1,052
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Public Health & Policy

Sustainable financing for vaccination towards advancing universal health coverage in the WHO African region: The strategic role of national health insurance

ORCID Icon, , , , &
Article: 2320505 | Received 02 Jan 2024, Accepted 15 Feb 2024, Published online: 27 Feb 2024

References

  • AHIC Commissioners Edwine B, Pokuaa FA, Francis O, Shabir M, Karim B, Shakira C, Eugene F, Rindra RO, Gerald M. The state of universal health coverage in africa–report of the africa health agenda international conference commission. 2021; Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Kutzin J. Health financing for universal coverage and health system performance: concepts and implications for policy. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(8):602–8. doi:10.2471/BLT.12.113985.
  • Saxenian H, Alkenbrack S, Freitas Attaran M, Barcarolo J, Brenzel L, Brooks A, Ekeman E, Griffiths UK, Rozario S, Vande Maele N, et al. Sustainable financing for immunization agenda 2030. Vaccine [Internet]. 2022 [accessed 2023 Jun 12]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X22014505.
  • Cashin C, Dossou J-P. Can national health insurance pave the way to universal health coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa? Health Syst Reform. 2021;7(1):e2006122. doi:10.1080/23288604.2021.2006122.
  • Kieny MP, Evans DB. Universal health coverage. East Med Health J. 2013;19(4):305–6. doi:10.26719/2013.19.4.305.
  • Spaan E, Mathijssen J, Tromp N, McBain F, ten HA, Baltussen R. The impact of health insurance in Africa and Asia: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90(9):685. doi:10.2471/BLT.12.102301.
  • Ly MS, Bassoum O, Faye A. Universal health insurance in Africa: a narrative review of the literature on institutional models. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(4):e008219. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008219.
  • Houeninvo HG, Bello K, Hounkpatin H, Dossou J-P. Developing and implementing national health insurance: learnings from the first try in Benin. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(11):e009027. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009027.
  • Kenya National Health Insurance Fund. Universal health coverage - supa cover [Internet]. 2021 [accessed 2023 Nov 1]. https://www.nhif.or.ke/uhc-supa-cover/.
  • National Health Insurance Authority. Operational guideline 2023 [Internet]. 2023 [accessed 2023 Jan 11]. https://www.nhis.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/NHIA-OPERATIONAL-GUIDELINES-2023.pdf.
  • Government of Rwanda. Ministerial order determining the medical services provided at each level of health facilities [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 2023 Jan 11]. https://gazettes.africa/archive/rw/2016/rw-government-gazette-dated-2016-02-08-no-6.pdf.
  • Ministry of Health, Uganda. Feasibility analysis of community-based health insurance scheme structures and their integration in the national health insurance scheme [Internet]. 2021 [accessed 2023 Feb 11]. http://library.health.go.ug/sites/default/files/resources/Community%20Based%20Health%20Insurance%20Scheme%20integration%20into%20NHIS_2020-1.pdf.
  • Zambia National Health Insurance Scheme. National health insurance scheme benefit package and tariffs [Internet]. 2022 [accessed 2023 Feb 11]. https://nhima.co.zm/download/document/267aebe61f20221219400b3dcf.pdf.
  • Cashin C. Ghana’s national health insurance scheme: ensuring access to essential malaria services with financial protection. Bethesda (MD): Health Finance and Governance (HFG) Project, Abt Associates; 2016.
  • Aryeetey GC, Westeneng J, Spaan E, Jehu-Appiah C, Agyepong IA, Baltussen R. Can health insurance protect against out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenditures and also support poverty reduction? Evidence from Ghana’s national health insurance scheme. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15:1–11. doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0401-1.
  • Gajate-Garrido G, Ahiadeke C. The effect of insurance enrollment on maternal and child health care utilization: the case of Ghana. Int Food Policy Res Inst. 2015. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2741917.
  • Nguyen HT, Rajkotia Y, Wang H. The financial protection effect of Ghana national health insurance scheme: evidence from a study in two rural districts. Int J Equity Health. 2011;10:1–12. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-10-4.
  • Abrokwah SO, Moser CM, Norton EC. The effect of social health insurance on prenatal care: the case of Ghana. Int J Health Care Finance Econ. 2014;14(4):385–406. doi:10.1007/s10754-014-9155-8.
  • Dzakpasu S, Soremekun S, Manu A, Ten Asbroek G, Tawiah C, Hurt L, Fenty J, Owusu-Agyei S, Hill Z, Campbell OM, et al. Impact of free delivery care on health facility delivery and insurance coverage in Ghana’s Brong Ahafo region. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49430. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049430.
  • Bagnoli L. Does national health insurance improve children’s health? National and regional evidence from Ghana. ECARES Working Papers. 2017.
  • Dalaba MA. Impact of national health insurance on health seeking behavior in the Kassena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana [Thesis]. University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Economics Unit; 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9391.
  • Basu RN. Expanded programme on immunization and primary health care. J Commun Dis. 1982;14:183–8.
  • Ozawa S, Clark S, Portnoy A, Grewal S, Brenzel L, Walker DG. Return on investment from childhood immunization in low-and middle-income countries, 2011–20. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35:199–207. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1086.
  • Carter A, Msemburi W, Sim SY, Gaythorpe KA, Lambach P, Lindstrand A, Hutubessy R. Modeling the impact of vaccination for the immunization agenda 2030: deaths averted due to vaccination against 14 pathogens in 194 countries from 2021 to 2030. Vaccine. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.033.
  • Blanc DC, Grundy J, Sodha SV, O’Connell TS, von Mühlenbrock HJM, Grevendonk J, Ryman T, Patel M, Olayinka F, Brooks A, et al. Immunization programs to support primary health care and achieve universal health coverage. Vaccine [Internet]. 2022 [accessed 2024 Feb 5]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X2201218X.
  • Roder-DeWan S, Gage A, Hirschhorn LR, Twum-Danso NAY, Liljestrand J, Asante-Shongwe K, Yahya T, Kruk M. Level of confidence in and endorsement of the health system among internet users in 12 low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(8):e002205. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002205.
  • Lindstrand A, Cherian T, Chang-Blanc D, Feikin D, O’Brien KL. The world of immunization: achievements, challenges, and strategic vision for the Next Decade. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(Supplement_4):S452–67. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab284.
  • World Health Organization. Situation analysis of immunization expenditure: key facts, 2021 [Internet]. 2021 [accessed 2023 Apr 11].
  • Griffiths UK, Asman J, Adjagba A, Yo M, Oguta JO, Cho C. Budget line items for immunization in 33 African countries. Health Policy Plan. 2020;35(7):753–64. doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa040.
  • Cernuschi T, Gaglione S, Bozzani F. Challenges to sustainable immunization systems in Gavi transitioning countries. Vaccine. 2018;36(45):6858–66. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.012.
  • Ozawa S, Grewal S, Portnoy A, Sinha A, Arilotta R, Stack ML, Brenzel L. Funding gap for immunization across 94 low-and middle-income countries. Vaccine. 2016;34:6408–16. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.036.
  • Causey K, Fullman N, Sorensen RJ, Galles NC, Zheng P, Aravkin A, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Martinez-Piedra R, Sodha SV, Velandia-González MP. Estimating global and regional disruptions to routine childhood vaccine coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: a modelling study. Lancet. 2021;398(10299):522–34. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01337-4.
  • World Heath Organization. GHO | global health observatory data repository (African region) | diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP3) - immunization coverage estimates by WHO region [Internet]. WHO; 2023 [accessed 2023 Sep 16]. https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main-afro.81200?lang=en.
  • World Health Organization. Immunization agenda 2030: a global strategy to leave no one behind. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
  • Kabajulizi J, Awuku Darko F. Do non-communicable diseases influence sustainable development in Sub-Saharan Africa? A panel autoregressive distributive lag model approach. Health Policy Plan. 2022;37(3):337–48. doi:10.1093/heapol/czab131.
  • Ogbonna OE, Ogbuabor JE, Manasseh CO, Ekeocha DO. Global uncertainty, economic governance institutions and foreign direct investment inflow in Africa. Econ Change Res. 2022;55:2111–36. doi:10.1007/s10644-021-09378-w.
  • Otieno S, Mose N, Matundura E. External debt and capital flight in East Africa. J Econ Sustain Devel. 2022;13:23–9.
  • Manasseh CO, Abada FC, Okiche EL, Okanya O, Nwakoby IC, Offu P, Ogbuagu AR, Okafor CO, Obidike PC, Nwonye NG, et al. External debt and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: does governance matter? PLoS One. 2022;17(3):e0264082. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264082.
  • Kappel R. Russia and Africa: the invasion of Ukraine leads to the next major crisis. Strategic Rev Southern Afr. 2022;44:25–36. doi:10.35293/srsa.v44i1.4044.
  • Okpaleke FN, Nwosu BU, Okoli CR, Olumba EE. The case for drones in counter-insurgency operations in west African Sahel. Afr Secur Rev. 2023;32:1–17.
  • Lagomarsino G, Garabrant A, Adyas A, Muga R, Otoo N. Moving towards universal health coverage: health insurance reforms in nine developing countries in Africa and Asia. Lancet. 2012;380(9845):933–43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61147-7.
  • Dror DM, Hossain SS, Majumdar A, Pérez Koehlmoos TL, John D, Panda PK. What factors affect voluntary uptake of community-based health insurance schemes in low-and middle-income countries? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0160479. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160479.
  • Barasa E, Kazungu J, Nguhiu P, Ravishankar N. Examining the level and inequality in health insurance coverage in 36 Sub-Saharan African countries. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(4):e004712. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004712.
  • Cashin C, Nakhimovsky S, Laird K, Strizrep T, Cico A, Radakrishnan S, Lauer A, Connor C, O’Dougherty S, White J. Strategic health purchasing progress: a framework for policymakers and practitioners. Bethesda (MD): Health Finance & Governance Project, Abt Associates Inc; 2018.
  • African Strategies for Health. Health financing profile: côte d’ivoire [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 2023 Nov 19]. http://www.africanstrategies4health.org/uploads/1/3/5/3/13538666/country_profile_-_cote_divoire_-_us_letter.pdf.
  • Humphreys G. Gabon gets everyone under one social health insurance roof. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91:318–9.
  • Amporfu E, Agyei-Baffour P, Edusei A, Novignon J, Arthur E. Strategic health purchasing progress mapping: a spotlight on Ghana’s national health insurance scheme. Health Syst Reform. 2022;8(2):e2058337. doi:10.1080/23288604.2022.2058337.
  • Andoh-Adjei F-X, Nsiah-Boateng E, Asante FA, van der VK, Spaan E. Provider preference for payment method under a national health insurance scheme: a survey of health insurance-credentialed health care providers in Ghana. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0221195. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221195.
  • Kabia E, Kazungu J, Barasa E. The effects of health purchasing reforms on equity, access, quality of care, and financial protection in Kenya: a narrative review. Health Syst Reform. 2022;8(2):2114173. doi:10.1080/23288604.2022.2114173.
  • Mbau R, Kabia E, Honda A, Hanson K, Barasa E. Examining purchasing reforms towards universal health coverage by the national hospital insurance fund in Kenya. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):19. doi:10.1186/s12939-019-1116-x.
  • Obadha M, Chuma J, Kazungu J, Abiiro GA, Beck MJ, Barasa E. Preferences of healthcare providers for capitation payment in Kenya: a discrete choice experiment. Health Policy Plan. 2020;35(7):842–54. doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa016.
  • Obadha M, Chuma J, Kazungu J, Barasa E. Health care purchasing in Kenya: experiences of health care providers with capitation and fee-for-service provider payment mechanisms. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2019;34(1):e917–33. doi:10.1002/hpm.2707.
  • Munge K, Mulupi S, Barasa EW, Chuma J. A critical analysis of purchasing arrangements in Kenya: the case of the national hospital insurance fund. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2018;7:244–54. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.81.
  • Umuhoza SM, Musange SF, Nyandwi A, Gatome-Munyua A, Mumararungu A, Hitimana R, Rulisa A, Uwaliraye P. Strengths and weaknesses of strategic health purchasing for universal health coverage in Rwanda. Health Syst Reform. 2022;8:e2061891. doi:10.1080/23288604.2022.2061891.
  • Ezenwaka U, Gatome-Munyua A, Nwankwor C, Olalere N, Orji N, Ewelike U, Uzochukwu B, Onwujekwe O. Strategic health purchasing in Nigeria: investigating governance and institutional capacities within federal tax-funded health schemes and the formal sector social health insurance programme. Health Syst Reform. 2022;8:e2074630. doi:10.1080/23288604.2022.2074630.
  • Ogundeji YK, Anyaegbu J, Fodio A, Egekwu C, Ongboche P, Ohiri K, Mao W, Yamey G, Bharali I. Lessons on key health service purchasing reforms in Nigeria [Internet]. 2023 [accessed 2023 Nov 19]. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4406428.
  • Kuwawenaruwa A, Makawia S, Binyaruka P, Manzi F. Assessment of strategic healthcare purchasing arrangements and functions towards universal coverage in Tanzania. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2022;11:3079–89. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2022.6234.
  • Osei Afriyie D, Masiye F, Tediosi F, Fink G. Purchasing for high-quality care using national health insurance: evidence from Zambia. Health Policy Plan. 2023;38(6):681–8. doi:10.1093/heapol/czad022.
  • Abedi G, Shojaee J, Bastani P, Kabir MJ, Yazdani J. The comparative study of strategic purchasing of health services in selected countries: a review study. Bali Med J. 2018;7(1):1–6. doi:10.15562/bmj.v7i1.602.
  • Ifeagwu SC, Yang JC, Parkes-Ratanshi R, Brayne C. Health financing for universal health coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Glob Health Res Policy. 2021;6(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s41256-021-00190-7.
  • Regan L, Wilson D, Chalkidou K, Chi Y-L. The journey to UHC: how well are vertical programmes integrated in the health benefits package? A scoping review. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(8):e005842. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005842.
  • Machingaidze S, Wiysonge CS, Hussey GD. Strengthening the expanded programme on immunization in Africa: looking beyond 2015. PLoS Med. 2013;10(3):e1001405. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001405.
  • Kovacs RJ, Powell-Jackson T, Kristensen SR, Singh N, Borghi J. How are pay-for-performance schemes in healthcare designed in low- and middle-income countries? Typology and systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):291. doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05075-y.
  • Gavi. The Vaccine Alliance. Eligibility [Internet]. 2023 [accessed 2023 Dec 6]. https://www.gavi.org/types-support/sustainability/eligibility.
  • Coe M, Gergen J, Mallow M, Moi F, Caroline P. Landscaping Analysis. In: Sustainable immunization financing in Asia Pacific. Washinton (DC): ThinkWell; 2017. p. 6.
  • Adamu AA, Essoh T-A, Jalo RI, Wiysonge CS. Toward political economy of sustainable financing for immunization in the world health organization African region through a systems thinking lens. Int J Infect Dis. 2023;136:158–61. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.09.017.