Impact of contract farming participation on the economic efficiency of malt barley farmers in northwestern Ethiopia

References

• Abdulai, Y., & Al-Hassan, S. (2016). Effects of contract farming on small-holder soybean farmers’ income in the eastern corridor of the Northern region, Ghana. Journal of Economics & Sustainable Development, 7(2). www.iiste.org
   Google Scholar
• Abdurehman, M., & Abdi, M. (2021). Determinants of farmers adoption decision of improved crop varieties in Ethiopia: Systematic review. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 17(7), 953–37. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar2020.15197
   Google Scholar
• Adane, E. S., Tefera, T., & Gidey, G. (2021). Technical efficiency of malt barley production in Malga district of Southern Ethiopia. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering, 12(1), 1621. https://doi.org/10.7176/isde/12-1-03
   Google Scholar
• Addisu, B. A. (2018). Malt barley commercialization through contract farming scheme: A systematic review of experiences and prospects in Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(53), 2957–2971. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar2018.13071
   Google Scholar
• Agricultural Transformation Institute. (2022). Increasing agricultural productivity across SSA. Our world in data. Accessed on February 10, 2023 at https://unctad.org/system/files/non-official-document/aldc_2022_pdsd_eth_pdw_3-4_mar_ppt_yifru_tafesse_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Aigner, D., Lovell, C. A. K., & Schmidt, P. (1977). Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models. Journal of Econometrics, 6(1), 21–37. 6(1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(77)90052-5
   Google Scholar
• Alulu, J., Jakinda Otieno, D., Oluoch-Kosura, W., & Ochieng, J. (2021). Comparison of technical efficiency and technology gaps between contracted and non-contracted vegetable farmers in Western Kenya. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2021.1910156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argaw, B., Haji, H., & Tegegne, B. (2021). Economic efficiency soybean production: The case of smallholder farmers in Pawe Woreda, Ethiopia: Parametric approach. Journal of Economics & Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.7176/jesd/12-15-01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ATA (Ethiopian agricultural transformation agency). (2017). Transforming Agriculture in Ethiopia 2016/17. Annual report, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Battese, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1995). A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for Panel data. Empirical Economics, 20(2), 325–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01205442
   Google Scholar
• Bauman, A., & Jablonski, B. B. R. (2016). Evaluating scale and technical efficiency among farms and ranches with a local market orientation. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 34(3), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170517000680
   Google Scholar
• Bekele, Y., & Regasa, G. (2019). Technical efficiency of smallholder malt barley producers in Tiyo district (Ethiopia). RUDN Journal of Economics, 27(3), 525–535. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-3-525-535
   Google Scholar
• Belete, A. S. (2020). Analysis of technical efficiency in maize production in Guji Zone: Stochastic frontier model. Agriculture & Food Security, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-020-00270-w
   Google Scholar
• Bellemare, M. F., & Novak, L. (2017). Contract farming and food security. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 99(2), 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaw053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belotti, F., Daidone, S., Ilardi, G., & Atella, V. (2013). Stochastic frontier analysis using Stata. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics & Stata, 13(4), 719–758. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1301300404
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Akiva, M. E., & Lerman, S. R. (1985). Discrete choice analysis: Theory and application to Travel demand. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beyene, T., Mulugeta, W., Merra, T., & Wong, W.-K. (2020). Technical efficiency and impact of improved farm inputs adoption on the yield of haricot bean producer in Hadiya zone, SNNP region, Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1833503. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1833503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezabeh, A., Beyene, F., Haji, J., Lemma, T., & Yildiz, F. (2020). Impact of contract farming on income of smallholder malt barley farmers in Arsi and West Arsi zones of Oromia region, Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1834662. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1834662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidzakin, J. K., Fialor, S. C., Awunyo-Vitor, D., & Yahaya, I. (2020). Contract farming and rice production efficiency in Ghana. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 10(3), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-11-2018-0160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidzakin, J., Fialor, S., & Yahaya, I. (2018). Production efficiency of smallholder rice farms under contract farming scheme in Ghana. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 25(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2018/41057
   Google Scholar
• Biggeri, M., Burchic, F., Ciania, F., & Herrmann, R.(2018). Linking small-scale farmers to the durum wheat value chain in Ethiopia: Assessing the effects on production and well-being. Food Policy, 79(c), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.06.001
   Google Scholar
• Bijman, J. (2008). Contract farming in developing countries: An overview working paper.
   Google Scholar
• Bishaw, Z., & Molla, A. (2020). Deployment of malt barley technologies in Ethiopia achievements and lessons learned.
   Google Scholar
• BoA (Beauro of Agriculture). (2020). Annual Report. Bahir Dar,
   Google Scholar
• Bravo-Ureta, B. E., Greene, W., & Solís, D. (2012). Technical efficiency analysis correcting for biases from observed and unobserved variables: An application to a natural resource management project. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-011-0491-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo-Ureta, & Rieger. (1991). Dairy farm efficiency measurement using stochastic frontiers and neoclassical duality?. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 41(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.2307/1242726
   Google Scholar
• Business Innovation Facility. (2018). Assessment of the malting barley market System in Ethiopia. Accessed on January 20, 2023 at http://www.ifpri.org/publication/barley-value-chain-ethiopia
   Google Scholar
• Caliendo, M., & Kopeinig, S. (2008). Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(1), 31–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00527.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, D. (2009). Contract farming in India. Review of Market Integration, 1(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/097492920900100105
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J., Qu, R., Wu, Y. D., Jones, G., Li, W., Jin, S., Chang, Q., Cao, Y., Yang, G., Li, Z. J., & Frewer, L. (2020). Effects of Agricultural Cooperative Society on Farmers’ Technical Efficiency: Evidence from stochastic frontier analysis. Sustainability, 12, 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Skully, M., & BROWN, K. (2005). Banking efficiency in China: Application of DEA to pre- and post-deregulation eras: 1993–2000. China Economic Review, 16(3), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2005.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coase, R. (1937). The nature of the firm. Economica, 4(16), 386–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x
   Google Scholar
• Coelli, T. (1995). Estimators and hypothesis tests for a stochastic frontier function: A Monte Carlo analysis. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 6(3), 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01076978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelli, T. J., Rao, D. S. P., O'Donnell, C. J., & Battese, G. E.(2005). An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5493-6
   Google Scholar
• CSA (Central Statistical Agency). (2017). Report on area and production of major crops by private peasant holdings in 2016/2017 meher season, CSA, Addis Ababa,
   Google Scholar
• CSA (Central Statistical Agency). (2021). The federal democratic republic of Ethiopia central statistical agency farm management practices (private peasant holdings, meher season) statistical bulletin.
   Google Scholar
• CSA (Central Statistical Agency). (2022). Report on area and production of major crops by private peasant holdings in 2019/2020 meher season, CSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia retrieved on June 20/2023 from http://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/agriculture-2/
   Google Scholar
• Dessale, M. (2019). Analysis of technical efficiency of small holder wheat-growing farmers of Jamma district, Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0250-9
   Google Scholar
• Dube, E. G. (2019). Analysis of farmers resource use efficiency on malt barley production and its impact on Food security in Lemuna-Bilbilo Wereda.
   Google Scholar
• Emana, B., & Storck, H. (1992). Improvement strategies for farming systems in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 8(1), 57–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1992.tb00231.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, M. J. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency. Source: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (General), 120(3), 253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2343100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferede, M., & Demsie, Z. (2020). Participatory evaluation of malt barley (Hordium disticum L.) varieties in barley-growing highland areas of northwestern Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1756142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyisa, B. W. (2020). Determinants of agricultural technology adoption in Ethiopia: A meta-analysis. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1855817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization. (2021). FAOSTAT Database.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). FAOSTAT Database. Retrieved July from www.faostat.org
   Google Scholar
• GAIN (Global Agriculture Information Network). (2021). Assessments of commodity and trade issues made by USDA staff and not necessarily statements of official U.S. Government policy.
   Google Scholar
• Ganewo, Z., Balguda, T., Alemu, A., Mulugeta, M., Legesse, T., Kaske, D., & Ashebir, A. (2022). Are smallholder farmers benefiting from malt barley contract farming engagement in Ethiopia? Agriculture & Food Security, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00396-z
   Google Scholar
• Getachew, W., Lemma, Z., & Bosena, T. (2018). Economic efficiency of smallholder farmers in barley production in Meket district, Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 10(10), 328–338. https://doi.org/10.5897/jdae2018.0960
   Google Scholar
• Girma, H. (2019). Estimation of technical efficiency of dairy farms in central zone of Tigray national regional state. Heliyon, 5(3), e01322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondar Malt Factory (2020). Annual report. Bahir Dar.
   Google Scholar
• González-Flores, M., Bravo-Ureta, B. E., Solís, D., & Winters, P. (2014). The impact of high value markets on smallholder productivity in the Ecuadorean Sierra: A stochastic production frontier approach correcting for selectivity bias. Food Policy, 44, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, W.(2010). A stochastic frontier model with correction for sample selection. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 34(1), 15–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haile, K., Mohammed, J. H., Bahir, B. T., Haji, J., & Tegegne, B. (2018). Technical efficiency of sorghum production: The case of smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 80, 50–62. www.iiste.org/
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, J., Ichimura, H., Smith, J., & Todd, P. (1998). Characterizing Selection Bias Using Experimental Data. Econometrica, 66(5), 1017. https://doi.org/10.2307/2999630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hika, W., & Sori, O. (2018). Analysis of economic efficiency of sesame (sesamum indicum L) production in Babogambel district of West Wollega zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Food Science and Quality Management, 76(1), 47–61.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs, J. E. (1996). A transaction cost approach to supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 1(2), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/13598549610155260
   Google Scholar
• ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas). (2019). Seed info: Official newsletter of West Asia and North Africa (WANA) seed network. issue no. 56, seed Section. ICARDA.
   Google Scholar
• Ito, J., Bao, Z., & Su, Q. (2012). Distributional effects of agricultural cooperatives in China: Exclusion of smallholders and potential gains on participation. Food Policy, 37(6), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jondrow, J., Lovell, C. A. K., Materov, I. S., & Schmidt, P. (1982). On the estimation of technical inefficiency in the stochastic frontier production function model. Journal of Econometrics, 19(2–3), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(82)90004-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khonje, M., Manda, J., Alene, A. D., & Kassie, M. (2015). Analysis of adoption and impacts of improved maize varieties in Eastern Zambia. World Development, 66, 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koricho, M. G., & Ahmed, M. H. (2022). The impact of credit on the technical efficiency of food crop producing smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Agricultural Finance Review, 82(5), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-08-2021-0108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koye, T. D., Koye, A. D., & Mekie, T. M. (2022). Analysis of technical efficiency of irrigated tomato production in North Gondar Zone of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 15(3), 599–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-022-00314-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumbhakar, S. C., & Lovell, K. (2000). Stochastic frontier analysis: An Econometric approach. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233765662
   Google Scholar
• Lema, T. Z., Masresha, S. E., & Neway, M. M. (2022). Analysis of the technical efficiency of barley production in North Shewa Zone of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2043509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louviere, J. J., Hensher, D. A., Swait, J. D., & Adamowicz, W. (2000). Stated choice methods. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511753831
   Google Scholar
• Maertens, M., & Vande Velde, K. (2017). Contract-farming in staple Food chains: The case of rice in Benin. World Development, 95, 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathewos, T., Temesgen, D., Hamza, D., & Fesseha, H. (2021). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ participation in improved sheep production: The case of Doyogena district, Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Advances in Agriculture, 2021, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5514315
   Google Scholar
• Meeusen, W., & van Den Broeck, J. (1977). Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error. Source: International Economic Review, 18(2), 435. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekuria, W., & Tadesse, D. (2015). Determinants affecting adoption of malt-barley technology: Evidence from North Gondar Ethiopia. Journal of Food Security, 3(3), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfs-3-3-2
   Google Scholar
• Michelson, H. (2013). Small farmers, NGOs, and a Walmart World: Welfare effects of supermarkets operating in Nicaragua. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 95(3), 628–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minot, N. (2011). Food security in Africa: Market and Trade policy for Staple Foods in Eastern and Southern Africa. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 38(2), 289–291. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbr019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mpeta, D., Kuzilwa, J., & Sebyiga, B. (2018). ANALYSIS OF CONTRACT FARMING EFFECTS ON EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SMALL-SCALE SUNFLOWER FARMERS IN TANZANIA – A PROPENSITY SCORE METHOD APPROACH. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Oeconomia, 17(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.22630/ASPE.2018.17.1.9
   Google Scholar
• Mulatu, G., Haji, J., Legese, B., & Ketema, M. (2017). Impact of participation in vegetables’ contract farming on household’s income in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. American Journal of Rural Development, 5(4), 90–96.
   Google Scholar
• Mwambi, M. M., Oduol, J., Mshenga, P., & Saidi, M. (2016). Does contract farming improve smallholder income? The case of avocado farmers in Kenya. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 6(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-05-2013-0019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nannicini, T. (2007). Simulation-based sensitivity analysis for matching estimators. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics & Stata, 7(3), 334–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700303
   Google Scholar
• NBE (National Bank of Ethiopia). (2017). National Bank of Ethiopia 2016 2017 Annual report. http://www.nbe.gov.et
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, A. T., Dzator, J., & Nadolny, A. (2018). Contract farming, Agriculture productivity and poverty reduction: Evidence from tea estates in Viet Nam. Asia-Pacific Sustainable Development Journal, 25(1), 109–145. https://doi.org/10.18356/b18dd784-en
   Google Scholar
• NGZ (north Gondar Zone). (2020). Annual agricultural production performance report,
   Google Scholar
• Nhan, T. Q. (2019). Effect of private-led contract farming on rice growers’ yield, cost, selling price and return: Evidence from Vietnam’s central Mekong Delta. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 22(5), 731–746. https://doi.org/10.22434/IFAMR2018.0093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olagunju, K. O., Ogunniyi, A. I., Oyetunde Usman, Z., Omotayo, A. O., Awotide, B. A., & Martínez-Paz, J. M. (2021). Does agricultural cooperative membership impact technical efficiency of maize production in Nigeria: An analysis correcting for biases from observed and unobserved attributes. PLoS One, 16(1), e0245426. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olounlade, O. A., Li, G. C., Kokoye, S. E. H., Dossouhoui, F. V., Akpa, K. A. A., Anshiso, D., & Biaou, G. (2020). Impact of participation in contract farming on smallholder farmers’ income and food security in rural Benin: PSM and LATE parameter combined. Sustainability, 12(3), 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragasa, C., Lambrecht, I., & Kufoalor, D. S. (2018). Limitations of contract farming as a pro-poor strategy: The case of maize out-grower schemes in Upper West Ghana. World Development, 102, 30–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. S., Mizanul, M., Kazal, H., & Rayhan, S. J. (2020). Improved management practices adoption and technical efficiency of shrimp farmers in Bangladesh: A sample selection stochastic production frontier approach. The Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics, 41(1). http://ageconsearch.umn.edu
   Google Scholar
• Rashid, S., Abate, G. T., Lemma, S., Warner, J., Kasa, L., & Minot, N. (2015). The barley value chain in Ethiopia. Accessed on Decemeber 15, 2022 at http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/130012
   Google Scholar
• Rondhi, M., Aji, J. M. M., Khasan, A. F., & Yanuarti, R. (2020). Factors affecting farmers’ participation in contract farming: The case of broiler sector in Indonesia. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 43(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.5398/TASJ.2020.43.2.183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The Central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1985). Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. American Statistician, 39(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1985.10479383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senait Bekele, S. B., Yoseph, T., & Ayalew, T. (2020). Growth, protein content, yield and yield components of malt barley (hordeum vulgare; L.) varieties in response to seeding rate at Sinana district, Southeast Ethiopia. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 6(4), 61. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20200604.12
   Google Scholar
• Shiferaw, S., Haji, J., Ketema, M., & Sileshi, M. (2022). Technical, allocative and economic efficiency of malt barley producers in Arsi zone, Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 8(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2022.2115669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simar, L., & Wilson, P. W. (2015). Statistical approaches for non-parametric frontier models: A guided tour. International Statistical Review, 83(1), 77–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/insr.12056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephane, H., & Nesha, B. B.(2012). Accounting for latent attitudes in willingness-to-pay studies: The case of coastal water quality improvements in Tobago. Environmental & Resource Economics, 52(1), 109–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadesse, D., & Derso, B. (2019). The status and constraints of food barley production in the North Gondar highlands, North Western Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 8(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0248-3
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi, K., & Barrett, C. B. (2014). The system of rice intensification and its impacts on household income and child schooling: Evidence from rural Indonesia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 96(1), 269–289. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefera, D. A., & Bijman, J. (2021). Economics of contracts in African food systems: Evidence from the malt barley sector in Ethiopia. Agricultural and Food Economics, 9(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-021-00198-0
   Google Scholar
• Tefera, D. A., Bijman, J., & Slingerland, M. A. (2020). Multinationals and modernisation of domestic value chains in Africa: Case studies from Ethiopia. The Journal of Development Studies, 56(3), 596–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1590551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WB (World Bank). (2021) . World bank data. Retrieved from GDP per capita (current US$) - Ethiopia |. Data (worldbank.org).
   Google Scholar
• Wendimu, M. A., Henningsen, A., & Gibbon, P. (2016). Sugarcane out-growers in Ethiopia: “forced” to remain poor? World Development, 83, 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, O. E. (1989). Chapter 3 transaction cost economics. In Handbook of industrial organization (Vol. 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01006-X
   Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross Section and Panel data. MIT press.
   Google Scholar
• Yami, M., & Bekele, A. (2013). Determinants of farmers’ participation decision on local seed multiplication in Amhara region, Ethiopia: A Double hurdle approach. Article in International Journal of Science and Research, 2(1). www.ijsr.net
   Google Scholar
• Yeshitila, M., Isriya, B., Prapinwadee, S., & Auttapol, S. (2020). The impact of contract farming on technical efficiency in Ethiopia’s smallholder sesame production. Journal of the Austrian Society of Agricultural Economics, 16(4), 57–66.
   Google Scholar
• Zewdie, M. C., Moretti, M., Tenessa, D. B., Ayele, Z. A., Nyssen, J., Tsegaye, E. A., Minale, A. S., & Van Passel, S. (2021). Agricultural technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia: A stochastic frontier approach. Land, 10(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar