“She Didn’t Think Fat Women Deserved to Have Children”: Memorable Messages From Healthcare Providers in the Context of Fat Pregnancy

References

• Aarts, J. W. M., Huppelschoten, A. G., van Empel, I. W. H., Boivin, J., Verhaak, C. M., Kremer, J. A. M., & Nelen, W. L. (2012). How patient-centered care relates to patients’ quality of life and distress: A study in 427 women experiencing infertility. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 27(2), 488–495. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqersh, D. L. A. (2021). Effect of infertility clinic nurse communications kill straining on women satisfaction. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 12(1), 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhc.2021.170483
   Google Scholar
• American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). (2018). Assisted reproductive technology: A guide for patients. ASRM. https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/assisted-reproductive-technologies-booklet/
   Google Scholar
• Bacon, L., & Aphramor, L. (2011). Weight science: Evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift. Nutrition Journal, 10, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bombak, A. E., McPhail, D., & Ward, P. (2016). Reproducing stigma: Interpreting “overweight” and “obese” women’s experiences of weight-based discrimination in reproductive healthcare. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 166, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi, L., Leone, D., Poli, S., Becattini, C., Chelo, E., Costa, M., De Lauretis, L., Ferraretti, A. P., Filippini, C., Giuffrida, G., Livi, C., Luehwink, A., Palermo, R., Revelli, A., Tomasi, G., Tomei, F., & Vegni, E. (2019). Patient-centered communication, patient satisfaction, and retention in care in assisted reproductive technology visits. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 36(6), 1135–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-019-01466-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). What is infertility. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/features/what-is-infertility/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, A., Copen, C. E., & Stephen, E. H. (2014). Infertility service use in the United States: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth, 1982–2010. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24988820/
   Google Scholar
• Cole, K. O. W., Gudzune, K. A., Bleich, S. N., Cheskin, L. J., Bennett, W. L., Cooper, L. A., & Roter, D. L. (2017). Providing prenatal care to pregnant women with overweight or obesity: Differences in provider communication and ratings of the patient-provider relationship by patient body weight. Patient education and Counseling, 100(6), 1103–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.12.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke-Jackson, A., & Rubinsky, V. (2018). Deeply rooted in memories: Toward a comprehensive overview of 30 years of memorable message literature. Health communication, 33(4), 409–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1278491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke-Jackson, A., & Rubinsky, V. (2021). Theory of memorable messages: Theorizing message disruption. In A. Cooke-Jackson & V. Rubinsky (Eds.), Communicating intimate health (pp. 89–980). Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke-Jackson, A., & Rubinsky, V. (2022). Extending the roots of memorable messages: A comprehensive review and forecast of memorable message literature and theory. Health Communication, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2105620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esinler, I., Bozdag, G., & Yarali, H. (2008). Impact of isolated obesity on ICSI outcomes. Reproductive biomedicine Online, 17(4), 583–587. www.rbmonline.com/Article/3334 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60249-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahs, B. (2019). Fat and furious: Interrogating fat phobia and nurturing resistance in medical framings of fat bodies. Women’s Reproductive Health, 6(4), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2019.1653577
   Google Scholar
• Furber, C. M., & McGowan, L. (2011). A qualitative study of the experiences of women who are obese and pregnant in the UK. Midwifery, 27(4), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2010.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, A. (2020). What we don’t talk about when we talk about fat. Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, I. D., Python, J., Roth, L., Alvero, R., Murray, S., & Schlaff, W. D. (2011). Physicians’ perspectives and practices regarding the fertility management of obese patients. Fertility and Sterility, 96(4), 991–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.1111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunger, J. M., Smith, J. P., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2020). An evidence-based rationale for adopting weight-inclusive health policy. Social Issues and Policy Review, 14(1), 73–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquet, P., Schutz, Y., Montani, J., & Dulloo, A. (2020). How dieting might make some fatter: Modeling weight cycling toward obesity from a perspective of body composition autoregulation. International journal of Obesity (2005), 44(6), 1243–1253. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-0547-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B., Quinlan, M. M., & Marsh, J. S. (2017a). Telenursing and nurse-patient communication within Fertility, Inc. Journal of Holistic Nursing : Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses’ Association, 36(1), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010116685468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B., Quinlan, M. M., & Myers, J. (2017b). Commerce, industry, and security: Biomedicalization theory and the use of metaphor to describe practitioner-patient communication within Fertility, Inc. Women’s Reproductive Health, 4(2), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2017.1326250
