Sorghum allelopathy under field conditions may be caused by a combination of allelochemicals

References

• Adewusi, S. R. A. (1990). Turnover of dhurrin in green sorghum seedlings. Plant Physiology, 94(3), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.94.3.1219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajeigbe, H. A., Akinseye, F. M., Ayuba, K., & Jonah, J. 018). (2018). Productivity and water use efficiency of Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown under different nitrogen applications in Sudan Savanna Zone, Nigeria. International Journal of Agronomy, 2018, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7676058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, A. E. E., Husselmann, L. H., Tabb, D. L., & Ludidi, N. (2023). Comparative proteomics analysis between maize and sorghum uncovers important proteins and metabolic pathways mediating drought tolerance. Life (Basel, Switzerland), 13(1), 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsaadawi, I. S., Al-Khateeb, T. A., Hadwan, H. A., & Lahmood, N. R. (2015). A chemical basis for differential allelopathic potential of root exudates of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cultivars on companion weeds. Journal of Allelochemical Interactions, 1, 49–55.
   Google Scholar
• An, M., Johnson, I. R., & Lovett, J. V. (1993). Mathematical modeling of allelopathy: biological response to allelochemicals and its interpretation. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19(10), 2379–2388. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00979671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andiku, C., Shimelis, H., Laing, M., Shayanowako, A. I. T., Ugen, M. A., Manyasa, E., & Ojiewo, C. (2021). Assessment of sorghum production constraints and farmer preferences for sorghum variety in Uganda: Implications for nutritional quality breeding. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science, 71(7), 620–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2021.1944297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf, M., & Akhlaq, M. (2007). Effects of sorghum leaves, roots and stems water extract, hand weeding and herbicide on weeds suppression and yield of wheat. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 23(2), 321–327.
   Google Scholar
• Atokple, I. D. K., Oppong, G. K., & Chikpah, S. K. (2014). Evaluation of grain and sugar yields of improved sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties in the Guinea Savanna zone of Ghana. Pinnacle Agricultural Research & Management, 2(2), 374–382.
   Google Scholar
• Ayeni, M., & Kayode, J. (2013). Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts from residues of sorghum bicolor stem and maize inflorescence on the germination and growth of Euphorbia heterophylla L. Journal of Plant Studies, 2(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v2n2p7
   Google Scholar
• Baerson, S. R., Rimando, A. M., & Pan, Z. (2008). Probing allelochemical biosynthesis in sorghum root hairs. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 3(9), 667–670. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.3.9.5779
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bai, Z., Mao, S., Han, Y., Feng, L., Wang, G., Yang, B., Zhi, X., Fan, Z., Lei, Y., Du, W., & Li, Y. (2016). Study on light interception and biomass production of different cotton cultivars. PLoS ONE, 11(5), e0156335. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, T., Scott, B., & Norsworthy, J. (2015). Weed control in grain sorghum. Chapter 8. Arkansas Grain Sorghum Production Handbook.
   Google Scholar
• Belz, R. G. (2007). Allelopathy in crop/weed interactions: An update. Pest Management Science, 63(4), 308–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnholt, N., Neilson, E. H. J., Crocoll, C., Jørgensen, K., Motawia, M. S., Olsen, C. E., Dixon, D. P., Edwards, R., & Møller, B. L. (2018). Glutathione transferases catalyse recycling of auto-toxic cyanogenic glucosides in sorghum. The Plant Journal: For Cell and Molecular Biology, 94(6), 1109–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomstedt, C. K., Gleadow, R. M., O’Donnell, N., Naur, P., Jensen, K., Laursen, T., Olsen, C. E., Stuart, P., Hamill, J. D., Møller, B. L., & Neale, A. D. (2012). A combined biochemical screen and TILLING approach identifies mutations in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench resulting in acyanogenic forage production. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 10(1), 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00646.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, U. (2002). Soil solution concentrations of phenolic acids as influenced by evapotranspiration. Third World Congress on Allelopathy, Abstract No. 56.
   Google Scholar
• Breazeale, J. F. (1924). The injurious after-effects of sorghum. Agronomy Journal, 16(11), 689–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2019.1706003
   Google Scholar
• Cavatassi, R., Lipper, L., & Narloch, U. (2011). Modern variety adoption and risk management in drought prone areas: Insights from the sorghum farmers of eastern Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 42(3), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00514.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapko, L. B., & Brinkman, M. A. (1991). Interrelationships beween panicle weight, grain yield, and grain yieldcomponents in oat. Crop Science Crop Breeding, Genetics and Cytology, 31(4), 878–882. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183X003100040007x
   Google Scholar
• Cheema, Z. A. (1988). Weed control in wheat through sorghum allelochemicals [PhD thesis]. Agronomy Department, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183X003100040007x
   Google Scholar
• Cheema, Z. A., & Ahmed, S. (1992). Allelopathy: A potential tool for weed management. Proceedings of National Seminar on the role of Plant health and care in Agricultural Production held on December 28–29, 1988 at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Cheema, Z. A., Khaliq, A., & Ali, K. (2002). Efficacy of sorgaab for weed control in wheat grown at different fertility levels. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 8, 33–38.
   Google Scholar
• Chiduza, C., Waddington, S. R., & Rukuni, M. (1995). Evaluation of sorghum technologies for smallholders in a semi-arid region of Zimbabwe (Part I): Production practices and development of an experimental agenda. Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa, 1(1), 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Chikowo, R., Corbeels, M., Tittonell, P., Vanlauwe, B., Whitbread, A., & Giller, K. E. (2008). Aggregating field-scale knowledge into farm-scale models of African smallholdersystems: Summary functions to simulate crop production using APSIM. Agricultural Systems. 97(3), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2008.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chipomho, J., Rugare, J. T., Mabasa, S., Zingore, S., Mashingaidze, A. B., & Chikowo, R. (2020). Short- term impacts of soil nutrient management on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and weed dynamics along a toposequence in Eastern Zimbabwe. Heliyon, 6(10), e05223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivinge, O. A. (1990). Weed science technological needs for the communal areas of Zimbabwe. Zambezia, 17(2), 133–143. https://handle.net/10646/521
   Google Scholar
• Czarnota, M. A., Rimando, A. M., & Weston, L. A. (2003). Evaluation of root exudates of seven sorghum accessions. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29(9), 2073–2083. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025634402071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). (2010). Sorghum—Production guideline. DAFF.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, C. L. (2011). Climate risk and vulnerability: A handbook for Southern Africa (p. 92). Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
   Google Scholar
• Dayan, F. E. (2006). Factors modulating the levels of the allelochemical sorgoleone in Sorghum bicolor. Planta, 224(2), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-0217-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayan, F. E., Rimando, A. M., Pan, Z., Baerson, S. R., Gimsing, A. L., & Duke, S. O. (2010). Sorgoleone. Phytochemistry, 71(10), 1032–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke, S. O., Cedergreen, N., Velini, E. D., & Belz, R. G. (2006). Hormesis: is it an important factor in herbicide use and allelopathy? Outlooks on Pest Management, 17, 29–33.
   Google Scholar
• Duke, S. O. (2015). Proving allelopathy in crop - weed interactions. Weed Science, 63(sp1), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-13-00130.1
   Google Scholar
• Einhellig, F. A. (1995). Allelopathy: Current status and future goals. In ACS symposium series. American Chemical Society.
   Google Scholar
• Einhellig, F. A., & Souza, I. F. (1992). Phytotoxicity of sorgoleone found in grain sorghum root exudates. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00997160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einhellig, F. A., & Rasmussen, JA. (1989). Prior cropping with grain sorghum inhibits weeds. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15(3), 951–960. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01015190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everaarts, P. A. (1993). Effects of competition with weeds on the growth, development and yield of sorghum. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 120(2), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600074220
   Google Scholar
• Facenda, G., Real, M., Galán-Pérez, J. A., Gámiz, B., & Celis, R. (2023). Soil effects on the bioactivity of hydroxycoumarins as plant allelochemicals. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 12(6), 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2009). The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Standard material transfer agreement. FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2019). Early Warning Early Action report on food security and agriculture (January–March 2019). FAO. 48p.
   Google Scholar
• Farooq, A., Farooq, N., Akbar, H., Hassan, Z. U., & Gheewala, S. H. (2023). A critical review of climate change impact at a global scale on cereal crop production. Agronomy, 13(1), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010162
   Google Scholar
• Ferrell, J. A., MacDonald, G. E., Brecke, B. J., & Devkota, P. (2022). Weed management in sorghum. EDIS, 2022(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-wg002-2022
   Google Scholar
• Ficiciyan, A., Loos, J., Sievers-Glotzbach, S., & Teja Tscharntke, T. (2018). More than Yield: Ecosystem services of traditional versus modern crop varieties revisited. Sustainability, 10(8), 2834. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figuié, M., Munsaka, L., & Dzingiria, V. (2021). A socio-anthropological study on wild meat consumption in Binga district). A report for the KaZa SWM Programme. UE Sustainable Wildlife Management project. FAO, CIRAD, CIFOR and WCS; Montpellier.
   Google Scholar
• Fiorucci, A.-S., & Fankhauser, C. (2017). Plant strategies for enhancing access to sunlight. Current Biology: CB, 27(17), R931–R940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forney, D. R., & Foy, C. L. (1985). Phytotoxicity of products from rhizospheres of a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense). Weed Science, 33(5), 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500082941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forney, R. D., Foy, C. L., & Wolf, D. D. (1985). Weed suppression in no-till alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by prior cropping of summer-annual forage grasses. Weed Science, 33(4), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500082710
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Wang X, Li J, Lee CT, Ong PY, Zhang Z, Li C. (2020). Effect of aquaculture salinity on nitrification and microbial community in moving bed bioreactors with immobilized microbial granules. Bioresource Technology 297, 122427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122427
   Google Scholar
• Gao, X., Uno, K., Sarr, P. S., Yoshihashi, T., Zhu, Y., & Subbarao, G. V. (2022). High sorgoleone producing sorghum genetic stocks suppress soil nitrification and N2O emissions better than low-sorgoleone producing genetic stocks. Plant and Soil, 477(1-2), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05474-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galon, L., Santin, C. O., Andres, A., Basso, F. J. M., Nonemacher, F., Agazzi, L. R., Silva, A. F., Holz, C. M., & Fernandes, F. F. (2018). Competitive interaction between sweet sorghum with weeds. Planta Daninha, 36(0), e018173689. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582018360100053
   Google Scholar
• Ghassan, J. Z., Zakaria, W., Shaari, A. R., & Mohammud, C. H. (2016). The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of mungbean extract on germination and seedling growth of three crop species. International Journal of Scientific and Technical Research in Engineering, 1(8), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical for agricultural research (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Govindasamy, P., Muthusamy, S. K., Bagavathiannan, M., Mowrer, J., Jagannadham, P. T. K., Maity, A., Halli, H. M., Sujayananad, G. K., Vadivel, R., Das, T. K., Raj, R., Pooniya, V., Babu, S., Rathore, S. S., Muralikrishnan, L., & Gopal Tiwari, G. (2023). Nitrogen use efficiency—a key to enhance crop productivity under a changing climate. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1121073. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.11210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T., & Paul, D. R. (2001). Past: Paleontological statistics SoftwarePackage for education and data analysis. In T. D. Hatten, N. A. Bosque-Pérez, J. R. Labonte, S. O. Guy, & S. D. Eigenbrode (Eds.), Palaeontol Electron (Vol. 4 pp. 1–9). Palaeontologia Electronica.
   Google Scholar
• Hickman, D. T., Comont, D., Rasmussen, A., & Birkett, M. A. (2023). Novel and holistic approaches are required to realize allelopathic potential for weed management. Ecology and Evolution, 13(4), e10018. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, D. P., Clay, S. A., Swanton, C. J., Anderson, J. V., & Chao, W. S. (2023). Weed-induced crop yield loss: A new paradigm and new challenges. Trends in Plant Science, 28(5), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain, M. S., Islam, M. N., Rahman, M. M., Mostofa, M. G., & Khan, M. A. R. (2022). Sorghum: A prospective crop for climatic vulnerability, food and nutritional security. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 8, 100300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100300
   Google Scholar
• International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). (2018). ICRISAT-Zimbabwe Regional genebank: Conserving and maintaining germplasm for today and future generation. ICRISAT Regional Genebank.
