Still the absent friend? The European Union’s global counter-terrorism role after twenty years

References

• Argomaniz, J. (2009a). When the EU is the norm-taker: The passenger name records agreement and the EU’s internalisation of US border security norms. Journal of European Integration, 31(1), 119–136.
   Google Scholar
• Argomaniz, J. (2009b). Post-9/11 institutionalisation of European Union counter-terrorism: Emergence, acceleration, and inertia. European Security, 18(2), 151–172.
   Google Scholar
• Argomaniz, J. (2011). The EU and counter-terrorism: Politics, policy, and policies after 9/11. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Argomaniz, J., Bures, O., & Kaunert, C. (2015). A decade of EU counter-terrorism and intelligence: A critical assessment. Intelligence and National Security, 30(2–3), 191–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auger, V. (2020). Right-Wing terror: A fifth global wave? Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(3), 87–97.
   Google Scholar
• Baker-Beall, C. (2019). The threat of the ‘returning foreign fighter’: The securitisation of migration and border control policy. Security Dialogue, 50(5), 437–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzacq, T. (2005). The three faces of securitisation: Political agency, audience, and context. European Journal of International Relations, 11(2), 171–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzacq, T., Leonard, S., & Ruzicka, J. (2016). ‘Securitisation’ revisited: Theory and cases. International Relations, 30(4), 494–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC. (2015). Paris attacks: Hollande Blames Islamic state for ‘act of war’. Retrieved May 27, 2021, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34820016.
   Google Scholar
• Beyer, C. (2008). The European Union as a security policy actor: The case of counter-terrorism. European Foreign Affairs Review, 13(3), 293–315.
   Google Scholar
• Bossong, R. (2012). The evolution of EU counter-terrorism: European security policy after 9/11. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brattberg, E., & Rhinard, M. (2012). The EU as a global counter-terrorism actor in the making. European Security, 21(4), 557–577.
   Google Scholar
• Bures, O. (2010). Perceptions of the terrorist threat among EU member states. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 4(1), 51–80.
   Google Scholar
• Bures, O. (2011). EU Counter-terrorism policy: A paper tiger? Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bush, G. W. (2001). George W. Bush address to the nation. Retrieved May 21, 2021, from https://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/481921texts.html.
   Google Scholar
• CNN. (2001). World shock over US attacks. Retrieved May 27, 2021, from http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/11/trade.centre.reaction/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• CNN. (2015). 2015 Paris attacks fast facts. Retrieved May 27, 2021, from https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/08/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. (2005). The European Union counter-terrorism strategy. 14469/4/05 REV4.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. (2015). Outline of the counter-terrorism strategy for Syria and Iraq, with particular focus on foreign fighters. 5369/15.
   Google Scholar
• Council on Foreign Relations. (2021). The Taliban in Afghanistan. Retrieved May 19, 2021, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/taliban-afghanistan.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, M. D. (2017). Counter-terrorism in the EU’s external relations. Journal of European Integration, 39(5), 609–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Goede, M. (2008). The politics of pre-emption and the war on terror in Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 14(1), 161–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euractiv. (2015). France ‘at war’ inaugurates EU’s mutual defence clause. Retrieved May 27, 2021, from https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/france-at-war-inaugurates-eu-s-mutual-defence-clause/.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2011). Co-operation between the European Union and Iraq: Joint strategy paper 2011–2013. Retrieved May 30, 2021, from https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/iraq/docs/2011_2013_jsp_nip_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2021a). Syria. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://ec.europa.eu/echo/where/middle-east/syria_en.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2021b). EU-wide survey shows Europeans support the launch of the conference on the future of Europe. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_1025.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (n.d.). Afghanistan. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/where-we-work/afghanistan_en.
   Google Scholar
• European Council. (2001). Conclusions and plan of action of the extraordinary European Council Meeting on 21 September 2001. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/20972/140en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European External Action Service. (2019). The EU and Iraq. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eu_and_iraq_factsheet_updated_.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European External Action Service and European Commission. (2014). EU-Pakistan multi-annual indicative programme (MIP). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/mip20142020-programming-pakistan-20140811_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. (2015). The proposed EU passenger name records (PNR) directive. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-554215-The-EU-PNR-Proposal-FINAL.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Union. (2011). EU engagement in Afghanistan. Retrieved May 19, 2021, from https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/policies/eu-special-representatives/vygaudas-usackas/docs/20120413_eu_engagement_afghanistan_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Union. (2016). Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe: A global strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Europol. (2014). European situation and trend report: TE-SAT 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2021, from https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/eu-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2014.