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, A. S., Badon, S. E., Lanham, M. S. M., Fisseha, S., & Moravek, M. B. (2019). Body mass index restrictions in fertility treatment: A national survey of OB/GYN subspecialists. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 36(6), 1117–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-019-01448-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp, M. L., Stohl, C., & Reardon, K. K. (1981). “Memorable” messages. Journal of Communication, 31(4), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1981.tb00448.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig Kellas, J. (2010). Transmitting relational worldviews: The relationship between mother-daughter memorable messages and adult daughters’ romantic relational schemata. Communication Quarterly, 58(4), 458–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2010.525700
   Google Scholar
• Koning, A. M. H., Mutsaerts, M. A. Q., Kuchenbecker, W. K. H., Land, J. A., Mol, B. W., & Hoek, A. (2012). Complications and outcome of assisted reproduction technologies in overweight and obese women. Human Reproduction, 7(2), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der416
   Google Scholar
• Lamarche, L., Bailey, A. K., Awan, A., Risdon, C., Pauw, G., & Thomas, E. V. (2020). Exploring primary care providers’ understandings of body image in patient care. Body image, 35, 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMarre, A., Rice, C., Cook, K., & Friedman, M. (2020). Fat reproductive justice: Navigating the boundaries of reproductive health care. Journal of Social Issues, 76(2), 338–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauridsen, D. S. (2020). Between blame and care: Women’s ‘needs talk’ about obesity interventions in prenatal care. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42(4), 758–771. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leite, R. C., Makuch, M. Y., Petta, C. A., & Morais, S. S. (2005). Women’s satisfaction with physicians’ communication skills during an infertility consultation. Patient education and Counseling, 59(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2004.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, M. C. (2018). Reducing maternal mortality in the United States. JAMA, 320(12), 1237–1238. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.11652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupton, D. (2012). “Precious cargo”: Fetal subjects, risk and reproductive citizenship. Critical Public Health, 22(3), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2012.657612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malin, M., Hemmink, E., Räikkönen, O., Sihvo, S., & Perälä, M. L. (2001). What do women want? Women’s experiences of infertility treatment. Social science & Medicine (1982), 53(1), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00317-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh, M. C. (2019). Addressing anti-fat bias in psychology: Education and resistance. Women’s Reproductive Health, 6(4), 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2019.1653579
   Google Scholar
• McNaughton, D. (2013). ‘Diabesity’ down under: Overweight and obesity as cultural signifiers for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Critical public Health, 23(3), 274–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2013.766671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhail, D., Bombak, A., Ward, P., & Allison, J. (2016). Wombs at risk, wombs as risk: Fat women’s experiences of reproductive care. Fat Studies, 5(2), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2016.1143754
   Google Scholar
• Mensinger, J. L., Tylka, T. L., & Calamari, M. E. (2018). Mechanisms underlying weight status and healthcare avoidance in women: A study of weight stigma, body-related shame and guilt, and healthcare stress. Body image, 25, 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miczo, N., Danhour, E., Lester, K. E., & Bryant, J. (2013). Memorable messages and the H1N1 flu virus. Western Journal of Communication, 77(5), 625–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2013.776099
   Google Scholar
• Mulherin, K., Miller, Y. D., Barlow, F. K., Diedrichs, P. C., & Thompson, R. (2013). Weight stigma in maternity care: Women’s experiences and care providers’ attitudes. BMC pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(19), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nuttall, F. Q. (2015). Body mass index: Obesity, BMI, and health: A critical review. Nutrition today, 50(3), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000092