   Google Scholar
• Idu, M. (2014). Studies on the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae L. on seedling growth of Sorghum bicolor Linn. (Poaceae). Academia Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(3), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.15413/ajar.2013.0174
   Google Scholar
• Ifie, B. E., Kwapong, N. A., Anato-Dumelo, M., Konadu, B. A., Tongoona, P. B., & Eric Yirenkyi Danquah, E. Y. (2022). Assessment of farmers readiness to adopt maize hybrid varieties for high productivity in Ghana. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science, 72(1), 506–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2021.2018032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inderjit, K., & Duke, S. O. (2003). Ecophysiological aspects of allelopathy. Planta, 217(4), 529–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-1054-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inderjit, Kaur, M., & Foy, C. L. (2001). On the significance of field studies in allelopathy. Weed Technology, 15, 792–797. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0792:OTSOFS]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inderjit, Weston LA. (2000). Are laboratory bioassays for allelopathy suitable for prediction of field responses? Journal of Chemical Ecology 26(9): 2111–2118. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005516431969
   Google Scholar
• Jassim, A. A., Abbas Al-Khaldy, R. A., & Mohmed, A. S. (2022). Effect of three growth stages of sorghum residues on lolium temulentum weeds associated with the barley crop. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1060(1), 012112. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1060/1/012112
   Google Scholar
• Javaid, A., Shafique, S., Bajwa, R., & Shafique, S. (2006). Effect of aqueous extracts of allelopathic crops on germination and growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L. South AfricanJournal of Botany, 72(4), 609–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2006.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakar, K., Xuan, T. D., & Khanh, T. D. (2023). Allelopathic potential of sweet sorghum root exudates and identification of the relevant allelochemicals. Agrochemicals, 2(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals2010007
   Google Scholar
• Kalema, E. P., Akpo, E., Muricho, G., Ringo, J., Ojiewo, C. O., & Varshney, R. K. (2022). Mapping out market drivers of improved variety seed use: tHe case of sorghum in Tanzania. Heliyon, 8(1), e08715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaliba, A. R., Mazvimavi, K., Gregory, T. L., Mgonja, F. M., & Mgonja, M. (2018). Factors affecting adoption of improved sorghum varieties in Tanzania under information and capital constraints. Agricultural and Food Economics, 6(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-018-0114-4
   Google Scholar
• Kandhro, M. N., Tunio, S., Rajpar, I., & Chachar, Q. (2014). Allelopathic impact of sorghum and sunflower intercropping on weed management and yield enhancement in cotton. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 30(3), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.2016/0261-2194(83)90042-X
   Google Scholar
• Karavina, C., Mandumbu, R., Parwada, C., & Tibugari, H. (2011). A review of the occurrence, biology and management of common bacterial blight. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(6), 1459–1474.
   Google Scholar
• Khalifa, M., & Eltahir, E. A. B. (2023). Assessment of global sorghum production, tolerance, and climate risk. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1184373 https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1184373
   Google Scholar
• Khaliq, A., Matloob, A., Cheema, Z. A., & Farooq, M. (2011). Allelopathic activity of crop residue incorporation alone or mixed against rice and its associated grass weed jungle rice (Echinochloa colona [L.] Link). Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 71(3), 418–423. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392011000300012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S., Irshad, S., Mehmood, F., & Nawaz, M. (2018). Combined application of sorghum and mulberry water extracts is effective and economical way for weed management in wheat. Asian Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 6(2), 221–227.
   Google Scholar
• Kimbi, T. G., Akpo, E., Kongola, E., Ojiewo, C. O., Vernooy, R., Muricho, G., Tabo, R., Lukurugu, G. A., Varshney, R., & Tabo, R. (2020). A probit analysis of determinants of adoption of improved sorghum technologies among farmers in Tanzania. Journal of Agricultural Science, 13(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n1p73
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y., de Datta, S. K., Robles, R. P., Kim, K. U., Lee, S. C., & Shin, D. H. (1993). Allelopathic effect of sorghum extract and residues on selected crops and weeds. Korean Journal of Weed Science, 14(1), 34–41.
   Google Scholar
• Kremer, R. J., & Reinbott, T. M. (2021). Allelopathy of sorghum residues on weed establishment is affected by hybrid, phenolic acid contents and environment. Journal of Plant Sciences, 9(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20210901.14
   Google Scholar
• Kundra, V., Aulakh, C. S., & Bhullar, M. S. (2023). Integration of allelopathic water extracts with cultural practices for weed management in organic wheat. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 55(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2023.00004.7
   Google Scholar
• Laza, M. R. C., Peng, S., Akita, S., & Saka, H. (2004). Effect of panicle size on grain yield of IRRI-Released indica rice cultivars in the wet season. Plant Production Science, 7(3), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.7.271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, N., & Thierfelder, C. (2017). Weed control under conservation agriculture in dryland smallholder farming systems of southern Africa. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 37(5), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0453-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehnhoff, E. A., Neher, P., Indacochea, A., & Beck, L. (2022). Electricity as an effective weed control tool in non-crop areas. Weed Research, 62(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, N. G., DiTommaso, A., Westbrook, A. S., Ketterings, Q. M., & Mohler, C. L. (2021). Effects of fertility amendments on weed growth and weed–crop competition: A review. Weed Science, 69(2), 132–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lottering, S., Mafongoya, P., & Lottering, R. (2021). Drought and its impacts on small-scale farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: A review. South African Geographical Journal, 103(3), 319–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1795914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mafongoya, P. L., Bationo, A., Kihara, J., & Waswa, B. S. (2006). Appropriate technologies to replenish soil fertility in southern Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 76(2-3), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-006-9049-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamudu, A. Y., Baiyeri, K. P., & Echezon, B. (2019). Integrated weed management systems in sorghum based cropping system in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development, 11(3), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.5897/JABSD2019.0342
   Google Scholar
• Mandumbu, R., Nyawenze, C., Rugare, J. T., Nyamadzawo, G., Parwada, C., & Tibugari, H. (2020). Tied ridges and better cotton breeds for climate change adaptation. In W. Leal Filho (Eds.), African handbook of climate change adaptation. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_23-1
   Google Scholar
• Mandumbu, R., Karavina, C., Tibugari, H., Mandizvidza, L., Mhungu, S., & Rugare, J. (2016). Allelopathic potential of sorghum, wheat and maize residue extracts on germination and early establishment of Amaranthus hybridus (L.) and Rottboellia cochinchinensis (L.). Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa, 22(2), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.5897/UJ-JASSA.17.005.2
   Google Scholar
• Mandumbu, R., Jowah, P., Karavina, C., & Tibugari, H. (2011). Integrated weed management in Zimbabwe’s smallholder sector: where are we? A review. Modern Applied Science, 5(5), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v5n5p111
   Google Scholar
• Mashingaidze, A. B. (2004). Improving weed management and crop productivity in maize systems in Zimbabwe [PhD thesis]. Wageningen University.
   Google Scholar
• Mindaye, T. T., Mace, E. S., Godwin, I. D., & Jordan, D. R. (2016). Heterosis in locally adapted sorghum genotypes and potential of hybrids for increased productivity in contrasting environments in Ethiopia. The Crop Journal, 4(6), 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2016.06.020
   Google Scholar
• Miriti, P., Regassa, M. D., Ojiewo, C. O., & Melesse, M. B. (2022). Farmers’ preferences and willingness to pay for traits of sorghum varieties: Informing product development and breeding programs in Tanzania. Journal of Crop Improvement, 37(2), 253–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2079038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mubeen, K., Nadeem, M. A., Tanveer, A., & Zahir, Z. A. (2012). Allelopathic effects of sorghum and sunflower water extracts on germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) And three weed species. Journal of Animal and Plant Science, 22(3), 738–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundia, C. W., Secchi, S., Akamani, K., & Wang, G. (2019). A regional comparison of factors affecting global sorghum production: The case of North America, Asia and Africa’s Sahel. Sustainability, 11(7), 2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murimwa, J. C., Rugare, J. T., Mabasa, S., & Mandumbu, R. (2019). Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) on the early seedling growth of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties and selected weeds. International Journal of Agronomy, 20195494756, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5494756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musara, J. P., Tibugari, H., Moyo, B., & Mutizira, C. (2021). Crop-livestock integration practices, knowledge, and attitudes among smallholder farmers: Hedging against climate change-induced shocks in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Open Life Sciences, 16(1), 1330–1340. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwololo, B. M. (2010). The role of farmers in biodiversity conservation of maize landraces through farming systems in Kenya. Journal of Developments in Sustainable Agriculture, 5, 155–177.
   Google Scholar
• Naeem, M., Cheema, Z. A., Ihsan, M. Z., Hussain, Y., Mazari, A., & Abbas, H. T. (2018). Allelopathic effects of different plant water extracts on yield and weeds of wheat. Planta Daninha, 36(0), e018177840. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582018360100094
   Google Scholar
• Ndlovu, E., van Staden, J., & Maphosa, M. (2021). Morpho-physiological effects of moisture, heat and combined stresses on Sorghum bicolor [Moench (L.)] and its acclimation mechanisms. Plant Stress, 2, 100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2021.100018
   Google Scholar
• Netzly, D. H., & Butler, L. G. (1986). Roots of sorghum exude hydrophobic droplets containing biologically active components. Crop Science, 26(4), 775–778. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183X002600040031x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngwenyama, P., Siziba, S., Nyanga, L. K., Stathers, T. E., Mubayiwa, M., Mlambo, S., Nyabako, T., Bechoff, A., Shee, A., & Mvumi, B. M. (2023). Determinants of smallholder farmer’ maize grain storage protection practices and understanding of the nutritional aspects of grain postharvest losses. Food Security, 15(4), 937–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01349-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimbal, C. I., Pedersen, J. F., Yerkes, C. N., Weston, L. A., & Weller, S. C. (1996). Phytotoxicity and distribution of sorgoleone in grain sorghum germplasm. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44(5), 1343–1347. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950561n
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyabanga, L., Mandumbu, R., Rugare, J. T., Mafuse, N., Zivenge, E., Tibugari, H., Nyamadzawo, G., & Gadzirayi, C. T. (2021). Preventing fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith) damage in maize by altering planting time and using varied genotypes. In G. Nhamo (Eds.), Sustainable development goals for society Vol. 2. Sustainable Development Goals Series. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70952-5_4
   Google Scholar
• Nyamangara, J., Mashingaidze, N., Masvaya, E. N., Nyengerai, K., Kunzekweguta, M., Tirivavi, R., & Mazvimavi, K. (2014). Weed growth and labor demand under hand-hoe based reducedtillage in smallholder farmers’ fields in Zimbabwe. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 187, 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyamapfene, K. (1991). The soils of Zimbabwe. Harare, Nehanda Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Okuthe, I. K., Ngesa, F. U., & Ochola, W. W. (2013). The socio-economic determinants of the adoption of improved sorghum varieties and technologies by smallholder farmers: Evidence from South Western Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(18), 280–292.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira, J. S., Peixoto, C. P., Ledo, C. A. S., & Almeida, A. T. (2019). Aqueous plant extracts in the control of Bidens pilosa L. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 86, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657000532016
   Google Scholar
• Olofsdotter M, Jensen LB, Courtois B. (2002). Improving crop competitive ability using allelopathy – an example from rice. Plant Breeding. 121:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Omanya, G. O., Ayiecho, P. O., & Nyabundi, J. O. (1997). Variation for adaptability to dryland conditions in sorghum. African Crop Science Journal, 5(2), 127–138. https://hdl.handle.net/1807/23398
   Google Scholar
• Ostmeyer, T. J., Bahuguna, R. N., Kirkham, M. B., Bean, S., & Jagadish, S. V. K. (2022). Enhancing sorghum yield through efficient use of nitrogen – challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 845443. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.845443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, Z., Baerson, S. R., Wang, M., Bajsa-Hirschel, J., Rimando, A. M., Wang, X., Nanayakkara, N. P. D., Noonan, B. P., Fromm, M. E., Dayan, F. E., Khan, I. A., & Duke, S. O. (2018). A cytochrome P450 CYP71 enzyme expressed in Sorghum bicolor root hair cells participates in the biosynthesis of the benzoquinone allelochemical sorgoleone. The New Phytologist, 218(2), 616–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panasiuk, O., Bills, D. D., & Leather, G. R. (1986). Allelopathic influence of Sorghum bicolor on weeds during germination and early development of seedling. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12(6), 1533–1543. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01012370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandian, B. A., Sexton-Bowser, S., Prasad, P. V. V., & Jugulam, M. (2021). Current status of herbicide-resistant grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Pest Management Science, 78(2), 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parwada, C., Van Tol, J., Tibugari, H., & Mandumbu, R. (2020). Characterisation of soil physical properties and resistance to erosion in different areas of soil associations. African Crop Science Journal, 28(1), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.8
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, D. R., Menezes, C. B., Carvalho, A. J., Portugal, A. F., Magalhães, P. C., Silva, K. J., Santos, C. V., Campos, A. F., Oliveira, S. M., & Aspiazú, I. (2023). Seedling selection of sorghum for drought tolerance based on root morphology. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE MILHO E SORGO, 22, e1310. https://doi.org/10.18512/rbms2023v22e1310
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, A. R., & DeFrank, J. (1983). Use of phytotoxic plant residues for selective weed control. Crop Protection, 2(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(83)90042-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qasem, J. R. (2019). Weed seed dormancy: The ecophysiology and survival strategies. In Seed dormancy and germination. InctechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88015
   Google Scholar
• Rad, R. D., Sharifabad, H. H., Torabi, M., Azizinejad, R., Salemi, H., & Soltanabadi, M. H. (2023). Drought stress tolerance based on selection indices of resistant crops variety. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 9(2), 287–298. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2023.02.08
   Google Scholar
• Rashid, H. U., Khan, A., Hassan, G., Khan, S. U., Saeed, M., Khan, S. A., Khan, S. M., & Hashim, S. (2020). Weed suppression in maize (Zea mays L.) through the allelopathic effects of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Conard Moench.], sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) plants. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 18(4), 5187–5197. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1804_51875197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reicosky, D., & Crovetto, C. (2014). No-till systems on the Chequen Farm in Chile: A success story in bringing practice and science together. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 2(1), 66–77. 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-6339(15)30014-9
   Google Scholar
• Roth, C. M., Shroyer, J. P., & Paulsen, G. M. (2000). Allelopathy of sorghum on wheat under several tillage systems. Agronomy Journal, 92(5), 855–860. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.925855x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadan, H. M., Mgonja, M. A., & Obilana, A. B. (2000). Performance of the Sorghum Variety Macia in multiple environments in Tanzania. ISMN, 10, 41.