   Google Scholar
• Europol. (2020). European Union situation and trend report. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Foreign fighters – Member state responses and EU action. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/579080/EPRS_BRI(2016)579080_EN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, S. (2003). France and the war on terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 15(1), 124–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Guardian. (2001). Full transcript of Tony Blair’s statement. Retrieved May 27, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/11/september11.usa23.
   Google Scholar
• The Guardian. (2014). Major terrorist attack is ‘inevitable’ as Isis fighters return, say EU officials. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/25/major-terrorist-attack-inevitable-isis-eu.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, O. (2020). The evolution of the European Union’s failed approach to Afghanistan. European Security, 29(1), 74–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegghammer, T., & Nesser, P. (2015). Assessing the Islamic State's commitment to attacking the West. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4), 14–30.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, B. (1999). Is Europe soft on terrorism? Foreign Policy, 115, 62–76.
   Google Scholar
• Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitisation of migration. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5), 751–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute for Economics and Peace. (2020). Global Terrorism Index 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GTI-2020-web-1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kaunert, C. (2007). “Without the Power of Purse or Sword”: The European arrest warrant and the role of the commission. Journal of European Integration, 29(4), 387–404.
   Google Scholar
• Kaunert, C. (2009). The external dimension of EU counter-terrorism relations: Competences, interests, and institutions. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(1), 41–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaunert, C. (2010). European internal security: Towards supranational governance in the area of freedom, security and justice. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaunert, C., & Leonard, S. (2011). EU counter-terrorism and the European neighbourhood policy: An appraisal of the southern dimension. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23(2), 286–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaunert, C., & Leonard, S. (2019). The collective securitisation of terrorism in the European Union. West European Politics, 42(2), 261–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keohane, D. (2008). The absent friend: EU foreign policy and counter-terrorism. Journal of Common Market Studies, 46(1), 125–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaiber, K.-P. (2007). The European Union in Afghanistan lessons learned. European Foreign Affairs Review, 12(1), 7–11.
   Google Scholar
• Lupovici, A. (2014). The limit s of securitisation theory: Observational criticism and the curious absence of Israel. International Studies Review, 16(3), 390–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monar, J. (2007). Common threat and common response? The European Union’s counter-terrorism strategy and its problems. Government and Opposition, 42(3), 292–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monar, J. (2015). The EU as an international counter-terrorism actor: Progress and constraints. Intelligence and National Security, 30(2/3), 333–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noor, S. (2008). Pakistan-EU relations. Pakistan Horizon, 61(3), 19–28.
   Google Scholar
• Pierini, M. (2016). In search of an EU role in the Syrian War. Retrieved May 30, 2021, from https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CP_284_Pierini_Syria_Final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rashid, A. (2010). Taliban: The power of militant Islam in Afghanistan and beyond. London: IB Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Rees, W. (2006). Transatlantic counter-terrorism co-operation: The new imperative. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Servent, A. R., & MacKenzie, A. (2012). The European parliament as a “norm-taker”? EU-US relations after the SWIFT agreement. European Foreign Affairs Review, 17(2/1), 71–86.
   Google Scholar
• Sperling, J., & Webber, M. (2017). NATO and the Ukraine crisis. European Journal of International Security, 2(1), 19–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperling, J., & Webber, M. (2019). The European Union: Security governance and collective securitisation. West European Politics, 42(2), 228–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardy, T. (2017). EUPOL Afghanistan 2007/16: Mission impossible? European Union Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/eupol-afghanistan-200716-mission-impossible.
   Google Scholar
• United States of America and European Union. (1995). New Transatlantic agenda. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/us/docs/new_transatlantic_agenda_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Waever, O., Buzan, B., & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• The Washington Post. (2001). Text: President Bush addresses the nation. Retrieved May 21, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushaddress_092001.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wennerholm, P., Brattberg, E., & Rhinard, M. (2010). The EU as a counter-terrorism actor abroad: Finding opportunities, overcoming constraints. European Policy Centre, Paper No. 60. Retrieved May 13, 2021, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.306.3901&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wesseling, M. (2016). An EU terrorist finance tracking programme. Royal United Services Institute, Occasional Paper. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/op_wesseling_an_eu_terrorist_finance_tracking_system.1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff, S. (2009). The Mediterranean dimension of EU counter-terrorism. Journal of European Integration, 31(1), 137–156.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff, S., Wichmann, N., & Mounier, G. (2009). The external dimension of Justice and Home Affairs: A different security agenda for the EU. Journal of European Integration, 31(1), 9–23.
   Google Scholar