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyman, V. M., Prebensen, Å. K., & Flensner, G. E. (2010). Obese women’s experiences of encounters with midwives and physicians during pregnancy and childbirth. Midwifery, 26(4), 424–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2008.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozekinci, M., Seven, A., Olgan, S., Sakinci, M., Keskin, U., Akar, M. E., Ceyhan, S. T., & Ergun, A. (2015). Does obesity have detrimental effects on IVF treatment outcomes? BMC women’s Health, 15(61), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0223-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmer-Wackerly, A. L., & Krieger, J. L. (2015). Dancing around infertility: The use of metaphors in a complex medical situation. Health communication, 30(6), 612–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.888386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer-Wackerly, A. L., Voorhees, H. L., D'Souza, S., & Weeks, E. (2019). Infertility patient-provider communication and (dis)continuity of care: An exploration of illness identity transitions. Patient education and Counseling, 102(4), 804–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2018.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, S., Maheshwari, A., & Bhattacharya, S. (2010). Should access to fertility treatment be determined by female body mass index? Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 25(4), 815–820. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deq013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantenburg, B., Sikorski, C., Luppa, M., Schomerus, G., König, H., Werner, P., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2012). Medical students’ attitudes towards overweight and obesity. PloS one, 7(11), e48113. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, G., & Pausé, C. (2018). Pregnant with possibility: Negotiating fat maternal subjectivity in the “war on obesity. Fat Studies, 7(2), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2017.1372990
   Google Scholar
• Parrot, R., Volkman, J., Ghetian, C., Weiner, J., Raup-Krieger, J., & Parrott, J. (2008). Memorable messages about genes and health: Implications for direct-to-consumer marketing of genetic tests and therapies. Health marketing Quarterly, 25(1–2), 8–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/07359680802126061
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prunty, A., Hahn, A., O’Shea, A., Edmonds, S., & Clark, M. K. (2022). Associations among enacted weight stigma, weight self-stigma, and multiple physical health outcomes, healthcare utilization, and selected health behaviors. International Journal of Obesity, 47, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-022-01233-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A. C. I., Smieszek, S. M., Nippert, K. E., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2020). Pregnant and postpartum women’s experiences of weight stigma in healthcare. BMC pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 499. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03202-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothblum, E. D. (2018). Slim chance for permanent weight loss. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 6, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000043
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, N. (2019). Fat and fertile: How to get pregnant in a bigger body. Nicola Salmon.
   Google Scholar
• Schon, S., & Butts, S. (2015). Obesity, reproductive outcomes, and access to infertility treatments: A clinical and ethical debate. In E. Jungheim (Ed.), Obesity and fertility. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2611-4_11
   Google Scholar
• Slade, P., O'Neill, C., Simpson, A. J., & Lashen, H. (2007). The relationship between perceived stigma, disclosure patterns, support and distress in new attendees at an infertility clinic. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 22(8), 2309–2317. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sole-Smith, V. (2019, June 18). When you’re told you’re too fat to get pregnant. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/magazine/fertility-weight-obesity-ivf.html
   Google Scholar
• Stone, R. (2019). “God, I don’t want that woman to be right about me”: Memorable messages, reflected appraisals, and women’s desistance. Victims & Offenders, 14(6), 671–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1630696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, G., Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. In C. Willig & W. Stainton-Rogers (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology (2nd ed., pp. 17–36). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526405555
   Google Scholar
• Tomiyama, A. J., Carr, D., Granberg, E. M., Major, B., Robinson, E., Sutin, A. R., & Brewis, A. (2018). How and why weight stigma drives the obesity ‘epidemic’ and harms health. BMC medicine, 16(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1116-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadiveloo, M., & Mattei, J. (2017). Perceived weight discrimination and 10-year risk of allostatic load among US adults. Annals of Behavioral Medicine : A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 51(1), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9831-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, P., & McPhail, D. (2019a). A shared vision for reducing fat shame and blame in reproductive care. Women’s Reproductive Health, 6(4), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2019.1653582
   Google Scholar
• Ward, P., & McPhail, D. (2019b). Fat shame and blame in reproductive care: Implications for ethical health care interactions. Women’s Reproductive Health, 6(4), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2019.1653581
   Google Scholar
• Whiteford, L. M., & Gonzalez, L. (1995). Stigma: The hidden burden of infertility. Social science & Medicine (1982), 40(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)00124-C
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willer, E. K. (2014). Health-care provider compassionate love and women’s infertility stressors. Communication Monographs, 81(4), 407–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.940591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar