References
- Andreeva, C. (2019, May). EU counter-terrorism policy after 2015 – the added value of harmonisation over national-based approaches. In Emerging voices – a future of Europe anthology (pp. 193–211). Dublin: Institute for International and European Affairs (IIEA). [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.iiea.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Christine-Andreeva.pdf.
- Andreeva, C. (2020). The EU’s counter-terrorism policy after 2015—“Europe wasn’t ready”—“but it has proven that it’s adaptable. ERA Forum, 20(3), 343–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-019-00570-0
- Balzacq, T. (2005). The three faces of securitization: Political agency, audience and context. European Journal of International Relations, 11(2), 171–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066105052960
- Balzacq, T. (2008). The policy tools of securitization: Information exchange, EU foreign and interior policies*. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 46(1), 75–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00768.x
- Balzacq, T. (2011). Understanding securitisation theory: How security problems emerge and dissolve. Oxon: Routledge.
- Balzacq, T., & Léonard, S. (2013). Information-sharing and the EU counter-terrorism policy: A ‘securitisation tool’ approach. In C. Kaunert & S. Léonard (Eds.), European security, terrorism and intelligence: Tackling new security challenges in Europe, Palgrave studies in European Union politics (pp. 127–142). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
- Bigo, D. (2008). Globalized (in) security: The field and the ban-opticon. In D. Bigo, D., & A. Tsoukala (Eds.), Terror, insecurity and liberty. Illiberal practices of liberal regimes after 9/11 (pp. 10–48). Oxon and New York: Routledge.
- Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. (G. Raymond and M. Adamson, Trans). Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Bures, O. (2013). EU counterterrorism policy: A paper tiger? Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
- Bures, O. (2018). ‘EU measures to combat terrorist financing’. In C. King, C. Walker, & J. Gurulé (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of criminal and terrorism financing Law (pp. 855–881). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & J. de Wilde. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Capoccia, G., & Kelemen, R. D. (2007). The study of critical junctures: Theory, narrative, and counterfactuals in Historical institutionalism. World Politics, 59(3), 341–369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100020852. 2011/06/13 edn.
- Coleman, W. D., Skogstad, G. D., & Atkinson, M. M. (1996). Paradigm shifts and policy networks: Cumulative change in agriculture. Journal of Public Policy, 16(3), 273–301.
- Collier, R. B., & Collier, D. (1991). Critical junctures and historical legacies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Conran, J., & Thelen, K. A. (2016). Institutional change, The Oxford handbook of historical institutionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Council of the EU. (2012). Agreement between the United States of America and the European Union on the use and transfer of passenger name records to the United States Department of Homeland Security, OJ L 215, 11.8.2012, p. 5–14. [online]. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A22012A0811%2801%29.
- Council of the EU. (2015a, February 15). FAC meetings. Main Results. [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/fac/2015/02/09/.
- Council of the EU. (2015b, March 12–13). JHA council meeting. Main results. [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/jha/2015/03/12-13/.
- Council of the EU. (2019, April 1). European Border and Coast Guard: Council confirms agreement on stronger mandate. Press Release [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2019/04/01/european-border-and-coast-guard-council-confirms-agreement-on-stronger-mandate/.
- Council of the EU and European Parliament. (2016). Directive (EU) 2016/681 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the use of passenger name record (PNR) data for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crime, [online], OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 132–149. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/681/oj.
- Council of the EU and European Parliament. (2018a). Regulation (EU) 2018/1860 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 November 2018 on the use of the Schengen Information System for the return of illegally staying third-country nationals, PE/34/2018/REV/1, OJ L 312, 7.12.2018, p. 1–13. [online]. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32018R1860.
- Council of the EU and European Parliament. (2018b). Regulation (EU) 2018/1861 of the European Parliament and the Council of 28 November 2018 on the use of the Schengen Information System for the return of illegally staying third-country nationals on the establishment, operation and use of the Schengen Information System (SIS) in the field of border checks, and amending the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement, and amending and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006, PE/34/2018/REV/1, OJ L 312, p. 56–104. [online]. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R1860&from=EN.
- Council of the EU and European Parliament. (2018c). Regulation (EU) 2018/1862 on the establishment, operation and use of the Schengen Information System (SIS) in the field of police cooperation and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, amending and appealing Council Decision 2007/533/JHA, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1986/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Decision 2010/261/EU, PE/34/2018/REV/1, OJ L 312, p. 56–104. [online]. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R1862&from=en.
- de Wilde, P., Leupold, A., & Schmidtke, H. (2016). Introduction: The differentiated politicisation of European governance. West European Politics, 39(1), 3–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2015.1081505
- Den Boer, M. D. (2015). Counter-terrorism, security and intelligence in the EU: Governance challenges for collection, exchange and analysis. Intelligence and National Security, 30(2–3), 402–419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2014.988444
- European Commission. (2016a). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) in accordance with art. 24 (5), 43 (3) and 50 (5) of Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 and art. 59 (3) and 66 (5) of Decision 2007/533/JHA, {SWD(2016) 450 final}, COM(2016) 880 final. [online]. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-security/legislative-documents/docs/20161221/report_on_evaluation_of_second_generation_sis2_en.pdf [Accessed 10 May 2019].
- European Commission. (2016b, November 16). European Agenda on Security: Second report on progress towards an effective and sustainable Security Union. Press Release. [online]. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_16_3681.
- European Commission. (2017, April 29). Commission welcomes Europol’s new mandate and cooperation agreement with Denmark. Press Release. [online]. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/fr/STATEMENT_17_1169.
- European Commission. (2018a). Proposal COM(2018) 631 final, 12 September 2018, Annexes to the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on the European Border and Coast Guard and repealing Council Joint Action n°98/700/JHA, Regulation (EU) n°1052/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EU) n°2016/1624 of the European Parliament and of the Council [online]. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2018:631:FIN.
- European Commission. (2018b). Regulation (EU) 2018/1726 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 November 2018 on the European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (eu-LISA), and amending Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 and Council Decision 2007/533/JHA and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1077/2011, PE/29/2018/REV/1, OJ L 295, p. 99–137. [online]. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1559147864586&uri=CELEX:32018R1726.
- European Commission. (2018c). Security Union: New rules on reinforced Schengen Information System enter into force. Press Release. [online]. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_18_6921.
- European Council. (2015, February 12). Informal meeting of the Heads of State or Government Brussels, Statement by the members of the European Council. Press Release. [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/02/12/european-council-statement-fight-against-terrorism/.
- European Council on Refugees and Exiles. (2019). An EU Agreement on Reform of Frontex. [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.ecre.org/an-eu-agreement-on-reform-of-frontex/.
- Europol. (2018). TE-SAT Report 2018. [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/tesat_2018_1.pdf].
- Fägersten, B. (2010). Bureaucratic resistance to international intelligence cooperation – The case of Europol. Intelligence and National Security, 25(4), 500–520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2010.537028
- Fägersten, B. (2015). Intelligence and decision-making within the common Foreign and security policy. Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies, European Policy Analysis, 2015, 22epa. [online]. Retrieved from: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38978720/Fagersten_EPA_2015_eng.pdf?1443797736=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DIntelligence_and_decision_making_within.pdf&Expires=1613698280&Signature=EUu9yDQB2b~S7rcGMj4pC0X6VU4Q9hfQqxoHYqxxCrC3H~i7g~f8s07DtAkiMmgzIgMNgOTHR~dFoeEd6IaggBcfiv3UXWKz7SAEbCojNY18h6-xz16zV23M2mSSOwe75zIBwNvrLVBPjvR7VaH8U3Z7UtjBK1zSApsWGPtAS6yCO6I6wFs-VFBj30ERWTkkiIPjjcHOcNZUZ7jK~~qaRHbZvh9HnSdt6OKidsbh5v45tLuAwJs3aFYWZHqgwatYrTjOEPJRLGhi2rbvWKS5ZjRSOm1woHN1xZXWGk0U7VUiRXDKpFJZ14hA4MevHLnwys2antvGcW3cg3W36Wbaqg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA.
- Fägersten, B. (2016). For EU eyes only? Intelligence and European security. European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). Brief Issue n. 8, 2016, pp. 1–4. [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_8_EU_Intelligence_Cooperation.pdf
- General Secretariat of the Council of the EU. (2015a, April 23). Special meeting of the European Council – Statement, EUCO 18/15, CO EUR. [online]. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do;jsessionid=jeSxzMm7FWkq2g1w8-L_fqIxkN-Be_A75tLbPuSPQK4RGL9GpSbJ!-2142749860?docId=2098892&cardId=2098891 [Accessed 3 May 2019].
- General Secretariat of the Council of the EU. (2015b). Informal meeting of Justice and Home Affairs Ministers in Riga on 29 and 30 January 2015, 5855/15. [online]. Retrieved from: http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5855-2015-INIT/en/pdf].
- Gruszczak, A. (2016). Intelligence security in the European Union, building a strategic intelligence community. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
- Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. C. (1996). Political science and the three new institutionalisms. Political Studies, 44(5), 936–957.
- Hegghammer, T. (2018, October 7). Europe to Terrorists: It’s No More Monsieur Nice Guy. Wall Street Journal. [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/europe-to-terrorists-its-no-more-monsieur-nice-guy-1538950931.
- Heinrich, J. (2006). The case for a European CIA. Europe’s World, Spring 2006, 138–139.
- Höhn, C., & de Kerchove, G. (2019). The role of European intelligence in countering terrorism. In J. Dietich, & S. Sule (Eds.), Intelligence law and policy in Europe (pp. 82–120). Oxford: Hart Publishing.
- Huysmans, J., Dobson, A., & Prokhovnik, R. (2006). The politics of protection: Sites of insecurity and political agency. London, New York: Routledge.
- Ilbiz, E., Kaunert, C., & Anagnostakis, D. (2017). The counterterrorism agreements of Europol with third countries: Data protection and power asymmetry. Terrorism and Political Violence, 29(6), 967–984. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1092438
- Kaunert, C., & Léonard, S. (2019). The collective securitisation of terrorism in the European Union. West European Politics, 42(2), 261–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1510194
- Kaunert, C., & Yakubov, I. (2017). Securitization: Turning an approach into a framework for research on EU justice and home affairs. In A. Ripoll Servent, & F. Trauner (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of justice and home affairs research (pp. 30–40). London: Routledge.
- Kuhn, T. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 0-226-45803-2.
- Lander, S. S. (2004). International intelligence cooperation: An inside perspective. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17(3), 481–493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0955757042000296964
- Lasoen, K. L. (2020). Plan B(ruxellles): Belgian intelligence and the terrorist attacks of 2015-16. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(6), 1291–1309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445
- Léonard, S., & Kaunert, C. (2021). The development of Europol’s external relations: Towards supranationalism? Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 28(2), 229–244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211005162
- Lowndes, V., & Roberts, M. (2013). Why institutions matter: The New institutionalism in political science. London: Macmillan International Higher Education.
- Mahoney, J. (2001). Path dependent explanations of regime change. Studies in Comparative and International Development, 36(1), 111–141.
- Maricut, A. (2016). With and without supranationalisation: The post-Lisbon roles of the European Council and the Council in justice and home affairs governance. Journal of European Integration, 38(5), 541–555. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2016.1178253
- McDonagh, E. L. (1976). Attitude changes and paradigm shifts: Social psychological foundations of the Kuhnian thesis. Social Studies of Science, 6(1), 51–76.
- Monar, J. (2015). The EU as an international counter-terrorism actor: Progress and constraints. Intelligence and National Security, 30(2–3), 333–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2014.988448
- Müller-Wille, B. (2004). For our eyes only? Shaping an intelligence community within the EU. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies.
- Müller-Wille, B. (2008). The effect of international terrorism on EU intelligence co-operation. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 46(1), 49–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00767.x
- Occhipinti, J. D. (2013). Availability by stealth? EU information-sharing in transatlantic perspective. In C. Kaunert & S. Léonard (Eds.), European security, terrorism and intelligence: Tackling new security challenges in Europe, Palgrave Studies in European Union politics (pp. 143–184). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
- Occhipinti, J. D. (2016). Still moving toward a European FBI? Re-examining the politics of EU police cooperation. In J. Argomaniz, O. Bures, & C. Kaunert (Eds.), EU Counter-Terrorism and intelligence, A critical assessment (pp. 43–67). Abingdon/New York: Taylor & Francis.
- Perez, C. (2004). Technological revolutions, paradigm shifts and socio-institutional change. In E. Reinert (Ed.), Globalization, economic development and inequality: An alternative perspective (pp. 217–242). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in time. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Rodman, J. (1980). Paradigm change in political science: An ecological perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 24(1), 49–78.
- Rozée, S., Kaunert, C., & Léonard, S. (2013). Is Europol a comprehensive policing actor? Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 14(3), 372–387. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2013.817808
- Svendsen, A. D. M. (2011). On ‘a continuum with expansion’? Intelligence cooperation in Europe in the early twenty-first century. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 7(4: Special Issue), 520–538. [online]. Retrieved from: http://jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/download/318/308.
- Thelen, K. (2002). The explanatory power of historical institutionalism. In R. Mayntz (Ed.), Akteure-Mechanismen–Modelle. Zur theoriefähigkeit makro-sozialer analysen (pp. 91–107). Frankfurt a.M.: Campus Verlag.
- van Ballegooij, W., & Bakowski, P. (2018). The fight against terrorism. Cost of non-europe report. Brussels: European added value unit, May 2008. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/621817/EPRS_STU(2018)621817_EN.pdf. [Accessed 15 Jun. 2021].
- Wæver, O. (1995). Securitization and desecuritization. In R. Lipschutz (Ed.), On security (pp. 46–87). New York: Columbia University Press.
- Walsh, J. I. (2006). Intelligence-Sharing in the European Union: Institutions Are Not enough*. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(3), 625–643. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00638.x
- Wensink, W., et al. (2017). The European union’s policies on counter-terrorism – relevance, coherence and effectiveness. European Parliament. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/583124/IPOL_STU(2017)583124_EN.pdf. [Accessed 25 Jun. 2021].
- Wittendorp, S. (2016). Conducting government: Governmentality, monitoring and EU counter-terrorism. Global Society, 30(3), 465–483. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2016.1173653
- Wood, M. (2015). Puzzling and powering in policy paradigm shifts: Politicization, depoliticization and social learning. Critical Policy Studies, 9(1), 2–21.