J. Chatterji & D. Washbrook (Eds.), Routledge handbook on South Asian diaspora. Routledge.
  • Sinatti, G., & Horst, C. (2015). Migrants as agents of development: Diaspora engagement discourse and practice in Europe. Ethnicities, 15(1), 134–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796814530120
  • Skeldon, R. (2008). International migration as a tool in development policy: A passing phase? Population and Development Review, 34(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2008.00203.x
  • Sokefeld, M. (2006). Mobilizing in transnational space: A social movement approach to the formation of diaspora. Global Networks, 6(3), 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00144.x
  • Staeheli, L. A., Ehrkamp, P., Leitner, H., & Nagel, C. (2012). Dreaming the ordinary: Daily life and the complex geographies of citizenship. Progress in Human Geography, 36(5), 628–644. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511435001
  • The News. (2018). Prime minister Imran Khan promises sweeping reforms in inaugural address [Online]. Retrieved May 22, 2019, from https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/357392-pm-khan-to-make-informal-extempore-address-to-nation
  • Van Hear, N., Pieke, F., & Vertovec, S. (2004). The contribution of UK-based diasporas to development and poverty reduction. Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS).
  • Varadarajan, L. (2010). Reimagined nations and restructured states. In L. Varadarajan (Ed.), The domestic Abroad: Diasporas in international relations. Oxford University Press.
  • Waterbury, M. (2010). Between state and nation: Diaspora politics and kin-state nationalism in Hungary. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zafar, F. (2017). The Pakistan-Europe corridor. In R. Amjad (Ed.), The Pakistani Diaspora: Corridors of opportunity and uncertainty (pp. 75–90). Lahore School of Economics.
  • Zaidi, S. A. (2013). Influencing from afar: Role of Pakistani diaspora in pubic policy and development in Pakistan. In T. T. Yong & M. Rahman (Eds.), Diaspora engagement and development in South Asia (pp. 41–55). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zaidi, S. A. (2017). Circuits of knowledge: Learning from the Pakistani academic diaspora and teaching them in return. In R. Amjad (Ed.), The Pakistani Diaspora: Corridors of uncertainty and opportunity (pp. 237–246). Lahore School of Economics.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.