   Google Scholar
• Sarr, S., Nakamura, S., Ando, Y., Iwasaki, S., & Subbarao, G. V. (2021). Sorgoleone production enhances mycorrhizal association and reduces soil nitrification in sorghum. Rhizosphere, 17, 100283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2020.100283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scavo, A., & Mauromicale, G. (2021). Crop allelopathy for sustainable weed management in agroecosystems: Knowing the present with a view to the future. Agronomy, 11(11), 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112104
   Google Scholar
• Sigua, G. C., Stone, K. C., Bauer, P. J., & Szogi, A. A. (2018). Biomass and nitrogen use efficiency of grain sorghum with nitrogen and supplemental irrigation. Agronomy Journal, 110(3), 1119–1127. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.09.0533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sissoko, M., Smale, M., Castiaux, A., & Theriault, V. (2019). Adoption of new sorghum varieties in Mali through a participatory approach. Sustainability, 11(17), 4780. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smale, M., Assima, A., Kergna, A., Thériault, V., & Weltzien, E. (2018). Farm family effects of adopting improved and hybrid sorghum seed in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa. Food Policy, 74, 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbarao, G. V., Nakahara, K., Ando, Y., Sahrawat, K. L., Deshpande, S. P., Srinivasarao, P., Upadhyaya, H. D., & Ct Hash, C. T. (2015). Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) activity in sorghum: Potential role for enhancing nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE). In Proceedings of Global Consultation on Millets Promotion for Health and Nutritional Security. ICAR - Indian Institte of Millets Research.
   Google Scholar
• Stathers, T., Holcroft, D., Kitinoja, L., Mvumi, B. M., English, A., Omotilewa, O., Kocher, M., Ault, J., & Torero, M. (2020). A scoping review of interventions for crop postharvest loss reduction in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Nature Sustainability, 3(10), 821–835. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00622-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, R. G. D., & Torrie, J. H. (1984). Principles and procedures of statistics (2nd ed.). MacGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Strecker, K., Bitzer, V., & Kruijssen, F. (2022). Critical stages for post-harvest losses and nutrition outcomes in the value chains of bush beans and nightshade in Uganda. Food Security, 14(2), 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01244-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesfamariam, T., Yoshinaga, H., Deshpande, S. P., Rao, P. S., Sahrawat, K. L., Ando, Y., Nakahara, K., Hash, C. T., & Subbarao, G. V. (2014). Biological nitrification inhibition in sorghum: the role of sorgoleone production. Plant and Soil, 379(1–2), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2075-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibamanya, F. Y., Henningsen, A., & Milanzi, M. A. (2022). Drivers of and barriers to adoption of improved sunflower varieties amongst smallholder farmers in Singida, Tanzania: A double-hurdle approach. Q Open, 2(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/qopen/qoac008
   Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Musendo, F. A., Mhungu, S., Mandumbu, R., & Mutsengi, K. (2013). The fruitfully scourge: Has Zimbabwe been spared? Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 47(7), 821–829. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.823321
   Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., & Jowah, P. (2013). Are Helicoverpa armigera and Tetranychus spp. populations still susceptible to pesticides? A Zimbabwean study. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 47(10), 1146–1157. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.832866
   Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Chikasha, T., Manyeruke, N., Mathema, N., Musara, J. P., Dlamini, D., Mapuranga, R., Mapanje, O., Banda, A., & Parwada, C. (2019a). Poor maize productivity in Zimbabwe: Can collusion in pricing by seed houses be the cause? Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5(1), 1682230. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1682230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Chiduza, C., Mashingaidze, A. B., & Mabasa, S. (2019a). Quantification of sorgoleone in sorghum accessions from eight southern African countries. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 36(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2018.1469794
   Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Manyeruke, N., Mafere, G., Chakavarika, M., Nyamuzuwe, L., Marumahoko, P., & Mandumbu, R. (2019b). Allelopathic effect of stressing sorghum on weed growth. Cogent Biology, 5(1), 1684865. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2019.1684865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Chiduza, C., & Mashingaidze, A. B. (2020a). A survey of problem weeds of sorghum and their management in two sorghum-producing districts of Zimbabwe. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1738840. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1738840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Chiduza, C., & Mashingaidze, A. B. (2020b). Farmer knowledge, attitude and practices on sorghum allelopathy in five sorghum producing districts of Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 37(2), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2019.1706003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Chiduza, C., Mashingaidze, A. B., & Mabasa, S. (2020c). High sorgoleone autotoxicity in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) varieties that produce high sorgoleone content. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 37(2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2020.1711539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Marumahoko, P., Mandumbu, R., Mangosho, E., Manyeruke, N., Tivani, S., Magaya, R., & Chinwa, H. (2020). Allelopathic sorghum aqueous extracts reduce biomass of hairy beggarticks. Cogent Biology, 6(1), 1810382. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1810382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Chiduza, C., Mashingaidze, A. B., & Mabasa, S. (2021). Incorporated sorghum residues reduce emergence and seedling growth of some crops. International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 48(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v48i2.2298
   Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., Chiduza, C., Mashingaidze, A. B., & Mabasa, S. (2022). Reduced atrazine doses combined with sorghum aqueous extracts inhibit emergence and growth of weeds. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 22(3), 19840–19856. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.108.19505
   Google Scholar
• Tibugari, H., & Chiduza, C. (2022). Allelopathic sorghum aqueous root extracts inhibit germination and seedling growth of crops and weeds. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 22(4), 20036–20052. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.109.19785
   Google Scholar
• Trezzi, M. M., Vidal, R. A., Dick, D. P., Peralba, M. C. R., & Kruse, N. D. (2006). Sorptive behavior of sorgoleone in ultisol in two solvent systems and determination of its lipophilicity. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 41(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601230600613780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trezzi, M. M., Vidal, R. A., Balbinot, A. A., Bittencourt, H. H., & Filho, A. P. S. S. (2016). Allelopathy: Driving mechanisms governing its activity in agriculture. Journal of Plant Interactions, 11(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2016.1159342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, M., Du, C., Yu, B., Wang, G., Deng, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, M., Chang, J., Yang, G., He, G., Xiong, Z., & Li, Y. (2023). Current advances in the molecular regulation of abiotic stress tolerance in sorghum via transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1147328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1147328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchimiya, M. (2020). Proton-coupled electron transfers of defense phytochemicals in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(46), 12978–12983. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin, M. R., Park, K. W., Kim, Y. K., Park, S. U., & Pyon, J. Y. (2010). Enhancing sorgoleone levels in grain sorghum root exudates. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36(8), 914–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-010-9829-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin, M. R., Won, O. J., & Pyon, J. Y. (2010). Herbicidal effects and crop selectivity of sorgoleone, a sorghum root exudate under greenhouse and field conditions. Korean Journal of Weed Science, 30(4), 412–420. https://doi.org/10.5660/KJWS.2010.30.4.412
   Google Scholar
• Uddin, M. R., Park, K. W., Pyon, J. Y., & Park, S.-U. (2013). Combined herbicidal effect of two natural products (sorgoleone and hairy root extract of tartary buckwheat) on crops and weeds. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7(2), 227–233.
   Google Scholar
• Uddin, M. R., Park, S. U., Dayan, F. E., & Pyon, J. Y. (2014). Herbicidal activity of formulated sorgoleone, a natural product of sorghum root exudate. Pest Management Science, 70(2), 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vattuone, M. A., Sampietro, D. A., Soberón, J. R., Sgariglia, M. A., & Quiroga, E. N. (2009). Plant sampling and sample preparation. In D. A. Sampietro, C. A. N. Catalan, & M. A. Vattuone (Eds.), Isolation, identification and characterization of allelochemicals/natural products (pp. 31–69). Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Viator, R. P., Johnson, R. M., Grimm, C. C., & Richard, E. P.Jr. (2006). Allelopathic, autotoxic, and hormetic effects of postharvest sugarcane residue. Agronomy Journal, 98(6), 1526–1531. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VSN-International. (2011). GenStat for window (10th ed.), VSN International.
   Google Scholar
• Wanga, M. A., Shimelis, H., & Mengistu, G. (2022). Sorghum production in northern Namibia: Farmers’perceived constraints and trait preferences. Sustainability, 14(16), 10266. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston, L. A., & Czarnota, M. A. (2001). Activity and persistence of sorgoleone, a long-chain hydroquinone produced by Sorghum bicolor. Journal of Crop Production, 4(2), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1300/J144v04n02_17
   Google Scholar
• Yang, X., Scheffler, B., & Weston, L. A. (2004). SOR1, a gene associated with bioherbicide production in sorghum root hairs. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55(406), 2251–2259. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yar, S., Khan, E. A., Hussain, I., Raza, B., Abbas, M. S., & Munazza, Z. (2020). Allelopathic influence of sorghum aqueous extracts and sorghum powder on germination indices and seedling vigor of hybrid corn and jungle rice. Planta Daninha, 38, e020192192. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582020380100005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimdahl, R. L. (2007). Fundamentals of weed science. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar